670:. The amount of solar radiation and UV exposure can vary substantially in our northern latitude largely based on the time of day, slope, season, cloud cover and vegetation. Temperatures adjust accordingly to this solar radiation and exposure. The parklands of this montane region have a much larger range of temperatures as compared to the hemlock forests. The range can be as much as 50 °F (28 °C) while the range in the forests rarely exceeds 20 °F (11 °C). This is due to the canopy of the trees, creating a much more protected environment as compared to the open meadows. In addition soil temperatures directly impact biological activity affecting soil organisms and root systems. Daily and season temperature changes greatly affect the soils' heat loss and gain. However, the snowpack acts as an insulating buffer against temperature change in soils. The mountain hemlock forests are the wettest and coldest of the Cascade forest zones.
729:. The timberline in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness is found at approximately 6,000 feet (1,800 m). The average annual temperature is 37.5 °F (3 °C) with only a mean annual precipitation of 46 centimetres (18 in). These conditions along with winds and blowing ice are not conducive for trees. Because of the extreme temperatures and low precipitation there are few plant species as compared to lower elevation ecosystems and they are simpler in structure. However, precipitation, or lack thereof, is a more important limiting factor than temperature. Both plant and animal species have adapted in many different ways to deal with this challenging environment.
534:) tends to become the dominant conifer, although it may codominate with the Alaska cedar and Pacific silver fir. Mountain hemlock trees live as long as 1000 years: longer than the Pacific silver fir. Trees between 500 and 700 years may be 100 to 125 feet (30 to 40 m) tall. Hemlock cones are about 2–3 inches (5–8 cm) in length and develop at the ends of branches. These conifers are easy to distinguish amongst the others with their dense grayish-green needles. According to Franklin and Dyrness, the understory where the mountain hemlock and Pacific silver fir co-dominate is dominated by tall mountain
340:) is an extremely shade tolerant tree and it is common to find its seedlings and saplings in the understories of the forest floors. It prefers moist temperate conditions. As conditions get drier and colder they don't fare as well. Western hemlocks can reach over 200 feet (60 m) in height with a diameter of 3 to 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 m). They can be identified by their drooping leader at the top of the tree. It is not uncommon to find western hemlocks growing in a row on a nurse log. The Western Hemlock Ecoregion offers an abundance of life.
749:
camouflage in the landscape, animals developing extra fat deposits, and the raptor's ability to move efficiently in the strong winds illustrate just some of the ways species have been ability to cope with alpine conditions. The white-tailed ptarmigan has an adaption of changing its plumage from white in the winter to brown in the summer in order to camouflage. Many species in higher elevations produce fewer offspring than in lower elevations but spend more time nurturing their young.
846:
558:
736:. Alpine regions generally have hypoxic conditions that lead to additional energy expenses for organisms. Increased elevations usually lead to shorter breeding season in animals, as is the case in the alpine ecosystems in the North Cascades. In addition to the shorter breeding season, wildlife often requires seasonal movement to different elevations in order to find adequate food and habitat. However, species such as the
42:
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there is evidence of avalanche tracks breaking up the forested vegetation with nonforested vegetation. These gullies provide sites of new successional growth as they move toward a coniferous forest again. Because of the dense forests of the Silver Fir
Ecoregion, it was the preferred area for commercial logging prior to designation of areas as wilderness.
457:. The microclimate of the understory is moderated by the forest canopy causing the conditions to be cooler and moister in the summer and warmer in the winter. Pacific silver fir seedlings and saplings are often found growing under their own canopies or those of a mixed canopy forest. Along streams in this ecoregion, breaks in the forest are replaced by
774:, songbirds and marmots in the North Cascades and Alpine Lakes can find cover in lush vegetation in avalanche chutes adjacent to the subalpine forests. There seems to also be evidence that there is a lower rate of parasitism and disease in these high alpine elevations offering yet another advantage to alpine species. The alpine
515:, streams, lakes, wetlands and avalanche gullies creating distinct patterns of new succession. In the lower ends of this ecoregion there are continuous closed canopy forests while the higher reaches will see mosaics of meadows with patches of mountain hemlock forests. The mountain hemlock forests consist of mountain hemlock,
389:) is extremely tolerant of shade and does not fare as well in drought or warmer temperatures. It can grow as high as 180 feet (55 m) and reach 3–5 feet (0.9–1.5 m) in diameter. The understory communities of the Pacific silver fir can vary depending on moisture availability. Common understory shrubs include the
554:
take this form. Strong winds combined with ice particles will cause abrasion scouring the waxy cuticle from one side of the tree creating damage that will prevent branch formation and growth. In addition, the wind will cause desiccation and evaporation in the needles causing branches to die on this side of the trees.
799:
The
Subalpine Fir Ecoregion, descending down the east-side of the Cascade Range, reaches elevations between 4,200 and 6,000 feet (1,300 and 1,800 m). This area has the same mean annual temperature of 39 °F (4 °C) as the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion, but a drastically lower annual average
553:
form. Trees of this upper boundary will take on a flag appearance with branches extending from one side indicating the prevailing wind directions. The skirt height of the trees is indicative of the height of snow cover where branches tend not to grow. There are various reasons as to why these trees
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While alpine ecosystems provide challenging abiotic conditions for species there are advantages to animal species to habituate these areas. In the winter while there is extensive snow pack there are also strong winds that will expose herbaceous stems and seeds for animals to forage on. Insects that
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remain in high elevations of the
Cascades year round left only to go to patchy and scattered alpine vegetation. The majority of species will move to lower elevations at some time throughout their life history. Adaptations such as torpor in hummingbirds, the ability of mountain goats and coyotes to
506:
Moving up in elevation from the Silver Fir
Ecoregion, between about 4,000 and 5,400 feet (1,200 and 1,600 m) on the west side of the Cascade Range, the ecoregion shifts to the Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion. This ecoregion has a colder annual average temperature of 39 °F (4 °C)
246:
The ecology of the area can be understood by following a west-to-east line at the southern end of the North
Cascades, at approximately 47.5 degrees north. As the line passes through the Cascade range, it passes through a number of ecoregions, first getting higher and colder, then getting warmer, yet
299:
The
Western Hemlock Ecoregion huddles in the lower west-side elevations of the North Cascades. Western hemlock is found from sea level up to 2,500 feet (800 m) in elevation. In the Alpine Lakes Wilderness this ecoregion can be found in the lower elevations around 1,000 to 2,000 feet (300 to
769:
which provides emerging vegetation over a period of time for herbivores to feed on and migrate along this line. Spring foraging is believed to be crucial in the breeding in a number of species such as the mountain goat. Leaf budding and fruiting in late summer past the edges of snowfields also
574:
Scattered amongst the island patches of trees in the upper boundaries are parkland areas with showy meadows. Events such as fire, avalanches, snow slumping and climate change make the boundaries of these areas and the balance of trees and meadows dynamic. The forest islands typically consist of
381:
is very characteristic of the Silver Fir
Ecoregion, providing microsites for organisms. The Pacific silver fir zone is in some of the steepest parts of the topography and heavy snow often leads to avalanche gullies. In every major drainage basin along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains
360:
The mid-elevation forests in the North
Cascades with an elevation between 2,000 and 4,300 feet (600 and 1,300 m) is the Silver Fir Ecoregion. The Silver Fir Ecoregion makes up for much of the valleys in the Alpine Lakes area. The average annual temperature in this ecoregion is 42 °F
227:. The range is home to at least 75 species of mammals and 200 species of birds that either pass through or use the North Cascades for a breeding area. There are also 11 species of fish on the west side of the Cascades. Examples of amphibian species occurring in the North Cascades include the
485:
can be found. Mountain alder and vine maple can also be found around lake edges and in areas of flat or gentle slopes, bogs, or marsh habitat. Examples of
Pacific silver fir forests can be found in the Commonwealth Basin and the Snow Lake areas of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness.
897:. This ecoregion has an annual mean temperature of 46 °F (8 °C) and receives between 60 and 110 centimetres (24 and 43 in) of precipitation per year. The elevation range of this ecoregion is between 2,000 and 5,000 feet (600 and 1,500 m).
697:
is restricted to alpine and subalpine areas. Besides the richness of mammals there is a richness of insects that are integral to the abundance of flowering plant species in this area. Another important pollinator in this area is the
662:
and more. The wildflowers are at their peak in the meadows and along streams from mid-July to mid-August. The parklands of the
Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion draw their distinct characteristics from the climate and topography.
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is one example of an alpine animal that has few blood infections or intestinal parasites. Other animal species in the summer months will migrate into the higher alpine elevations to avoid insects and forage in the meadows.
300:
600 m) The average annual temperature is 47 °F (8 °C) and it gets between 70 and 300 centimetres (30 and 120 in) in precipitation per year. This ecoregion is evidenced by the dense stands of
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are blown up from lower elevations will land on the snow beds in the spring offering much nutrition for birds and other mammals that breed in the alpine. When snowfields melt it creates a gradient of plant
579:, and Alaska cedar. Often there are invasions of trees into meadow areas and this reached a peak in the 1930s due to considerable warming. Invasions of meadows by trees can also occur with disturbances.
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In the higher boundaries of subalpine ecosystem, where the abiotic conditions are more stressful, trees are clumped together in patchy islands. Trees in this area can be recognized by its
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precipitation of between 100 and 150 centimetres (40 and 60 in) with a much larger portion falling as snow rather than as rain. The ecosystems in this ecoregion are the
361:(6 °C) and the average precipitation in centimeters is between 220 and 280 centimetres (87 and 110 in). Typical montane forests in this ecoregion is dominated by
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Ecoregion with a very diverse forest. This forest has the most diverse trees of the forested ecoregions in Washington state which includes grand fir, Douglas fir,
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This high elevation habitat of high winds, prolonged snow cover, steep terrain, high temperature variability, and intense UV radiation lead to special species
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702:. There is still much to be researched and discovered to better understand species interactions and reliance in both the alpine and subalpine ecosystems.
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form. The Subalpine Fir Ecoregion is characterized by its patches of forest and meadows in its upper range similarly to the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion.
1227:
344:
graze in their understories. Fox, coyotes, cougars, and an assortment of herbivore mammals and birds can also be found in these low elevation forests.
162:
827:. The Engelmann spruce and the subalpine fir are commonly found together. In the higher boundaries of this ecoregion the subalpine fir takes on the
1685:
1077:
166:
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1221:"A Survey of Stream Amphibian Species Composition and Distribution in the North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington State"
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In the upper regions of this ecoregion, the dominant conifers are the mountain hemlock and subalpine fir and in the lower boundary the
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The terrain of the North Cascades is composed of high, rugged mountains. It contains the greatest concentration of active alpine
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1039:. An unusual feature of the rough-skinned newt populations is that approximately ninety percent of the adult population is
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The two dominant vegetation types of this mountain region, forests and meadows, have very distinct differences in their
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157:, where the range is officially called the Cascade Mountains but is usually referred to as the Canadian Cascades. The
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The Alpine Ecoregion makes up much of the North Cascades. Alpine areas such as this are rugged with rocky ridges,
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with average annual precipitation between 160 and 280 centimetres (60 and 110 in). This ecoregion consists of
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In the richness of this region many animal species pass through this zone at least one season a year such as
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The beauty of meadows is very popular amongst hikers. Wildflowers that are found in this ecoregion are the
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Patchy forest of subalpine fir, mountain hemlock, and subalpine larch at 6,200 feet (1,900 m) in the
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Progressing upward from the gradient of Silver Fir and Mountain Hemlock ecoregions, the mountain hemlock (
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Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia
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in 2008, the first such pack in Washington state since the 1930s. Other predator species include
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The North Cascades has a diversity of plant and animal species. It contains more than 1630
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527:. Washington's alpine and subalpine areas account for about 4.4% of its total land area.
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dominate. There is a variety of understory vegetation in this ecoregion that includes
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932:. This diverse landscape offers habitat to many species including grazers such as
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drier. Each of these component ecoregions can be described by either a tree
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1381:
Alpine Lakes Area Land Management Plan (Report). USDA Forest Service. 1981.
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in contrast to the adjoining Cascades which are composed of volcanics.
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1023:. Examples of amphibians occurring in the North Cascades include the
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1563:"Grizzly Bears In the USA and the North Cascades: Past and Present"
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The North Cascades are high and rugged with varied conifer species.
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1219:
Rawhouser, Ashley K.; Holmes, Ronald E.; Glesne, Reed S. (2009).
808:, avalanche gullies, and freshwater wetlands, streams and lakes.
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that lives in the high alpine tundra. Bird species include the
756:
A white-tailed ptarmigan blends into the alpine tundra east of
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Over 75 species of mammals occur in the range, including the
1452:. Washington Department of Natural Resources. Archived from
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species. The range has a number of top predators, including
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Lake Twenty-two cirque headwall at 2,400 feet (730 m).
857:
Descending down the east side of the Cascade Range is the
725:, partially vegetated terrain, and are above the natural
811:
The subalpine fir forests in the North Cascades include
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offer food for the animals that depend on this area.
291:
Wallace Falls and surrounding thick vegetation in the
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conditions are found in the west. It is underlain by
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Wildlife Habitat Relationships Washington and Oregon
1639:Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Nicklas Stromberg (ed.).
968:are found in the North Cascades. A small number of
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73:
68:
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34:
1097:"Ecological Regions of North America, Level I-III"
498:Mountain hemlock and subalpine fir forest around
1539:Backpacking Washington's Alpine Lakes Wilderness
849:Douglas fir at 4,965 feet (1,513 m) in the
121:is heavily influenced by the high elevation and
1565:. Grizzly Bear Outreach Project. Archived from
1591:. Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
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976:) inhabit the far northern Cascades, near the
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717:, looking up from 6,100 feet (1,900 m).
693:, and many bird species. Only the whistling
1691:Ecozones and ecoregions of British Columbia
1541:. Helena, Montana: The Globe Pequot Press.
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1341:The Natural History of Puget Sound Country
1102:. Commission for Environmental Cooperation
502:(elev. 4,640 feet / 1,410 m).
316:. The understory is primarily composed of
141:, United States, to the confluence of the
1513:. Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
1376:
1374:
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1641:"Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa)"
1532:
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1412:
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1161:"North Cascades National Park: Wildlife"
1078:Biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia
167:Commission for Environmental Cooperation
1589:"Gray Wolf Conservation and Management"
1406:
1404:
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1400:
1398:
1396:
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180:and has a variety of climatic zones. A
1159:Kefauver, Karen (September 15, 2010).
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1131:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
944:, herbivores, and a variety of birds.
31:
1701:Natural history of Washington (state)
1197:. National Park Service. May 16, 2012
7:
1509:Johnson, D.H.; O’Neil, T.A. (2001).
490:Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion
1696:Natural history of British Columbia
125:effects of the mountain range. The
1343:. University of Washington Press.
25:
841:Cascade Mountains leeward forests
40:
1686:Ecoregions of the United States
835:Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion
417:. Common understory herbs are
1:
1417:Gold, W. (January 28, 2008).
570:at 5,300 feet (1,600 m).
184:occurs in the east and mild,
119:Ecology of the North Cascades
1618:North Cascades National Park
1195:North Cascades National Park
1068:North Cascades National Park
1339:Kruckeberg, Arthur (1991).
1063:Henry M. Jackson Wilderness
978:Canada–United States border
133:from the South Fork of the
1717:
1424:. University of Washington
838:
590:, bead lily, queen's cup,
178:conterminous United States
169:'s classification system.
18:North Cascades (ecoregion)
568:Mount Pilchuck State Park
283:Western Hemlock Ecoregion
251:, or by a lack of trees:
39:
1167:. Orbitz. Archived from
1129:Western Ecology Division
439:low false Solomon's seal
385:The Pacific silver fir (
293:Wallace Falls State Park
159:North Cascades Ecoregion
1620:. National Park Service
1058:Glacier Peak Wilderness
1053:Alpine Lakes Wilderness
974:Ursus arctos horribilis
783:Subalpine Fir Ecoregion
336:. The western hemlock (
182:dry continental climate
1419:"BIS258 lecture notes"
1122:"Level III ecoregions"
980:. A breeding pack of
854:
796:
761:
738:white-tailed ptarmigan
718:
571:
503:
357:
296:
848:
790:
755:
713:
560:
497:
355:
290:
1537:Smoot, Jeff (2004).
1447:"Pacific Silver Fir"
628:mountain bog gentian
563:Penstemon davidsonii
348:Silver Fir Ecoregion
129:is a section of the
1233:on October 16, 2011
851:Wenatchee Mountains
793:Wenatchee Mountains
683:American black bear
521:Alaska yellow-cedar
435:trailing blackberry
429:, dwarf dogwood or
379:Coarse woody debris
375:Alaska yellow-cedar
1569:on January 8, 2008
1073:Ecozones of Canada
1033:rough-skinned newt
883:western white pine
855:
797:
762:
719:
604:pearly everlasting
575:mountain hemlock,
572:
542:, huckleberry and
525:Pacific silver fir
504:
475:yellow willow-herb
469:and herbs such as
415:fool's huckleberry
365:and also contains
363:Pacific silver fir
358:
338:Tsuga heterophylla
297:
257:Pacific silver fir
237:rough-skinned newt
1171:on April 27, 2012
1041:perennibranchiate
1037:Taricha granulosa
984:was confirmed in
906:Coast Douglas-fir
863:Coast Douglas-fir
806:subalpine meadows
679:black-tailed deer
532:Tsuga mertensiana
513:subalpine meadows
342:Black-tailed deer
310:western red cedar
249:indicator species
241:Taricha granulosa
115:
114:
16:(Redirected from
1708:
1661:
1660:
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1647:. Archived from
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1226:. Archived from
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1111:
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1101:
1093:
867:Engelmann spruce
817:Engelmann spruce
706:Alpine Ecoregion
652:Tweedy's lewisia
509:mountain hemlock
261:mountain hemlock
198:metamorphic rock
151:British Columbia
135:Snoqualmie River
107:British Columbia
44:
32:
21:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1707:
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1681:Montane ecology
1666:
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1651:on May 27, 2009
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1459:on May 23, 2011
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986:Okanogan County
950:
895:subalpine larch
843:
837:
821:subalpine larch
785:
708:
492:
350:
302:western hemlock
285:
253:western hemlock
161:is a Level III
111:
90:
47:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1676:North Cascades
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1645:Globaltwitcher
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1021:harlequin duck
990:mountain lions
949:
946:
920:, low shrubs,
887:whitebark pine
879:lodgepole pine
875:ponderosa pine
836:
833:
825:whitebark pine
784:
781:
707:
704:
648:bleeding heart
491:
488:
479:monkey flowers
459:mountain alder
387:Abies amabilis
349:
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221:mountain lions
205:vascular plant
127:North Cascades
113:
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868:
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794:
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742:hoary marmots
739:
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629:
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569:
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541:
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517:subalpine fir
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147:Fraser Rivers
144:
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131:Cascade Range
128:
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81:United States
79:
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38:
33:
30:
19:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1644:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1593:. Retrieved
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1557:
1538:
1510:
1461:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1426:. Retrieved
1340:
1235:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1199:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
1164:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1091:
1036:
1028:
1025:western toad
1006:
973:
964:, birds and
951:
899:
856:
810:
798:
763:
758:Glacier Peak
731:
720:
715:Mount Daniel
695:hoary marmot
672:
665:
588:glacier lily
581:
573:
561:
548:
544:mountain ash
540:rhododendron
531:
529:
505:
411:devil's club
399:Oregon grape
386:
384:
359:
337:
334:Oregon grape
330:devil's club
298:
259:, subalpine
245:
240:
232:
229:western toad
202:
171:
158:
118:
116:
29:
1029:Bufo boreas
994:black bears
930:huckleberry
926:white alder
813:Douglas fir
772:Black bears
734:adaptations
700:hummingbird
536:huckleberry
500:Rachel Lake
443:foam flower
423:twin flower
407:huckleberry
405:, mountain
371:Douglas fir
326:salmonberry
306:Douglas fir
277:Douglas fir
233:Bufo boreas
225:black bears
209:bald eagles
194:sedimentary
123:rain shadow
1670:Categories
1573:August 24,
1084:References
1031:, and the
1013:bald eagle
1002:wolverines
966:arthropods
958:amphibians
942:black bear
922:vine maple
839:See also:
723:snowfields
656:balsamroot
644:bellflower
584:tiger lily
467:vine maple
431:bunchberry
427:pipsissewa
419:bear grass
397:, Cascade
391:vine maple
235:) and the
190:rainforest
139:Washington
102:Washington
1614:"Animals"
1463:March 11,
1428:March 15,
1135:March 11,
914:elk sedge
910:pinegrass
902:grand fir
859:Grand Fir
829:krummholz
804:forests,
767:phenology
636:monkshood
624:lousewort
620:penstemon
612:skyrocket
592:columbine
551:krummholz
511:forests,
483:bluebells
471:saxifrage
455:lady fern
403:blueberry
367:noble fir
314:red alder
273:grand fir
163:ecoregion
69:Geography
1191:"Plants"
1106:April 6,
1047:See also
954:reptiles
727:treeline
640:bluebell
608:valerian
600:trillium
451:oak fern
447:trillium
186:maritime
174:glaciers
143:Thompson
63:Nearctic
1655:May 21,
1624:June 6,
1237:June 7,
1201:June 6,
1175:June 6,
998:fishers
962:mammals
660:orchids
658:, wild
176:in the
165:in the
74:Country
52:Ecology
1595:May 8,
1545:
1517:
1347:
1019:, and
1017:osprey
1000:, and
982:wolves
928:, and
918:sedges
893:, and
823:, and
776:grouse
744:, and
691:cougar
523:, and
481:, and
463:willow
453:, and
413:, and
373:, and
271:, and
265:alpine
213:wolves
155:Canada
86:Canada
1457:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1224:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
1100:(PDF)
948:Fauna
746:pikas
596:aster
395:salal
322:hazel
318:salal
95:State
58:Realm
1657:2009
1626:2012
1597:2011
1575:2009
1543:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1465:2009
1430:2009
1345:ISBN
1239:2012
1203:2012
1177:2012
1165:GORP
1137:2009
1108:2009
934:deer
904:and
465:and
332:and
312:and
223:and
196:and
145:and
117:The
938:elk
687:elk
566:in
243:).
149:in
137:in
1672::
1643:.
1616:.
1605:^
1529:^
1473:^
1438:^
1387:^
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1211:^
1193:.
1163:.
1145:^
1127:.
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239:(
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