2599:
Scandinavian language other than their native language, as well as the highest average score. Icelandic speakers, in contrast, have a poor command of
Norwegian and Swedish. They do somewhat better with Danish, as they are taught Danish in school (Icelandic is not mutually intelligible with Scandinavian languages, nor any language, not even Faroese, which is though closest). When speakers of Faroese and Icelandic were tested on how well they understood the three Continental Scandinavian languages, the test results were as follows (maximum score 10.0):
2284:). Scandinavians are widely expected to understand some of the other spoken Scandinavian languages. There may be some difficulty particularly with elderly dialect speakers, however public radio and television presenters are often well understood by speakers of the other Scandinavian countries, although there are various regional differences of mutual intelligibility for understanding mainstream dialects of the languages between different parts of the three language areas.
3002:
2068:
168:
4674:, p. 440: "the arrival of a Uralic population and language in Samiland means that there has been a period of at least 5000 years of uninterrupted linguistic and cultural development in Samiland. It is also possible, however, that the earlier inhabitants of the area also spoke a Uralic language: we do not know of any linguistic groups in the area other than the Uralic and Indo-Europeans (represented by the present Scandinavian languages)."
1607:
5358:
2930:
2015:
2419:
have the greatest difficulty in understanding other Nordic languages. The study, which focused mainly on native speakers under the age of 25, showed that the lowest ability to comprehend another language is demonstrated by youth in
Stockholm in regard to Danish, producing the lowest ability score in
2410:
The mutual intelligibility between the
Continental Scandinavian languages is asymmetrical. Various studies have shown Norwegian speakers to be the best in Scandinavia at understanding other languages within the language group. According to a study undertaken during 2002–2005 and funded by the Nordic
2291:
in 1523 due to conflicts with
Denmark, leaving two Scandinavian units: The union of Denmark–Norway (ruled from Copenhagen, Denmark) and Sweden (including present-day Finland). The two countries took different sides during several wars until 1814, when the Denmark-Norway unit was disestablished, and
2269:
However, Danish has developed a greater distance between the spoken and written versions of the language, so the differences between spoken
Norwegian and spoken Danish are somewhat more significant than the difference between their respective written forms. Written Danish is relatively close to the
2911:
has on several occasions referred to the (Germanic) languages spoken in
Scandinavia as the "Scandinavian language" (singular); for instance, the official newsletter of the Nordic Council is written in the "Scandinavian language". The creation of one unified written language has been considered as
1720:
In medieval times, speakers of all the
Scandinavian languages could understand one another to a significant degree, and it was often referred to as a single language, called the "Danish tongue" until the 13th century by some in Sweden and Iceland. In the 16th century, many Danes and Swedes still
2598:
Faroese speakers (of the
Insular Scandinavian languages group) are even better than the Norwegians at comprehending two or more languages within the Continental Scandinavian languages group, scoring high in both Danish (which they study at school) and Norwegian and having the highest score on a
2395:
are influencing the languages. A 2005 survey of words used by speakers of the
Scandinavian languages showed that the number of English loanwords used in the languages has doubled during the last 30 years and is now 1.2%. Icelandic has imported fewer English words than the other North Germanic
2443:
contribute to a better knowledge of spoken Danish and a better knowledge of the unique Danish words among the region's inhabitants. According to the study, youth in this region were able to understand the Danish language (slightly) better than the
Norwegian language. But they still could not
4698:, 14 November 2006. Samiskt Informationscentrum Sametinget: "The Scandinavian languages are Northern Germanic languages. Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric language family. Finnish, Estonian, Livonian and Hungarian belong to the same language family and are consequently related to each other."
2899:
region, is sometimes considered normative. The influence of a standard Norwegian is nevertheless less so than in Denmark and Sweden, since the prestige dialect in Norway has moved geographically several times over the past 200 years. The organised formation of
1778:) is based on mutual intelligibility between the two groups and developed due to different influences, particularly the political union of Denmark and Norway (1536–1814) which led to significant Danish influence on central and eastern Norwegian dialects (
2388:, the Nynorsk project (which had as a goal to re-establish a written Norwegian language) would have been much harder to carry out if Norway had been in a union with Sweden instead of with Denmark, simply because the differences would have been smaller.
2871:". The differences in dialects within the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark can often be greater than the differences across the borders, but the political independence of these countries leads continental Scandinavian to be classified into
2447:
The results from the study of how well native youth in different Scandinavian cities did when tested on their knowledge of the other Continental Scandinavian languages are summarized in table format, reproduced below. The maximum score was 10.0:
4985:
4340:
Leinonen, Therese (2011), "Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2) Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects]", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2); Dahl, Östen (2000),
4075:, considered as a separate language by many linguists. Traditionally regarded as a Swedish dialect, but by several criteria closer to West Scandinavian dialects, Elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of mutual intelligibility.
2444:
understand Danish as well as the Norwegians could, demonstrating once again the relative distance of Swedish from Danish. Youth in Copenhagen had a very poor command of Swedish, showing that the Øresund connection was mostly one-way.
1731:. Dialectal variation between west and east in Old Norse however was certainly present during the Middle Ages and three dialects had emerged: Old West Norse, Old East Norse and Old Gutnish. Old Icelandic was essentially identical to
1802:
is spoken by the majority in Finland. In inter-Nordic contexts, texts are today often presented in three versions: Finnish, Icelandic, and one of the three languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Another official language in the
4396:
In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old
948:
This change probably affected West Germanic much earlier and then spread from there to North Germanic, but failed to reach East Germanic which had already split off by that time. This is confirmed by an intermediate stage
2862:
Given the aforementioned homogeneity, there exists some discussion on whether the continental group should be considered one or several languages. The Continental Scandinavian languages are often cited as proof of the
4598:
643:
Eventually, around the year 200 AD, speakers of the North Germanic branch became distinguishable from the other Germanic language speakers. The early development of this language branch is attested through
4060:
share many characteristics with both Trøndersk and with Norrländska mål. Due to this ambiguous position, it is contested whether Jamtlandic belongs to the West Scandinavian or the East Scandinavian group.
2328:
was kept in Swedish. Even though standard Swedish and Danish were moving apart, the dialects were not influenced that much. Thus Norwegian and Swedish remained similar in pronunciation, and words like
1168:
Under this view, the properties that the West Germanic languages have in common separate from the North Germanic languages are not inherited from a "Proto-West-Germanic" language, but rather spread by
4979:
4816:. Numbers are from Figure 4:11. "Grannspråksförståelse bland infödda skandinaver fördelade på ort", p. 65 and Figure 4:6. "Sammanlagt resultat på grannspråksundersökningen fördelat på område", p. 58.
2258:
share most of the Danish vocabulary and grammar, and was nearly identical to written Danish until the spelling reform of 1907. (For this reason, Bokmål and its unofficial, more conservative variant
5398:
386:. Besides being the only North Germanic language with official status in two separate sovereign states, Swedish is also the most spoken of the languages overall. 15% of the population in
2270:
other Continental Scandinavian languages, but the sound developments of spoken Danish include reduction and assimilation of consonants and vowels, as well as the prosodic feature called
1841:; laws and other official instruments for use in Denmark and Norway were written in Danish, and local administrators spoke Danish or Norwegian. German was the administrative language of
5103:
Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 February 2007).
5037:
4646:
offers three versions: a section labeled "Íslenska" (Icelandic), a section labeled "Skandinavisk" (in either Danish, Norwegian or Swedish), and a section labeled "Suomi" (Finnish).
4137:
4114:
is more conservative than Bokmål (that is, closer to Danish) and is used to various extents by numerous people, especially in the cities and by the largest newspaper in Norway,
5143:
4595:
2420:
the survey. The greatest variation in results between participants within the same country was also demonstrated by the Swedish speakers in the study. Participants from
1762:
point of view, dividing them into an insular group (Icelandic and Faroese) and a continental group (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish). The division between Insular Nordic (
4954:
4809:
4511:
5057:
2384:). As a result, Nynorsk does not conform to the above east–west split model, since it shares a lot of features with Swedish. According to the Norwegian linguist
2868:
4294:
5430:
5210:
2891:, particularly in Denmark and Sweden. Even if the language policy of Norway has been more tolerant of rural dialectal variation in formal language, the
4755:
2951:
2032:
4712:
4094:. The Scando-Romani varieties in Sweden and Norway combine elements from the dialects of Western Sweden, Eastern Norway (Østlandet) and Trøndersk.
2674:
The North Germanic languages share many lexical, grammatical, phonological, and morphological similarities, to a more significant extent than the
2292:
made different international contacts. This led to different borrowings from foreign languages (Sweden had a francophone period), for example the
1997:
379:
5293:
4878:
4539:
1831:
1727:
637:
5967:
4380:
1701:
around 800. Of the modern Scandinavian languages, written Icelandic is closest to this ancient language. An additional language, known as
5034:
4249:
1721:
referred to North Germanic as a single language, which is stated in the introduction to the first Danish translation of the Bible and in
632:, so that some individual varieties are difficult to classify. Dialects with the features assigned to the northern group formed from the
5178:
4780:
4659:
2904:
out of western Norwegian dialects after Norway became independent from Denmark in 1814 intensified the politico-linguistic divisions.
1863:. During centuries of interaction, Finnish and Sami have imported many more loanwords from North Germanic languages than vice versa.
1161:
to explain the existence of some features in the West Germanic languages stimulated the development of an alternative, the so-called
624:
and North Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained
7375:
5339:
5087:
4671:
4630:
4492:
4432:
4265:
2977:
2054:
1747:. The Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, settlements in Russia, England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The
4205:
5423:
5112:
4687:
4091:
3981:
3584:
5135:
5009:
4914:
4319:
6352:
4827:
Nabospråksforståelse i Skandinavia. En undersøkelse om gjensidig forståelse av tale- og skriftspråk i Danmark, Norge og Sverige
1123:
languages, divided into four main dialects: North Germanic, and the three groups conventionally called "West Germanic", namely
5230:
1855:
form an unrelated group that has coexisted with the North Germanic language group in Scandinavia since prehistory. Sami, like
2955:
2036:
284:
5388:
5362:
4958:
4806:
2994:. Divisions between subfamilies of North Germanic are rarely precisely defined: Most form continuous clines, with adjacent
7246:
5280:
2219:), along with various dialects and varieties. The two branches are derived from the western and eastern dialect groups of
1834:, and likewise, Danish is the primary language of the North Schleswig Germans. Both minority groups are highly bilingual.
4508:
1735:, and together they formed the Old West Norse dialect of Old Norse and were also spoken in settlements in Faroe Islands,
7276:
6446:
6408:
6393:
5720:
4349:, pp. 117–119; Lars-Erik Edlund "Språklig variation i tid och rum" in Dahl, Östen & Edlund, Lars-Erik, eds. (2010),
4152:
5054:
7256:
7116:
6466:
6425:
6415:
5416:
5317:
4518:. Published online by Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Version 1 – November 2003. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
4103:
2913:
546:
5399:
Scandinavian loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English
4370:"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology"
2308:
was kept in Danish. Norwegians, who spoke (and still speak) the Norwegian dialects derived from Old Norse, would say
1812:
4291:
5632:
5380:
5080:
National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin
4224:
3085:
249:
5207:
6973:
5403:
5374:
5322:
Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde
2312:
or similar. The written language of Denmark-Norway however, was based on the dialect of Copenhagen and thus had
7251:
7205:
7200:
6597:
6456:
4182:
4147:
3725:
2940:
1143:
934:
661:
7032:
3423:
1410:, following the loss of word-final short vowels (which are still present in the earliest runic inscriptions).
2916:. However, there is a slight chance of "some uniformization of spelling" between Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
7190:
7134:
7129:
7049:
6722:
6672:
6430:
5972:
5790:
5474:
5462:
4747:
4177:
4172:
4108:
Norwegian has two official written norms, Bokmål and Nynorsk. In addition, there are some unofficial norms.
2959:
2944:
2675:
2025:
1827:
1132:
633:
621:
617:
394:
352:
317:
313:
309:
74:
7195:
6677:
6643:
6261:
6077:
5937:
5777:
5672:
4708:
4643:
4605:. Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2005), 28: 223–245 Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
3876:
3560:
3382:
3282:
3248:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1545:
1541:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1483:
1458:
1454:
1407:
1384:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1306:
1189:
1185:
1119:
Some have argued that after East Germanic broke off from the group, the remaining Germanic languages, the
954:
942:
938:
753:
677:
625:
467:
432:
371:
where cross-border communication in native languages is very common, particularly between the latter two.
50:
3305:
7353:
7317:
6585:
6578:
6530:
6300:
6271:
6240:
6203:
6128:
5977:
5885:
5798:
5659:
5621:
5327:
Rowe, Charley. The problematic Holtzmann's Law in Germanic. (Indogermanische Forschungen Bd. 108, 2003).
4157:
4087:
3770:
3573:
2281:
1830:, and German is a recognized minority language in this region. German is the primary language among the
1150:
953:, clearly attested in late runic East Norse at a time when West Germanic had long merged the sound with
6818:
5693:
4839:
3756:
3470:
3288:
3237:
3091:
3081:
4803:
Håller språket ihop Norden? En forskningsrapport om ungdomars förståelse av danska, svenska och norska
3690:
3673:
3590:
3531:
3510:
3361:
3142:
2254:. Because of the long political union between Norway and Denmark, moderate and conservative Norwegian
7322:
7302:
7271:
7144:
7004:
6978:
6879:
6750:
6568:
6160:
5987:
5949:
5944:
5818:
5765:
5523:
5174:
4581:
4142:
4003:
3919:
3746:
3628:
3417:
3388:
3345:
3324:
3159:
3075:
1808:
1128:
523:
499:
98:
4071:
dialect, today has an official orthography and is, because of a lack of mutual intelligibility with
3652:
3493:
3271:
2231:. The continental Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian and Danish) were heavily influenced by
7261:
6808:
6653:
6497:
6451:
6385:
6138:
5900:
5785:
5698:
5496:
4918:
4057:
3738:
3254:
3231:
3183:
3177:
3125:
2678:
do. These lexical, grammatical, and morphological similarities can be outlined in the table below.
3810:
3707:
3607:
3064:
1838:
7307:
7159:
7149:
7104:
6866:
6793:
6690:
6535:
6510:
6505:
6398:
6226:
6111:
5932:
5710:
5705:
5684:
5645:
5449:
5439:
4892:
3911:
3903:
3852:
3565:
3438:
3194:
3042:
3031:
2872:
2405:
2204:
2196:
2099:
2081:
1929:
1916:
1846:
1690:
1682:
1661:
1172:
among the Germanic languages spoken in central Europe, not reaching those spoken in Scandinavia.
1120:
591:
542:
337:
333:
305:
227:
195:
79:
7231:
5343:
4247:
Nordiske sprog i fortid og nutid. Sproglighed og sprogforskelle, sprogfamilier og sprogslægtskab
3805:
3001:
1193:
6150:
4926:
4369:
4078:
Traveller Danish, Rodi, and Swedish Romani are varieties of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish with
3453:
3310:
2067:
1758:
Yet, by 1600, another classification of the North Germanic language branches had arisen from a
1673:
period, the North Germanic languages developed into an East Scandinavian branch, consisting of
7281:
7080:
6996:
6989:
6944:
6888:
6648:
6638:
6621:
6616:
6520:
6403:
6282:
6082:
6043:
6023:
5861:
5753:
5735:
5587:
5335:
5289:
5251:
5083:
4905:
4900:
4884:
4874:
4667:
4626:
4535:
4488:
4485:
The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages
4448:
4428:
4346:
4261:
4246:
3945:
3025:
2888:
2440:
2436:
2242:
Another way of classifying the languages – focusing on mutual intelligibility rather than the
2232:
2150:
1795:
1309:
with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel and the following consonant, if present.
494:
427:
360:
277:
115:
110:
5075:
4424:
2191:
In historical linguistics, the North Germanic family tree is divided into two main branches,
397:, consisting of languages like English, Dutch, and German to the south, and does not include
7236:
7027:
6961:
6917:
6912:
6861:
6853:
6658:
6626:
6573:
6562:
6475:
6347:
6342:
6184:
6123:
5913:
5895:
5730:
5491:
5483:
4866:
4854:
4529:
4287:
4072:
3927:
3907:
3595:
3525:
3366:
3293:
3020:
2892:
2887:
is, in other words, politically shaped. This is also because of the strong influence of the
2876:
2236:
2216:
2200:
2141:
2109:
2090:
1955:
1942:
1880:
1860:
1856:
1823:
1804:
1799:
1686:
1678:
1169:
629:
586:
514:
489:
462:
402:
398:
375:
341:
329:
218:
204:
120:
5166:
4656:
3695:
3242:
2428:(Skåne), demonstrated a better understanding of Danish than Swedish speakers to the north.
7266:
7059:
6966:
6949:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6631:
6540:
6525:
6480:
6332:
6295:
6287:
6266:
6253:
6233:
6219:
5982:
5959:
5890:
5880:
5872:
5652:
5393:
5234:
5214:
5061:
5041:
4989:
4813:
4691:
4663:
4602:
4515:
4298:
4253:
4228:
4209:
4162:
4079:
3868:
3837:
3215:
3058:
2884:
2880:
2212:
2184:
2179:
2119:
1899:
1674:
927:
555:(written) (disputed between East and West Scandinavian due to its descendance from Danish)
509:
472:
443:
422:
325:
186:
167:
69:
62:
7226:
5282:
Utkast till ortografi över skånska språket med morfologi och ordlista. Första. revisionen
4212:. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International
3678:
2336:
survived in some of the Swedish dialects. Nynorsk incorporates much of these words, like
4202:
3276:
748:
The raising of to (and word-finally to ). The original vowel remained when nasalised *
7347:
7241:
7221:
7173:
7065:
6939:
6609:
6376:
6315:
6094:
6051:
6008:
5925:
5920:
5809:
5759:
5610:
5561:
5516:
5509:
5373:
5104:
4850:
4416:
3842:
3832:
3742:
3464:
3341:
3329:
3316:
3211:
3173:
3015:
3005:
Germanic languages division including West and East Scandinavian languages and dialects
2908:
2159:
2132:
1892:
1852:
1783:
1652:
1450:
1269:
450:
17:
4684:
4666:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Paris.
3578:
3536:
157:
7369:
7312:
7297:
7139:
6895:
6846:
6663:
6602:
6515:
6461:
6420:
6358:
6305:
6189:
6116:
5546:
4922:
4896:
4843:
4783:. The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
4411:
4311:
3775:
3701:
3487:
3153:
3036:
2630:
1908:
1732:
1702:
1698:
1610:
The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:
963:
665:
258:
237:
5013:
3957:
3730:
3633:
3515:
3475:
3147:
3069:
479:
7166:
6590:
6554:
6487:
6310:
6133:
6106:
6089:
6033:
5992:
5574:
5553:
5369:
5227:
4618:
3612:
3548:
3188:
2288:
2276:
in Danish, developments which have not occurred in the other languages (though the
2243:
1722:
378:
speak a Scandinavian language as their native language, including an approximately
6813:
3167:
3119:
3115:
1693:
and, thirdly, an Old Gutnish branch. Norwegian settlers brought Old West Norse to
564:
5314:
Outlined Scanian orthography including morphology and word index. First revision.
3130:
7073:
6983:
6956:
6828:
6774:
6682:
6364:
6325:
5908:
5603:
5567:
5502:
4614:
4282:
Holmberg, Anders and Christer Platzack (2005). "The Scandinavian languages". In
4124:
4117:
4083:
4023:
4015:
3962:
3848:
3601:
3521:
3498:
3483:
3458:
3399:
3393:
3378:
3372:
3351:
3299:
3163:
2929:
2895:
often referred to as "Eastern Urban Norwegian", spoken mainly in and around the
2293:
2224:
2014:
1748:
1740:
1643:
1634:
1606:
1508:-onset and length remained, but the diphthong simplified resulting in variously
1497:
569:
455:
364:
5299:
3096:
2883:
in the popular mind as well as among most linguists. The generally agreed upon
6823:
6803:
6168:
5838:
5539:
5357:
4939:
Stockholm's youth understand 55% of spoken Norwegian and 34% of spoken Danish.
4888:
4455:, in «Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung», 86/1, 1972, pp. 104–110.
4110:
3933:
3872:
3760:
3639:
3207:
2497:
2432:
2416:
2169:
1563:
1162:
1158:
1136:
574:
4870:
4128:(High Norwegian) is similar to Nynorsk and is used by a very small minority.
3428:
7009:
6872:
6757:
6320:
6101:
6056:
6028:
5854:
4910:
4862:
4844:"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"
4064:
4011:
3969:
3882:
3750:
3413:
3102:
3047:
3010:
2991:
2537:
2412:
2385:
2324:
in Norwegian Bokmål) was borrowed into Danish and Norwegian, whereas native
2220:
1967:
1816:
1717:
had settled there around 800, but this language became extinct around 1700.
1670:
1625:
1616:
1572:
1523:("I"), which could occur both stressed and unstressed, appears varyingly as
657:
528:
484:
387:
288:
270:
150:
134:
6833:
3052:
2396:
languages, despite the fact that it is the country that uses English most.
2255:
1779:
579:
552:
1798:
in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, whereas the non-Germanic
141:
6798:
6146:
4268:, Nordic Council of Ministers' Secretariat, Copenhagen 2004. (In Danish).
3950:
3938:
3856:
3795:
3711:
3684:
3663:
3542:
3434:
3265:
3227:
2864:
2517:
2477:
2421:
2392:
1842:
1744:
1710:
281:
266:
4221:
3259:
2741:
Het was een vochtige, grauwe zomerdag eind juni./aan het einde van juni.
2280:
corresponds to the changes in pitch in Norwegian and Swedish, which are
6839:
6435:
6337:
4032:
4028:
4007:
3990:
3986:
3974:
3886:
3860:
3799:
3786:
3782:
3764:
3646:
3618:
3335:
2995:
2901:
2649:
2272:
2263:
2228:
2039: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1752:
1736:
1714:
1694:
1501:
945:, with presumably a rhotic fricative of some kind as an earlier stage.
599:
558:
383:
4231:. Network for Scandinavian Dialect Syntax. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
6142:
5408:
4735:
How many languages do we need?: the economics of linguistic diversity
4642:
The Nordic Council's/Nordic Council of Ministers' political magazine
4353:
Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien, p. 9
4167:
3864:
3657:
3504:
2557:
2425:
1759:
1706:
262:
4655:
Sammallahti, Pekka, 1990. "The Sámi Language: Past and Present". In
4465:
Kuhn, Hans (1955–1956). "Zur Gliederung der germanischen Sprachen".
4290:
and Richard S. Kayne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2705:
It wie in stribbelige/fochtige, graue simmerdei oan de ein fan Juny.
1837:
Traditionally, Danish and German were the two official languages of
1375:
1242:
1218:
1090:
1046:
894:
833:
724:
616:
The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups:
5138:[Elfdalian – its own language or an outstanding dialect?].
1180:
Some innovations are not found in West and East Germanic, such as:
6060:
3136:
3000:
2066:
1605:
1583:
followed in the next syllable. This followed vowel breaking, with
645:
367:. Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are close enough to form a strong
5064:. Språkrådet, Norway. (In Norwegian). Retrieved 13 November 2007.
2753:
Es war ein feuchter, grauer Sommertag Ende Juni / im späten Juni.
2071:
The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:
3715:
3552:
3355:
2896:
2577:
1556:
1487:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1428:
1296:
1254:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1012:
1006:
1000:
900:
873:
839:
798:
771:
730:
703:
7102:
6716:
5460:
5412:
5010:"The Scandinavian Languages: Their Histories and Relationships"
2332:
were able to survive in some of the Norwegian dialects whereas
1664:
with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
888:
718:
2923:
2914:
failure to agree upon a common standardized language in Norway
2717:
Dat weer/was een vuchtige, griese Summerdag an't Enn vun Juni.
2008:
4861:. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London:
2998:
being mutually intelligible and the most separated ones not.
2801:
Det var ein fuktig, grå sommardag/sumardag i slutten av juni.
1198:
Occurred also in East Germanic, but with a different outcome.
5169:[Elfdalian – Language or dialect? (Masters thesis)]
359:
appears in studies of the modern standard languages and the
5107:[Elfdalian is a language – not a Swedish dialect].
4596:"Variation in subject case marking in Insular Scandinavian"
2729:
Dit was 'n vogtige, grou somer dag aan die einde van Junie.
2266:
West Scandinavian via the west–east division shown above.)
1681:; and, secondly, a West Scandinavian branch, consisting of
413:
The modern languages and their dialects in this group are:
4594:
Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli and Thórhallur Eythórsson (2004).
324:, a direct translation of the most common term used among
5389:
Middle Low German influence on the Scandinavian languages
4467:
Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur
656:
The North Germanic group is characterized by a number of
5167:"Das Älvdalische – Sprache oder Dialekt? (Diplomarbeit)"
5136:"Älvdalska – eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter?"
4829:. Nordisk utredningsserie 13. Nordiska rådet, Stockholm.
2431:
Access to Danish television and radio, direct trains to
4801:
Delsing, Lars-Olof and Katarina Lundin Åkesson (2005).
4014:(which is considered a separate language from Swedish,
1436:
This also affected stressed syllables: Proto-Germanic *
401:
to the east, which belongs to the completely unrelated
2849:
De var en fuktur, graar summadag ei släutait av jäuni.
1826:
in southwestern Denmark, German is also spoken by the
5346:, also available in the other Scandinavian languages.
2439:
and a larger number of cross-border commuters in the
4203:
Language Family Trees Indo-European, Germanic, North
2695:
It was a humid, grey summer day at the end of June.
7290:
7214:
7183:
7115:
7047:
6905:
6786:
6742:
6733:
6553:
6496:
6384:
6375:
6280:
6252:
6211:
6202:
6177:
6159:
6070:
6042:
6016:
6007:
5958:
5871:
5846:
5837:
5776:
5671:
5620:
5595:
5586:
5482:
5473:
2789:
Det var en fuktig, grå sommerdag i slutten av juni.
149:
133:
128:
104:
94:
68:
56:
46:
34:
5206:. Conference paper, 18–19 juni 2004. Available in
5105:"Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt"
4410:
4138:Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
2825:Tað var ein rakur, gráur summardagur síðst í juni.
2765:Det var en fuktig, grå sommardag i slutet av juni.
2703:
2424:, located in the southernmost Swedish province of
1496:at an early stage. This diphthong is preserved in
1077:fixed form with declension on the second part: ON
5384:. Vol. XXI (9th ed.). pp. 366–374.
4709:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2246:model – posits Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish as
1519:This affected only stressed syllables. The word *
2990:All North Germanic languages are descended from
2837:Eð war ien fuktun, grå såmårdag i slutę åv juni.
2715:
2372:) whereas Bokmål has retained the Danish forms (
2262:are sometimes considered East Scandinavian, and
320:. The language group is also referred to as the
5208:pdf format at Uppsala University online archive
4949:
4947:
4115:
2835:
2811:
2727:
2406:Germanic languages § Vocabulary comparison
1535:(stressed, with breaking) throughout Old Norse.
1530:
1524:
1441:
1422:
1396:
1365:
1325:
1290:
1284:
1230:
1206:
1084:
1078:
1040:
986:
879:
827:
785:
709:
273:in what is now Scotland until the 19th century.
4528:Lindström, Fredrik; Lindström, Henrik (2012).
2777:Det var en fugtig, grå sommerdag sidst i juni.
5424:
5253:Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition
2869:A language is a dialect with an army and navy
2847:
2823:
2799:
2763:
1996:* The figure includes 450,000 members of the
8:
4859:Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires
4377:Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics
2787:
2775:
2751:
1248:
1236:
1212:
1052:
1030:
1024:
1018:
914:
853:
804:
736:
291:until their demise in the late 15th century.
5076:"The National Minority Languages in Sweden"
2958:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2739:
865:'of a gift' > late Northwest Germanic *
393:This language branch is separated from the
368:
7112:
7099:
6739:
6730:
6713:
6381:
6208:
6013:
5843:
5592:
5479:
5470:
5457:
5431:
5417:
5409:
4995:s language of publication is described as
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4351:Sveriges nationalatlas. Språken i Sverige.
4278:
4276:
4274:
4067:(Älvdalen speech), generally considered a
3922:(generally considered a Norwegian dialect)
3855:along with former East Danish dialects in
2813:Það var rakur, grár sumardagur í lok júní.
5055:Jemtsk og trøndersk – to nære slektningar
4904:
4363:
4361:
4359:
2978:Learn how and when to remove this message
2304:(from Middle Low German), whereas native
2055:Learn how and when to remove this message
304:make up one of the three branches of the
4775:
4773:
4748:"Nynorsk – noe for svensker? – Uniforum"
2680:
2601:
2450:
1865:
1755:and in various settlements in the East.
1072:etc., with declension of the first part;
818:'tongue' > late Northwest Germanic *
4955:"Nordens språk – med rötter och fötter"
4733:Victor Ginsburgh, Shlomo Weber (2011).
4531:Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse
4503:
4501:
4194:
3166:) (Wide linguistic similarity with the
2183:Dots indicate a few of the areas where
612:Distinction from East and West Germanic
374:Approximately 20 million people in the
4241:
4239:
4237:
1998:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
31:
5184:from the original on 17 February 2020
4758:from the original on 25 February 2021
4555:
4322:from the original on 21 February 2022
4201:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005.
1832:Danish minority of Southern Schleswig
1728:A Description of the Northern Peoples
1575:, which rounded stressed vowels when
638:Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe
103:
7:
5332:Nordens sprog – med rødder og fødder
5146:from the original on 7 December 2017
4929:from the original on 10 January 2024
4781:Norden this week – Monday 01.17.2005
4737:, Princeton University Press. p. 42.
4423:. Oxford University Press. pp.
4386:from the original on 6 February 2016
4258:Nordens sprog – med rødder og fødder
2956:adding citations to reliable sources
2037:adding citations to reliable sources
5993:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
5204:Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln
5115:from the original on 25 August 2012
3871:) as well as the southern parts of
2411:Cultural Fund, Swedish speakers in
1529:(unstressed, with no breaking) and
178:Continental Scandinavian languages:
7352:Languages between parentheses are
4715:from the original on 2 August 2018
756:, and was then later lowered to .
652:Features shared with West Germanic
390:speak Danish as a first language.
25:
4625:. Oxford University Press, 2006,
1911:, European Union, Nordic Council
1891:Sweden, Finland, European Union,
1815:), the sole official language of
1794:The North Germanic languages are
763:'gift' > Northwest Germanic *
672:The retraction of Proto-Germanic
27:Languages of the Nordic countries
5404:Most similar languages to Danish
5356:
5270:Kristiansen, Tore m.fl. (1996),
4623:The Changing Languages of Europe
4284:The Comparative Syntax Handbook,
4092:Norwegian and Swedish Travellers
3982:Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia
2928:
2223:respectively. There was also an
2013:
1774:) and Continental Scandinavian (
1544:(see "year" above), and also of
695:'year' > Northwest Germanic *
166:
5250:Adams, Charles Kendall (1895).
4683:Inez Svonni Fjällström (2006).
4657:Arctic Languages: An Awakening.
4318:(in Danish). 21 February 2021.
2250:, and Faroese and Icelandic as
2227:branch spoken on the island of
2172:(partially national boundaries)
2162:(partially national boundaries)
2122:(partially national boundaries)
2112:(partially national boundaries)
2102:(partially national boundaries)
2024:needs additional citations for
1743:, and Norwegian settlements in
1504:. In other Norse dialects, the
7356:of the language on their left.
5375:"Scandinavian Languages"
5082:. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92.
4779:"Urban misunderstandings". In
2316:. On the other hand, the word
1859:, is part of the group of the
1:
7247:Germanic substrate hypothesis
5256:. D. Appleton, A. J. Johnson.
5134:Dahl, Östen (December 2008).
5035:Finlandssvensk som hovedspråk
4312:"Sprog og politik i Grønland"
4256:. Moderne nordiske sprog. In
966:pronoun ancestral to English
409:Modern languages and dialects
173:North Germanic-speaking lands
7277:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
5968:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
5078:. In Gerhard Stickel (ed.).
4685:"A language with deep roots"
4379:. University of Copenhagen.
4292:Excerpt at Durham University
4153:Gender in Danish and Swedish
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2491:
2488:
2485:
1316:("night", accusative) > *
1229:("faithful") > Old Norse
7257:High German consonant shift
4487:. Walter de Gruyter, 2005,
4483:Bandle, Oskar (ed.)(2005).
4453:Indo-European ē in Germanic
4421:The World's Major Languages
4343:Språkets enhet och mångfald
4222:Scandinavian Dialect Syntax
4104:Norwegian language conflict
4052:Classification difficulties
3875:, now generally considered
3794:Telemark-Numedal dialects (
3757:Hallingdal-Valdres dialects
2912:highly unlikely, given the
2209:East Scandinavian languages
2193:West Scandinavian languages
1406:General loss of word-final
1241:, but > Old High German
1217:, but > Old High German
7392:
5795:Westlauwers–Terschellings
5448:According to contemporary
5330:Iben Stampe Sletten red.,
4534:. Albert Bonniers Förlag.
4101:
4098:Written norms of Norwegian
4086:known collectively as the
2403:
1205:("of two") > Old Norse
628:to some degree during the
7339:
7111:
7098:
7020:
6974:Southern Schleswig Danish
6729:
6712:
5469:
5456:
5446:
5261:Jervelund, Anita (2007),
5111:(in Swedish). Stockholm.
4409:Hawkins, John A. (1987).
2300:'window' was replaced by
861:Proto-Germanic gen. sg. *
210:Insular Nordic languages:
165:
70:Linguistic classification
39:
7376:North Germanic languages
7252:West Germanic gemination
7206:Ancient Belgian language
7201:Germanic parent language
7145:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
6267:Austrian Standard German
5324:, Strasbourg: Hünenburg.
4871:10.4324/9781003034025-11
4183:South Germanic languages
4148:Low Franconian languages
3424:Valle-Setesdalsk dialect
2248:Continental Scandinavian
2074:North Germanic languages
1486:was also affected (also
1279:("I/(s)he bound") > *
1268:Word-final devoicing of
1144:Low Franconian languages
664:innovations shared with
580:North Norwegian dialects
349:North Germanic languages
302:North Germanic languages
5394:Scandinavian-only words
5381:Encyclopædia Britannica
5165:Zach, Kristine (2013).
5053:Dalen, Arnold (2005).
5040:12 October 2017 at the
4696:Sápmi: Language history
4297:3 December 2007 at the
4252:4 November 2011 at the
4227:12 January 2012 at the
4178:West Germanic languages
4173:East Germanic languages
2848:
2836:
2716:
2676:West Germanic languages
2415:and Danish speakers in
2125:West Germanic languages
1924:Norway, Nordic Council
1828:North Schleswig Germans
1562:
1557:
1531:
1525:
1500:and survives in modern
1488:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1442:
1429:
1427:, but > Old English
1423:
1397:
1376:
1366:
1326:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1255:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1184:Sharpening of geminate
1176:North Germanic features
1133:Anglo-Frisian languages
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
987:
962:The development of the
915:
901:
895:
889:
880:
874:
854:
840:
834:
828:
805:
799:
786:
772:
737:
731:
725:
719:
710:
704:
634:Proto-Germanic language
575:West Norwegian dialects
570:East Norwegian dialects
395:West Germanic languages
353:comparative linguistics
318:East Germanic languages
314:West Germanic languages
310:Indo-European languages
18:North Germanic language
7313:Preterite-present verb
7196:Proto-Germanic grammar
7150:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
6262:German Standard German
5938:East Frisian Low Saxon
5363:Scandinavian languages
4690:5 October 2007 at the
4514:15 August 2004 at the
4208:3 October 2012 at the
4116:
3877:South Swedish dialects
3383:Stavanger Municipality
3249:Haugesund Municipality
3006:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2704:
2400:Mutual intelligibility
2282:pitch-accent languages
2188:
1886:
1751:dialect was spoken in
1666:
1626:Old East Norse dialect
1617:Old West Norse dialect
1548:before a round vowel.
1249:
1142:Weser–Rhine Germanic (
1060:Runic Norse: nom. sg.
506:East Swedish dialects
468:South Swedish dialects
403:Uralic language family
369:mutual intelligibility
357:Scandinavian languages
51:North Germanic peoples
7318:Grammatischer Wechsel
6301:Namibian Black German
6272:Swiss Standard German
6241:Early New High German
5799:Mainland West Frisian
5660:Harlingerland Frisian
5074:Ekberg, Lena (2010).
5060:18 March 2007 at the
5044:(in Norwegian bokmål)
4158:High German languages
4122:. On the other hand,
4090:. They are spoken by
4088:Scandoromani language
3570:(Mid-east districts)
3004:
2320:'begin' (now written
2235:during the period of
2070:
1609:
1374:> Old High German
1151:High German languages
985:'this, that' (cf. ON
723:> Old High German
626:mutually intelligible
344:scholars and people.
308:—a sub-family of the
7323:Indo-European ablaut
7303:Germanic strong verb
7272:Germanic spirant law
6409:Southeast Limburgish
5905:Gelders-Overijssels
5534:Irish Middle English
5524:Early Modern English
5233:9 March 2016 at the
5213:22 July 2011 at the
5202:Sapir, Yair (2004).
5175:University of Vienna
5016:on 19 September 2021
4988:9 April 2014 at the
4865:. pp. 167–179.
4662:21 July 2018 at the
4582:Nationalencyklopedin
4412:"Germanic languages"
4143:Ingvaeonic languages
3920:Urban East Norwegian
3747:Folldal Municipality
3739:Gudbrandsdal dialect
3735:(Midland districts)
3561:Midtøstland dialects
3480:(Lowland districts)
3400:Midhordland district
3346:Sandnes Municipality
3086:Brønnøy Municipality
2952:improve this section
2252:Insular Scandinavian
2033:improve this article
1590:being u-umlauted to
1555:> North Germanic
1479:(see "gift" above).
1320:> (by u-umlaut) *
1283:> Old West Norse
1129:Ingvaeonic languages
1127:North Sea Germanic (
524:Dalecarlian language
7291:Synchronic features
7262:Germanic a-mutation
7215:Diachronic features
6565:in the broad sense
6498:East Central German
6452:Lorraine Franconian
6426:Transylvanian Saxon
6386:West Central German
6161:East Low Franconian
6071:West Low Franconian
5279:Lucazin, M (2010),
4812:14 May 2011 at the
4752:www.uniforum.uio.no
4558:, pp. 336–338.
4245:Torp, Arne (2004).
4058:Jamtlandic dialects
3892:Northern Jutlandic
3640:Opplandene district
3306:Sunndalsøra dialect
3283:Karmøy Municipality
3232:Bergen Municipality
3178:Meldal Municipality
3170:dialects in Norway)
2858:Language boundaries
2796:Norwegian (Nynorsk)
2391:Currently, English
2237:Hanseatic expansion
1813:Eskimo–Aleut family
1635:Old Gutnish dialect
1571:The development of
1131:, ancestral to the
926:The development of
355:, whereas the term
7308:Germanic weak verb
7117:Language subgroups
6467:Pennsylvania Dutch
6416:Moselle Franconian
6394:Central Franconian
6227:Middle High German
5978:Central Pomeranian
5933:Northern Low Saxon
5646:Wangerooge Frisian
5440:Germanic languages
4825:Maurud, Ø (1976).
4601:4 May 2016 at the
4449:Cercignani, Fausto
4316:Forenede Nationers
3912:Southern Schleswig
3904:Southern Jutlandic
3771:Hallingdal dialect
3708:Särna-Idre dialect
3645:Hedmark dialects (
3585:Ringerike district
3574:Ringerike dialects
3439:Valle Municipality
3195:Tydal Municipality
3007:
2889:standard languages
2784:Norwegian (Bokmål)
2189:
1847:Duchy of Schleswig
1796:national languages
1667:
1662:Germanic languages
1295:, but Old English
1121:Northwest Germanic
306:Germanic languages
280:was spoken in the
7363:
7362:
7348:extinct languages
7335:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7282:Great Vowel Shift
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7043:
7042:
6889:Greenlandic Norse
6708:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6639:Southern Bavarian
6622:Northern Bavarian
6598:Highest Alemannic
6549:
6548:
6283:standard variants
6198:
6197:
6044:Standard variants
6003:
6002:
5862:Middle Low German
5833:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5633:Saterland Frisian
5361:Works related to
5318:Maurer, Friedrich
5295:978-91-977265-2-8
4880:978-0-367-47191-0
4855:Kamusella, Tomasz
4541:978-91-0-013451-8
4347:Studentlitteratur
4260:. Nord 2004:010,
4016:Älvdalen locality
3946:Norrland dialects
3833:East Scandinavian
3685:Hadeland district
3543:Grenland district
3528:in retrospective)
3524:) (Influenced by
3522:Bohuslän province
3484:Vikværsk dialects
3471:Flatbygd dialects
3379:Stavanger dialect
3289:Nordmøre dialects
3238:Haugesund dialect
3164:Jämtland province
3160:Jämtland dialects
3092:Helgeland dialect
3076:Bodø Municipality
3026:Greenlandic Norse
3016:West Scandinavian
2988:
2987:
2980:
2855:
2854:
2667:
2666:
2596:
2595:
2233:Middle Low German
2065:
2064:
2057:
1992:
1991:
1289:, Old East Norse
1157:Inability of the
1057:'lo!, behold!');
809:(vowel lowering).
538:West Scandinavian
500:Jämtland dialects
495:Norrland dialects
490:Svealand dialects
428:Jutlandic dialect
418:East Scandinavian
361:dialect continuum
298:
297:
278:Greenlandic Norse
250:Greenlandic Norse
116:West Scandinavian
111:East Scandinavian
16:(Redirected from
7383:
7140:Elbe (Irminonic)
7113:
7100:
7028:Mainland Gutnish
6918:Swedish dialects
6880:Middle Icelandic
6854:Middle Norwegian
6743:Historical forms
6740:
6731:
6714:
6673:South Franconian
6659:Hutterite German
6627:Central Bavarian
6447:Rhine Franconian
6382:
6212:Historical forms
6209:
6124:Surinamese Dutch
6017:Historical forms
6014:
5847:Historical forms
5844:
5596:Historical forms
5593:
5480:
5471:
5458:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5410:
5385:
5377:
5360:
5344:available online
5313:
5312:
5310:
5305:on 8 August 2011
5304:
5298:, archived from
5287:
5274:
5265:
5257:
5237:
5228:Traveller Danish
5224:
5218:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5172:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5071:
5065:
5051:
5045:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5012:. Archived from
5006:
5000:
4994:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4957:. Archived from
4951:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4908:
4848:
4840:Kordić, Snježana
4836:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4799:
4784:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4744:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4705:
4699:
4681:
4675:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4612:
4606:
4592:
4586:
4577:Omkring 800–1100
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4525:
4519:
4505:
4496:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4456:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4374:
4365:
4354:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4308:
4302:
4288:Guglielmo Cinque
4280:
4269:
4243:
4232:
4219:
4213:
4199:
4121:
3908:Southern Jutland
3814:
3787:Valdres district
3779:
3734:
3726:Midland dialects
3699:
3691:Østerdal dialect
3682:
3674:Hadeland dialect
3661:
3637:
3616:
3599:
3591:Hønefoss dialect
3582:
3569:
3540:
3532:Grenland dialect
3519:
3511:Bohuslän dialect
3502:
3479:
3462:
3432:
3397:
3370:
3362:Sunnmøre dialect
3333:
3314:
3297:
3280:
3263:
3246:
3192:
3151:
3143:Härjedal dialect
3134:
3100:
3073:
3056:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2932:
2924:
2893:prestige dialect
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2681:
2602:
2451:
2287:Sweden left the
2177:
2167:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2017:
2009:
1875:Official Status
1866:
1861:Uralic languages
1824:Southern Jutland
1805:Nordic countries
1739:, Scotland, the
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1560:
1551:Proto-Germanic *
1547:
1543:
1540:Loss of initial
1534:
1528:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1413:Proto-Germanic *
1409:
1400:
1387:Proto-Germanic *
1386:
1379:
1369:
1352:Proto-Germanic *
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1312:Proto-Germanic *
1308:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1275:Proto-Germanic *
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1201:Proto-Germanic *
1191:
1187:
1170:language contact
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1035:n.) + proximal *
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
990:
956:
944:
940:
918:
904:
898:
892:
883:
877:
872:North Germanic *
857:
843:
837:
831:
814:Proto-Germanic *
808:
802:
789:
775:
770:North Germanic *
759:Proto-Germanic *
755:
752:and when before
740:
734:
728:
722:
713:
707:
702:North Germanic *
691:Proto-Germanic *
679:
630:Migration Period
565:Trønder dialects
515:Estonian Swedish
485:Gotland dialects
376:Nordic countries
322:Nordic languages
316:and the extinct
312:—along with the
246:
234:
225:
216:
202:
193:
184:
170:
161:
160:
145:
144:
32:
21:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7327:
7286:
7267:Germanic umlaut
7232:Holtzmann's law
7210:
7179:
7107:
7086:
7039:
7016:
6950:South Jutlandic
6935:Danish dialects
6901:
6782:
6725:
6696:
6678:East Franconian
6632:Viennese German
6545:
6526:Silesian German
6492:
6481:Central Hessian
6371:
6296:Namibian German
6285:
6276:
6254:Standard German
6248:
6234:New High German
6220:Old High German
6194:
6173:
6155:
6066:
6038:
5999:
5983:East Pomeranian
5973:Brandenburgisch
5960:East Low German
5954:
5881:Dutch Low Saxon
5873:West Low German
5867:
5825:
5791:Schiermonnikoog
5772:
5667:
5653:Wursten Frisian
5616:
5582:
5465:
5452:
5442:
5437:
5368:
5353:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5285:
5278:
5272:Dansk Sproglære
5269:
5263:Sådan Staver Vi
5260:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5235:Wayback Machine
5225:
5221:
5215:Wayback Machine
5201:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5062:Wayback Machine
5052:
5048:
5042:Wayback Machine
5033:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4992:
4990:Wayback Machine
4978:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4961:on 6 March 2016
4953:
4952:
4945:
4937:. p. 169:
4932:
4930:
4881:
4851:Nomachi, Motoki
4846:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4824:
4820:
4814:Wayback Machine
4805:. Available in
4800:
4787:
4778:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4692:Wayback Machine
4682:
4678:
4664:Wayback Machine
4654:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4613:
4609:
4603:Wayback Machine
4593:
4589:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4516:Wayback Machine
4506:
4499:
4482:
4478:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4372:
4368:Kroonen, Guus.
4367:
4366:
4357:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4299:Wayback Machine
4281:
4272:
4254:Wayback Machine
4244:
4235:
4229:Wayback Machine
4220:
4216:
4210:Wayback Machine
4200:
4196:
4191:
4163:Scanian dialect
4134:
4106:
4100:
4054:
3885:(or Jutish, in
3869:Scanian dialect
3808:
3783:Valdris dialect
3773:
3728:
3693:
3676:
3655:
3631:
3629:Oppland dialect
3610:
3593:
3576:
3563:
3534:
3513:
3496:
3473:
3456:
3426:
3414:Arendal dialect
3391:
3389:Strilar dialect
3364:
3342:Sandnes dialect
3327:
3325:Romsdal dialect
3308:
3291:
3274:
3257:
3240:
3216:Southern Norway
3186:
3145:
3128:
3094:
3082:Brønnøy dialect
3067:
3059:Northern Norway
3050:
2984:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2949:
2933:
2922:
2885:language border
2860:
2672:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2408:
2402:
2185:multilingualism
2182:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2030:
2018:
2007:
2000:
1792:
1705:, developed on
1665:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1561:> Old Norse
1492:), shifting to
1440:> Old Norse
1421:> Old Norse
1395:> Old Norse
1364:> Old Norse
1356:("sore") > *
1324:> Old Norse
1305:Loss of medial
1270:stop consonants
1225:Proto-Germanic
1194:Holtzmann's law
1178:
1149:Elbe Germanic (
1039:'here' (cf. ON
887:West Germanic *
793:West Germanic *
717:West Germanic *
708:> Old Norse
680:, also written
654:
614:
609:
510:Finland Swedish
444:South Jutlandic
433:North Jutlandic
411:
294:
254:
244:
242:
232:
230:
223:
221:
214:
207:
200:
198:
191:
189:
182:
175:
156:
155:
140:
139:
63:Northern Europe
58:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7389:
7387:
7379:
7378:
7368:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7350:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7191:Proto-Germanic
7187:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7066:Crimean Gothic
7055:
7053:
7045:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6942:
6940:Insular Danish
6937:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6923:Rinkebysvenska
6920:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6876:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6769:Old East Norse
6766:
6764:Old West Norse
6754:
6746:
6744:
6737:
6727:
6726:
6717:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6675:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6644:South Tyrolean
6636:
6635:
6634:
6624:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6586:High Alemannic
6583:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6559:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6454:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6428:
6423:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6390:
6388:
6379:
6377:Central German
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6316:Barossa German
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6213:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6095:French Flemish
6087:
6086:
6085:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6011:
6009:Low Franconian
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5848:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5810:Westereendersk
5804:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5741:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5688:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5626:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5611:Middle Frisian
5607:
5599:
5597:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5571:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5517:Modern English
5513:
5510:Middle English
5506:
5499:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5366:
5352:
5351:External links
5349:
5348:
5347:
5328:
5325:
5315:
5294:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5219:
5195:
5157:
5142:(in Swedish).
5140:Språktidningen
5126:
5095:
5088:
5066:
5046:
5027:
5001:
4972:
4943:
4879:
4831:
4818:
4785:
4769:
4739:
4726:
4700:
4676:
4648:
4635:
4607:
4587:
4569:Nordiska språk
4560:
4548:
4540:
4520:
4497:
4476:
4457:
4440:
4433:
4417:Bernard Comrie
4401:
4355:
4333:
4303:
4270:
4233:
4214:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4099:
4096:
4082:vocabulary or
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:other dialects
3994:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:West Jutlandic
3896:
3895:East Jutlandic
3880:
3846:
3843:Insular Danish
3830:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:other dialects
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3754:
3743:Gudbrandsdalen
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3702:Viken district
3688:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3653:Solung dialect
3626:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3605:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3529:
3508:
3494:Andebu dialect
3488:Viken district
3465:Eastern Norway
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:other dialects
3444:
3443:
3442:
3421:
3418:Arendal region
3405:
3404:
3403:
3386:
3376:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3286:
3272:Karmøy dialect
3269:
3266:Jæren district
3252:
3235:
3228:Bergen dialect
3205:
3204:
3203:
3201:other dialects
3198:
3181:
3174:Meldal dialect
3171:
3157:
3140:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3109:other dialects
3106:
3089:
3079:
3040:
3034:
3029:
3023:
2986:
2985:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2909:Nordic Council
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2441:Øresund Region
2437:Øresund Bridge
2401:
2398:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2005:Classification
2003:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1950:Faroe Islands
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:Nordic Council
1889:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1853:Sami languages
1839:Denmark–Norway
1791:
1788:
1784:Dano-Norwegian
1656:
1653:Crimean Gothic
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1517:
1482:The diphthong
1451:Vowel breaking
1448:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1383:With original
1381:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1253:, Old English
1223:
1199:
1177:
1174:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1075:
1074:
1073:
960:
959:
958:
931:
924:
923:
922:
921:
920:
885:
859:
812:
811:
810:
791:
746:
745:
744:
743:
742:
729:, Old English
715:
653:
650:
648:inscriptions.
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
603:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
556:
535:
534:
533:
532:
531:
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
512:
504:
503:
502:
492:
487:
482:
477:
476:
475:
460:
459:
458:
453:
451:Insular Danish
448:
447:
446:
441:
440:West Jutlandic
438:
437:East Jutlandic
435:
410:
407:
296:
295:
293:
292:
274:
261:was spoken in
243:
231:
222:
213:
199:
190:
181:
171:
163:
162:
153:
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
129:Language codes
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
113:
106:
102:
101:
96:
95:Proto-language
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
85:North Germanic
72:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
35:North Germanic
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7388:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7298:Germanic verb
7296:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7237:Sievers's law
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7184:Reconstructed
7182:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7097:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6997:Middle Danish
6994:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6873:Old Icelandic
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6847:Old Norwegian
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6665:
6664:Gottscheerish
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6603:Walser German
6601:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6569:Low Alemannic
6567:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6531:High Prussian
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:Erzgebirgisch
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6421:Luxembourgish
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6359:Klezmer-loshn
6356:
6354:
6353:Scots Yiddish
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6190:Meuse-Rhenish
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:Kleverlandish
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6078:Central Dutch
6076:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6006:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5886:Stellingwarfs
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5820:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:Wood Frisian
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5673:North Frisian
5670:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Anglo-Frisian
5472:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5376:
5371:
5370:Noreen, Adolf
5367:
5365:at Wikisource
5364:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5340:92-893-1041-3
5337:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5284:
5283:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5180:
5176:
5173:(in German).
5168:
5161:
5158:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5127:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5089:9783631603659
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5031:
5028:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4999:(in Swedish)
4998:
4997:skandinaviska
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4672:92-3-102661-5
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4644:Analys Norden
4639:
4636:
4632:
4631:0-19-929734-7
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4575:, subsection
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4493:3-11-017149-X
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4434:0-19-520521-9
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:92-893-1041-3
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4051:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4010:), including
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3823:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:Sogn district
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3256:
3255:Jærsk dialect
3253:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3184:Tydal dialect
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3126:Fosen dialect
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2979:
2971:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2937:This section
2935:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2632:
2631:Faroe Islands
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:of Norwegian
2620:Comprehension
2619:
2615:Comprehension
2614:
2610:Comprehension
2609:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2588:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:of Norwegian
2467:Comprehension
2466:
2462:Comprehension
2461:
2457:Comprehension
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:(cf. Swedish
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2056:
2048:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2022:This section
2020:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:Faroe Islands
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:Old Norwegian
1730:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Faroe Islands
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1461:except after
1452:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:according to
1183:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:
969:
965:
964:demonstrative
961:
952:
947:
946:
936:
932:
929:
925:
917:
913:) vs. Gothic
912:
908:
903:
897:
891:
886:
882:
876:
871:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:) vs. Gothic
851:
847:
842:
836:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
801:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
774:
769:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:
751:
747:
739:
733:
727:
721:
716:
712:
706:
701:
700:
698:
694:
690:
689:
687:
683:
675:
671:
670:
669:
667:
666:West Germanic
663:
662:morphological
659:
651:
649:
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
606:
602:
601:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
548:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
505:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Göta dialects
478:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
415:
414:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
253:
251:
241:
239:
229:
220:
212:
211:
206:
197:
188:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
152:
148:
143:
138:
136:
132:
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
100:
97:
93:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:Indo-European
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
55:
52:
49:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7343:
7227:Verner's law
7172:
7167:Gotho-Nordic
7165:
7158:
7124:
7079:
7072:
7064:
7058:
7048:
7033:Fårö Gutnish
6995:
6988:
6894:
6887:
6878:
6871:
6852:
6845:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6734:
6718:
6689:
6591:Swiss German
6555:Upper German
6488:Amana German
6462:Volga German
6431:Hunsrückisch
6357:
6311:Unserdeutsch
6306:Berlinerisch
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6178:Cover groups
6134:Mohawk Dutch
6129:Jersey Dutch
6107:East Flemish
6090:West Flemish
6034:Middle Dutch
5988:Low Prussian
5860:
5853:
5819:Terschelling
5803:Clay Frisian
5778:West Frisian
5766:Wiedingharde
5758:
5746:
5706:Heligolandic
5683:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5639:
5622:East Frisian
5609:
5602:
5575:Middle Scots
5573:
5566:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5533:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5379:
5331:
5321:
5307:, retrieved
5300:the original
5281:
5271:
5262:
5252:
5222:
5203:
5198:
5186:. Retrieved
5160:
5148:. Retrieved
5139:
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5108:
5098:
5079:
5069:
5049:
5030:
5018:. Retrieved
5014:the original
5004:
4996:
4981:Hello Norden
4980:
4975:
4963:. Retrieved
4959:the original
4938:
4931:. Retrieved
4858:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4802:
4760:. Retrieved
4751:
4742:
4734:
4729:
4717:. Retrieved
4703:
4695:
4679:
4651:
4638:
4622:
4619:Tania Kuteva
4615:Heine, Bernd
4610:
4590:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4551:
4530:
4523:
4507:Lund, Jørn.
4484:
4479:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4452:
4443:
4420:
4404:
4395:
4388:. Retrieved
4376:
4350:
4342:
4336:
4324:. Retrieved
4315:
4306:
4283:
4257:
4217:
4197:
4123:
4109:
4107:
4077:
4068:
4063:
4055:
3996:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3821:
3608:Ådal dialect
3549:Oslo dialect
3446:
3408:
3352:Sogn dialect
3223:(Vestlandet)
3222:
3200:
3108:
3065:Bodø dialect
2989:
2974:
2965:
2950:Please help
2938:
2906:
2861:
2700:West Frisian
2673:
2597:
2446:
2430:
2409:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2289:Kalmar Union
2286:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2244:tree-of-life
2241:
2208:
2192:
2190:
2124:
2073:
2051:
2042:
2031:Please help
2026:verification
2023:
1984:
1979:
1851:
1836:
1821:
1793:
1790:Demographics
1776:Skandinavisk
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1726:
1723:Olaus Magnus
1719:
1668:
1660: Other
1591:
1584:
1552:
1520:
1437:
1418:
1414:
1392:
1388:
1371:
1370:, but > *
1361:
1357:
1353:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1280:
1276:
1260:
1226:
1202:
1179:
1167:
1156:
1118:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1036:
996:
992:
982:
978:
974:
967:
950:
910:
906:
905:(unstressed
866:
862:
849:
845:
844:(unstressed
823:
819:
815:
794:
781:
777:
764:
760:
749:
696:
692:
685:
681:
673:
658:phonological
655:
642:
636:in the late
615:
598:
537:
417:
412:
392:
373:
356:
348:
346:
321:
301:
299:
248:
236:
209:
208:
177:
176:
172:
105:Subdivisions
84:
59:distribution
42:Scandinavian
29:
7242:Kluge's law
7222:Grimm's law
7005:Dalecarlian
6984:Perkerdansk
6957:East Danish
6775:Old Gutnish
6751:Proto-Norse
6691:Langobardic
6683:Vogtlandian
6511:Upper Saxon
6365:Lachoudisch
6326:Lotegorisch
6204:High German
5950:Westphalian
5945:Eastphalian
5909:Achterhooks
5786:Hindeloopen
5721:Bökingharde
5690:Föhr–Amrum
5604:Old Frisian
5568:Early Scots
5503:Old English
5109:Aftonbladet
4326:21 February
4118:Aftenposten
4084:Para-Romani
4024:Old Gutnish
4004:Dalecarlian
3849:East Danish
3809: [
3774: [
3729: [
3694: [
3677: [
3656: [
3632: [
3611: [
3594: [
3577: [
3564: [
3535: [
3514: [
3497: [
3474: [
3457: [
3427: [
3409:(Sørlandet)
3392: [
3365: [
3328: [
3317:Sunndalsøra
3309: [
3292: [
3275: [
3258: [
3241: [
3187: [
3146: [
3129: [
3095: [
3068: [
3051: [
2920:Family tree
2617:of Swedish
2464:of Swedish
2294:Old Swedish
2225:Old Gutnish
2045:August 2010
1809:Greenlandic
1749:Old Gutnish
1741:Isle of Man
1644:Old English
1602:Middle Ages
1498:Old Gutnish
803:vs. Gothic
735:vs. Gothic
456:East Danish
380:5% minority
365:Scandinavia
351:is used in
285:settlements
99:Proto-Norse
7074:Burgundian
6990:Old Danish
6979:Gøtudanskt
6962:Bornholmsk
6824:Vestlandsk
6804:Kebabnorsk
6541:Halcnovian
6506:Thuringian
6169:Limburgish
6139:Stadsfries
6112:Brabantian
5839:Low German
5685:Eiderstedt
5540:Fingallian
5309:21 January
5188:24 January
4983:newsletter
4933:21 January
4889:1390118985
4807:pdf format
4571:, section
4556:Adams 1895
4390:27 January
4189:References
4102:See also:
3853:Bornholmsk
3806:Bø dialect
3761:Hallingdal
3745:and Upper
3208:Vestlandsk
3154:Härjedalen
2670:Vocabulary
2612:of Danish
2500:, Denmark
2498:Copenhagen
2480:, Denmark
2459:of Danish
2433:Copenhagen
2417:Copenhagen
2404:See also:
2187:is common.
2170:Low German
1985:20,251,500
1669:After the
1259:, English
1163:wave model
1159:tree model
1137:Low German
973:Germanic *
776:> with
57:Geographic
7354:varieties
7346:indicate
7160:Northwest
7105:Philology
7010:Elfdalian
6945:Jutlandic
6867:Icelandic
6842:(written)
6836:(written)
6814:Trøndersk
6794:Norwegian
6758:Old Norse
6579:Coloniero
6563:Alemannic
6536:Wymysorys
6404:Colognian
6399:Ripuarian
6321:Rotwelsch
6151:Midslands
6102:Zeelandic
6083:Hollandic
6057:Afrikaans
6029:Old Dutch
5855:Old Saxon
5754:Karrharde
5736:Goesharde
5717:Mainland
5450:philology
4923:171014403
4915:125229577
4911:COBISS.SR
4897:259576119
4863:Routledge
4345:., Lund:
4065:Elfdalian
4012:Elfdalian
3970:Gotlandic
3883:Jutlandic
3751:Innlandet
3454:Østlandsk
3168:Trøndersk
3120:Trøndelag
3116:Trøndersk
3103:Helgeland
3048:Nordnorsk
3043:Norwegian
3039:(extinct)
3032:Icelandic
3028:(extinct)
3011:Old Norse
2992:Old Norse
2939:does not
2873:Norwegian
2832:Elfdalian
2808:Icelandic
2724:Afrikaans
2712:Low Saxon
2687:Sentence
2580:, Norway
2560:, Norway
2540:, Sweden
2538:Stockholm
2520:, Sweden
2435:over the
2413:Stockholm
2393:loanwords
2386:Arne Torp
2344:, Danish
2221:Old Norse
2205:Icelandic
2197:Norwegian
2100:Norwegian
2082:Icelandic
1968:Elfdalian
1930:Icelandic
1921:5,000,000
1917:Norwegian
1907:Denmark,
1904:5,600,000
1885:9,200,000
1872:Speakers
1869:Language
1817:Greenland
1772:øynordisk
1764:önordiska
1760:syntactic
1691:Icelandic
1683:Norwegian
1671:Old Norse
1345:(but not
1247:, German
1235:, Gothic
1211:, Gothic
1051:, Gothic
1017:; Gothic
935:rhotacism
893:> OHG
780:-umlaut *
592:Icelandic
561:(written)
543:Norwegian
529:Elfdalian
388:Greenland
347:The term
338:Norwegian
334:Icelandic
289:Greenland
271:Caithness
228:Icelandic
196:Norwegian
151:Glottolog
135:ISO 639-5
47:Ethnicity
7370:Category
7081:Vandalic
7024:Gutnish
6829:Vikværsk
6809:Sognamål
6799:Bergensk
6649:Cimbrian
6617:Bavarian
6574:Alsatian
6521:Lusatian
6457:Palatine
6147:Amelands
6024:Frankish
5914:Sallaans
5896:Gronings
5747:Southern
5740:Northern
5731:Halligen
5680:Insular
5497:dialects
5372:(1886).
5334:, 2005,
5320:(1942),
5231:Archived
5211:Archived
5179:Archived
5144:Archived
5113:Archived
5058:Archived
5038:Archived
5020:20 April
4986:Archived
4965:20 April
4927:Archived
4857:(eds.).
4842:(2024).
4810:Archived
4762:16 March
4756:Archived
4713:Archived
4688:Archived
4660:Archived
4621:(2006).
4599:Archived
4573:Historia
4567:Article
4546:, p. 259
4512:Archived
4509:Language
4447:But see
4397:Swedish.
4381:Archived
4320:Archived
4295:Archived
4250:Archived
4225:Archived
4206:Archived
4132:See also
4125:Høgnorsk
3963:Götaland
3951:Norrland
3939:Svealand
3857:Blekinge
3796:Telemark
3602:Hønefoss
3435:Setesdal
3373:Sunnmøre
3300:Nordmøre
2996:dialects
2968:May 2014
2865:aphorism
2684:Language
2625:Average
2607:Country
2472:Average
2352:(cf. Sw
2310:vindauga
1937:Iceland
1845:and the
1843:Holstein
1811:(in the
1768:ønordisk
1745:Normandy
1711:Shetland
1697:and the
1573:u-umlaut
1227:*triwwiz
1089:m., OHG
928:i-umlaut
878:> ON
826:> ON
797:> OE
784:> ON
547:disputed
276:Extinct
267:Shetland
257:Extinct
158:nort3160
80:Germanic
7344:Italics
6967:Scanian
6913:Swedish
6862:Faroese
6840:Nynorsk
6819:Valdris
6654:Mòcheno
6610:Swabian
6476:Hessian
6436:Hunsrik
6348:Western
6343:Eastern
6338:Yiddish
6288:creoles
6185:Bergish
5901:Drèents
5891:Tweants
5743:Central
5725:Mooring
5588:Frisian
5547:Kildare
5492:English
5244:Sources
5226:LLOW –
5119:7 March
4906:4680766
4585:(1994).
4473:: 1–47.
4419:(ed.).
4111:Riksmål
4073:Swedish
4069:Sveamål
4041:Fårömål
4033:Gotland
4029:Gutnish
4008:Dalarna
3991:Estonia
3987:Finland
3975:Gotland
3958:Götamål
3934:Sveamål
3928:Swedish
3887:Jutland
3873:Småland
3861:Halland
3800:Numedal
3765:Valdres
3647:Hedmark
3526:Swedish
3433:(Upper
3336:Romsdal
3212:Western
3021:Faroese
2960:removed
2945:sources
2902:Nynorsk
2877:Swedish
2844:Gutnish
2820:Faroese
2760:Swedish
2692:English
2650:Iceland
2374:begynne
2346:begynde
2334:vindöga
2322:begynne
2318:begynde
2302:fönster
2298:vindöga
2264:Nynorsk
2260:Riksmål
2229:Gotland
2217:Swedish
2201:Faroese
2151:Frisian
2142:English
2110:Swedish
2091:Faroese
1956:Gutnish
1943:Faroese
1934:358,000
1881:Swedish
1857:Finnish
1800:Finnish
1753:Gotland
1737:Ireland
1715:Vikings
1695:Iceland
1687:Faroese
1679:Swedish
1502:Gutnish
1415:bindaną
1341:before
1238:triggws
1214:twaddjē
1208:tveggja
1203:twajjǫ̂
1095:m., OE
1070:þeim-si
1068:, dat.
1064:, gen.
999:n.; OE
869:whence
767:whence
699:whence
607:History
600:Gutnish
587:Faroese
559:Nynorsk
473:Scanian
463:Swedish
399:Finnish
384:Finland
342:Swedish
330:Faroese
219:Faroese
205:Swedish
121:Gutnish
7060:Gothic
6930:Danish
6834:Bokmål
6333:Yenish
6143:Bildts
5926:Veluws
5921:Urkers
5760:Strand
5484:Anglic
5338:
5292:
5150:16 May
5086:
4921:
4919:COBISS
4913:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4877:
4670:
4629:
4538:
4491:
4431:
4264:
4168:Svorsk
4080:Romani
4038:Laumål
3845:(Ømål)
3838:Danish
3505:Andebu
3407:South
2881:Danish
2879:, and
2772:Danish
2748:German
2558:Bergen
2426:Scania
2368:, Dan
2366:vatten
2360:) and
2356:, Dan
2314:vindue
2306:vindue
2256:Bokmål
2213:Danish
2207:) and
2180:German
2178:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2120:Danish
2118:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2080:
2078:
1947:90,000
1900:Danish
1780:Bokmål
1713:after
1707:Orkney
1675:Danish
1658:
1651:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1553:wulfaz
1430:bindan
1419:bindan
1417:> *
1391:> *
1389:gaizaz
1360:> *
1354:sairaz
1256:trīewe
1244:triuwi
1232:tryggr
1220:zweiio
1066:þes-si
1045:, OHG
881:gjafar
875:gjavaz
867:gebāz,
832:, OHG
822:> *
553:Bokmål
423:Danish
340:, and
326:Danish
263:Orkney
247:
245:
235:
233:
226:
224:
217:
215:
203:
201:
194:
192:
187:Danish
185:
183:
40:Nordic
7174:South
7125:North
6735:North
6719:North
6061:Kaaps
6052:Dutch
5699:Amrum
5640:Weser
5562:Scots
5303:(PDF)
5286:(PDF)
5182:(PDF)
5171:(PDF)
4993:'
4893:S2CID
4849:. In
4847:(PDF)
4719:2 May
4579:, in
4425:68–76
4415:. In
4384:(PDF)
4373:(PDF)
3865:Skåne
3813:]
3778:]
3733:]
3712:Särna
3698:]
3681:]
3664:Solør
3660:]
3636:]
3615:]
3598:]
3581:]
3568:]
3539:]
3518:]
3501:]
3478:]
3461:]
3431:]
3396:]
3369:]
3332:]
3313:]
3296:]
3279:]
3262:]
3245:]
3221:West
3191:]
3150:]
3137:Fosen
3133:]
3099:]
3072:]
3055:]
2736:Dutch
2663:4.19
2660:3.40
2657:3.34
2654:5.36
2644:7.01
2641:7.00
2638:5.75
2635:8.28
2605:Area/
2592:6.85
2586:7.12
2583:6.57
2572:6.32
2566:6.15
2563:6.50
2552:4.51
2549:5.56
2543:3.46
2532:5.02
2529:4.97
2523:5.08
2518:Malmö
2512:3.87
2509:4.13
2506:3.60
2492:4.21
2489:4.68
2486:3.74
2478:Århus
2454:City
2422:Malmö
2354:vecka
2342:börja
2338:byrja
2330:børja
2326:börja
2296:word
2160:Dutch
2133:Scots
1980:Total
1972:3,500
1960:5,000
1514:/joː/
1510:/juː/
1494:/jɒu/
1424:binda
1398:geirr
1393:geizz
1372:seira
1358:sāraz
1337:>
1335:/ɑi̯/
1322:nǭttu
1318:nāttu
1314:nahtų
1146:) and
1092:these
1086:þessi
1062:sa-si
916:gibōs
909:>
902:giefe
899:, OE
863:gebōz
855:tuggō
848:>
841:tunge
838:, OE
835:zunga
829:tunga
824:tunga
820:tungā
816:tungǭ
800:giefu
782:gjǫvu
773:gjavu
765:geƀu,
697:jārą,
684:) to
646:runic
282:Norse
7135:West
7130:East
7050:East
6906:East
6896:Norn
6787:West
6723:East
6721:and
6286:and
6281:Non-
5711:Sylt
5694:Föhr
5629:Ems
5554:Yola
5463:West
5336:ISBN
5311:2011
5290:ISBN
5190:2017
5152:2013
5121:2013
5084:ISBN
5022:2012
4967:2012
4935:2024
4901:SSRN
4885:OCLC
4875:ISBN
4764:2021
4721:2022
4668:ISBN
4627:ISBN
4617:and
4536:ISBN
4489:ISBN
4429:ISBN
4392:2016
4328:2022
4286:eds
4262:ISBN
4056:The
3989:and
3910:and
3906:(in
3863:and
3798:and
3716:Idre
3714:and
3619:Ådal
3553:Oslo
3214:and
3037:Norn
2943:any
2941:cite
2907:The
2897:Oslo
2578:Oslo
2382:vann
2370:vand
2364:(Sw
2362:vatn
2350:veke
2278:stød
2273:stød
2215:and
2203:and
1709:and
1703:Norn
1689:and
1677:and
1595:/jɒ/
1588:/jɑ/
1564:ulfr
1558:ulfz
1484:/eu/
1459:/jɑ/
1367:sárr
1362:sārz
1339:/ɑː/
1327:nótt
1298:band
1292:bant
1286:batt
1281:bant
1277:band
1261:true
1250:treu
1190:/ww/
1188:and
1186:/jj/
1135:and
1107:f.,
1104:þēos
1101:m.,
1032:þata
1029:f.,
1023:m.,
995:f.,
991:m.,
968:this
933:The
896:geba
890:geba
806:giba
795:gebu
787:gjǫf
761:gebō
732:ġēar
720:jāra
693:jērą
678:/ɛː/
660:and
622:East
618:West
300:The
269:and
259:Norn
238:Norn
4867:doi
2954:by
2378:uke
2358:uge
2348:),
2035:by
1822:In
1807:is
1786:).
1782:or
1581:/w/
1579:or
1577:/u/
1546:/w/
1542:/j/
1532:jak
1512:or
1506:/j/
1473:or
1457:to
1455:/e/
1453:of
1408:/n/
1385:/z/
1377:sēr
1347:/z/
1343:/r/
1307:/h/
1110:þis
1098:þes
1080:sjá
1054:sai
1014:þæt
1008:sēo
997:þat
983:þat
955:/r/
943:/r/
941:to
939:/z/
937:of
754:/z/
738:jēr
726:jār
705:āra
382:in
363:of
287:of
252:(†)
240:(†)
142:gmq
7372::
5378:.
5342:,
5288:,
5177:.
4946:^
4925:.
4917:.
4909:.
4899:.
4891:.
4883:.
4873:.
4853:;
4788:^
4772:^
4754:.
4750:.
4711:.
4500:^
4471:86
4469:.
4451:,
4427:.
4394:.
4375:.
4358:^
4314:.
4273:^
4236:^
4035:)
3889:)
3859:,
3811:no
3802:)
3776:no
3767:)
3763:,
3749:,
3731:no
3704:)
3696:no
3679:no
3658:no
3649:)
3642:)
3634:no
3613:no
3596:no
3587:)
3579:no
3566:no
3537:no
3516:sv
3499:no
3490:)
3476:no
3467:)
3459:no
3437:,
3429:no
3394:no
3367:no
3330:no
3311:no
3302:)
3294:no
3277:no
3260:no
3243:no
3218:)
3189:no
3148:sv
3131:no
3122:)
3097:no
3070:no
3061:)
3053:no
2875:,
2589:—
2569:—
2546:—
2526:—
2503:—
2483:—
2380:,
2376:,
2239:.
2199:,
1849:.
1819:.
1725:'
1685:,
1592:jǫ
1585:ja
1526:ek
1521:ek
1467:,
1438:in
1349:)
1272:.
1165:.
1153:).
1139:),
1113:n.
1083:,
1048:sē
1042:si
1037:si
1026:so
1020:sa
1011:,
1005:,
1002:se
993:sú
988:sá
981:,
979:sō
977:,
975:sa
970:.
711:ár
688:.
668::
640:.
620:,
549:)
405:.
336:,
332:,
328:,
265:,
7069:)
7063:(
6149:/
6145:/
6141:/
6063:)
6059:(
5432:e
5425:t
5418:v
5275:.
5266:.
5217:.
5192:.
5154:.
5123:.
5092:.
5024:.
4969:.
4869::
4766:.
4723:.
4694:.
4633:.
4544:.
4495:.
4437:.
4330:.
4301:.
4031:(
4018:)
4006:(
3993:)
3985:(
3977:)
3973:(
3965:)
3961:(
3953:)
3949:(
3941:)
3937:(
3914:)
3879:)
3867:(
3851:(
3789:)
3785:(
3759:(
3753:)
3741:(
3718:)
3710:(
3700:(
3687:)
3683:(
3666:)
3662:(
3638:(
3621:)
3617:(
3604:)
3600:(
3583:(
3555:)
3551:(
3545:)
3541:(
3520:(
3507:)
3503:(
3486:(
3463:(
3441:)
3420:)
3416:(
3402:)
3398:(
3385:)
3381:(
3375:)
3371:(
3358:)
3354:(
3348:)
3344:(
3338:)
3334:(
3319:)
3315:(
3298:(
3285:)
3281:(
3268:)
3264:(
3251:)
3247:(
3234:)
3230:(
3210:(
3197:)
3193:(
3180:)
3176:(
3162:(
3156:)
3152:(
3139:)
3135:(
3118:(
3105:)
3101:(
3088:)
3084:(
3078:)
3074:(
3057:(
2981:)
2975:(
2970:)
2966:(
2962:.
2948:.
2867:"
2211:(
2195:(
2058:)
2052:(
2047:)
2043:(
2029:.
1887:*
1770:/
1766:/
1597:.
1516:.
1489:l
1476:l
1470:r
1464:w
1443:í
1433:.
1401:.
1380:.
1263:.
957:.
951:ʀ
930:.
919:.
911:e
907:a
884:,
858:.
850:e
846:a
790:,
778:u
750:ǭ
741:.
714:,
686:ā
682:ǣ
676:(
674:ē
545:(
20:)
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