371:) until the early 20th century was based on well-off, literate and landowning yeoman farmers owning relatively large pieces of land, making a living growing grain crops and raising dairy cattle and pigs, and a large and educated middle class in the towns and cities working in the civil service, or as businessmen, artisans, blue-collar workers and skilled workers. Thus, the proportion of serfs, landless labourers, semi-skilled industrial workers and large landlords was relatively smaller, making for a more stable society than elsewhere in Germany like the Rhineland region and the region east of the Elbe river. Additionally, Northern cities like
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breakfast, after lunch, in the evening at around 4 pm, and after dinner. Many people also drink a coffee at their place of work at the start of the day's work, and a coffee break with colleagues around an hour before or after lunch. There is also a strong tradition of taking coffee breaks and visiting cafés with friends and acquaintances. In places such as publicly funded universities where free coffee is not available to students, it is not uncommon for students to bring their own hot coffee in insulated flasks and drink from it intermittently. Cafés usually offer medium-fat milk and
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Lunch at workplaces and educational institutions in northern
Germany begins very early – usually between 11:45 and 12:15 pm, and dinner is usually eaten between 7 and 8 pm. This is because the work and school day starts pretty early, at 8 am sharp. Lunches eaten at home during holidays
480:
Drinking coffee is firmly rooted in northern
Germany and the northern provinces on average consume around 8 kilograms (18 lb) of coffee per capita annually. This is more than the 6 kilograms (13 lb) of coffee per capita consumed in the south. Coffee is frequently drunk four times a day: at
354:
for
Germany stands at around 30, the southern states have a Gini coefficient of 30.6 whereas for the Northern states the Gini coefficient stands at 27.5 which is closer to the Scandinavian average of 25. Traditional society in the western part of Northern Germany
556:. Binge drinking is far more common in the north – almost 70% of binge drinking hospitalizations on weekends happen in the eight northern provinces and states containing just 40% of the population. As in all of Germany,
512:
is an exception insofar as tea is largely preferred over coffee there, to the extent that East
Frisians drink about 300 litres (79 US gal) of tea per capita and year, more than in any particular country.
58:
817:
A number of
Scottish and English Lutheran Families settled in Northern Germany between the years 1683 and 1709, with the result that many Germans in Northwest Germany can claim Scottish and English ancestry.
421:), eaten with a variety of toppings such as ham, soft cheese, cucumber, tomatoes, and liver paste. Lentil stews and soups are very popular as a working lunch. Regional specialties in
350:
Culturally and socially, Northern
Germany is characterized by higher levels of income equality and gender equality than southern and south-western Germany. While the national federal
681:
being the seat of the federal assembly. The "Main line" did not follow the course of the river Main upstream of
Frankfurt, rather corresponding to the northern border of the
889:
Northern
Germany as a region or as a historical landscape includes additional federal states (see geography above). Northwestern Germany is usually considered to be part of
183:
2184:
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of the second half of the 20th century, a cultural division of northern
Germany into an Eastern and a Western part has become more pronounced due to the
178:
administration, Low German dialects are still present in rural areas, with an estimated number of five to eight million active speakers. However, since
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have always been economic powerhouses of trade and commerce and have had a long tradition of innovation and creativity in business and industry.
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187:
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33:
63:) is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of
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is very popular during weekends in the larger towns and cities. In regions nearer to the coast, fish is very popular, with
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Cultural or political east–west divisions have existed in northern
Germany since at least the early modern period, when
540:, dark beers or dark lagers are not at all popular in northern Germany. The north has a slightly stronger tradition of
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and six German championships, whereas Werder Bremen won the German championship four times and Hertha Berlin twice.
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2016:
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jam. Many traditional meat-based lunch dishes are served with boiled or mashed potatoes and brown sauce. Eating
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have the highest proportion of self-reported Lutherans in Germany. Exceptions include the Catholic districts of
520:
The drinking culture in the north is more or less similar to that of the rest of the country, heavily based on
51:
1937:
893:
both culturally and geographically where as the southern states are much closer to Central European cultures.
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in the middle) during the Early Middle Ages was at least in parts inhabited by a large Slavic population (see
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From 1500 onwards, the former Saxon territories (except for Westphalia) were incorporated into the
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was founded in Leipzig in 1900. Several cities in Northern Germany have hosted matches of the
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Where a city has different names in English and German, the English name is given first.
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and mutual prejudices regarding what once was the other side may still persist today.
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is also part of the common history and culture of the cities in northern Germany.
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in the 19th century. The boundary between the spheres of political influence of
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The traditional northern German daily diet is centered around boiled
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won the Bundesliga six times and the UEFA Champions League twice.
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and the Western part (today most of Schleswig-Holstein and all of
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and defined by the original homegrounds of the two tribes of the
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with ice cream, pancakes, the sweet bun roll with cream known as
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2286:"English and Scottish Exiles in Northwest Germany c. 1683–1709"
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and weekends usually start later – around 1 pm.
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in the west, traditionally linked to the Catholic region of
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In some cases, it also includes the non-coastal states of:
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bread, dairy products, cabbages, cucumbers, berries, jams,
560:
is a popular alcoholic drink during the Christmas season.
830:
is always used to refer to the following coastal federal
343:, comprising part of the traditional Catholic enclave of
190:, its prevalence has steadily reduced. Besides which,
2312:
651:
Northern Germany corresponds to the territory of the
303:
Northern Germany has traditionally been dominated by
222:The key terrain feature of Northern Germany is the
170:Although from the 19th century onwards, the use of
589:, Northern Germany was the settlement area of the
451:. Another northern German regional specialty are
246:inland. Also prominent are the low hills of the
2264:Deutscher Teeverband: Tee als Wirtschaftsfaktor
283:and contrast topographically with the adjacent
692:the easternmost and southeastern part (mainly
2274:(PDF; 941 kB) p. 4, retrieved 5 May 2017
1991:. Other notable men's football clubs include
335:in the south, and the southernmost region of
8:
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456:
438:
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167:, as well as the North Low German dialects.
2194:The sailing competitions for the 1936 and
2185:2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics
923:
667:(1815–1866) was known as the "Main line" (
605:from 772 onwards, whereafter the Imperial
810:, where identities based upon the former
111:Northern Germany generally refers to the
905:
743:, 1168–1365), then Swedish influence as
174:was strongly promoted especially by the
2319:
2239:"Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31.12.2010"
2229:
2145:Notable tennis tournaments include the
2026:won the Bundesliga three times and the
1840:
87:, Western Germany and Eastern Germany.
279:These features were formed during the
782:also more or less corresponds to the
593:tribes, which were subjugated by the
287:of Germany to the south, such as the
188:former eastern territories of Germany
50:
7:
800:1949–1990 division of all of Germany
139:dialects in the west (including the
2160:Other notable competitions are the
2126:Notable marathon races include the
1987:is played between Hamburger SV and
2237:Evangelische Kirche Deutschlands.
489:. Commonly eaten desserts include
25:
766:, which would later comprise the
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311:. The two northern provinces of
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2087:Notable handball teams include
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715:the middle part (the island of
663:(Southern Germany) within the
508:The northwesternmost region of
411:. A breakfast specialty is the
135:are spoken. These comprise the
2198:were held at the Bay of Kiel.
704:) was owned by or part of the
1:
2047:Basketball Löwen Braunschweig
2028:UEFA Women's Champions League
1227:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
723:, eastern coastal regions of
575:
2298:10.4000/etudesecossaises.217
2284:Zickermann, Kathrin (2010).
2189:Internationales Stadionfest
1950:German Football Association
706:State of the Teutonic Order
613:, became the cradle of the
230:along the coastline of the
27:Geographic region in Europe
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784:British Zone of Occupation
653:North German Confederation
2179:in Berlin has hosted the
2151:International German Open
2022:In women's football, the
532:being favourites. Unlike
52:[ˈnɔʁtdɔɪ̯tʃlant]
2097:TuS Nettelstedt-Lübbecke
1472:Brunswick / Braunschweig
698:Brandenburgian Pomerania
621:, when the dukes of the
75:and the two city-states
2015:. Hamburger SV won the
788:Allied-occupied Germany
659:(Northern Germany) and
182:and the immigration of
2093:SG Flensburg-Handewitt
2032:1. FFC Turbine Potsdam
2005:Eintracht Braunschweig
1945:
1934:
1836:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1456:North Rhine-Westphalia
1380:North Rhine-Westphalia
884:North Rhine-Westphalia
849:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
828:northern German states
822:Northern German states
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505:) with vanilla cream.
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427:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
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365:North Rhine-Westphalia
281:Weichselian glaciation
108:
69:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
43:
36:
2132:World Marathon Majors
2055:EWE Baskets Oldenburg
2039:Basketball Bundesliga
1940:
1929:
741:Principality of Rügen
571:
499:, and blueberry pie (
339:, around the city of
98:
35:
2196:1972 Summer Olympics
2181:1936 Summer Olympics
2062:Eishockey-Bundesliga
2017:1982–83 European Cup
1975:) is played between
665:German Confederation
141:Westphalian language
83:. It contrasts with
2166:EuroEyes Cyclassics
1962:2006 FIFA World Cup
1954:1974 FIFA World Cup
780:Nordwestdeutschland
756:Nordwestdeutschland
727:, and a fragmented
710:Brandenburg-Prussia
631:Holy Roman Emperors
611:Saxon Eastern March
447:commonly eaten for
443:) and a variety of
2345:Regions of Germany
2270:2017-02-18 at the
2121:HSG Blomberg-Lippe
2082:Fischtown Pinguins
2078:Hannover Scorpions
2070:Grizzlys Wolfsburg
2009:F.C. Hansa Rostock
1946:
1935:
1760:Schleswig-Holstein
1608:Schleswig-Holstein
859:Schleswig-Holstein
776:Lower Saxon Circle
725:Schleswig-Holstein
683:Kingdom of Bavaria
673:, after the river
638:Lower Saxon Circle
627:King of the Romans
615:Kingdom of Germany
583:
574:Saxony in yellow (
477:being delicacies.
423:Schleswig-Holstein
363:and some parts of
357:Schleswig-Holstein
313:Schleswig-Holstein
224:North German Plain
117:area north of the
109:
65:Schleswig-Holstein
37:
2290:Études Écossaises
2140:Hannover Marathon
1919:
1918:
1899:
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921:
832:States of Germany
745:Swedish Pomerania
721:Western Pomerania
679:Frankfurt am Main
642:Holy Roman Empire
619:Holy Roman Empire
587:Early Middle Ages
572:Holy Roman Empire
238:, as well as the
157:Western Pomerania
151:region along the
16:(Redirected from
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2136:Hamburg Marathon
2105:Handball Hamburg
2074:Hamburg Freezers
1981:SV Werder Bremen
1932:Volkswagen Arena
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623:Ottonian dynasty
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502:Heidelbeerkuchen
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352:Gini coefficient
293:Teutoburg Forest
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85:Southern Germany
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2155:Sparkassen Open
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2030:twice, whereas
2013:1. FC Magdeburg
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471:pickled herring
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2064:teams include
2051:Hamburg Towers
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1983:, whereas the
1973:Northern derby
1958:UEFA Euro 1988
1944:tennis stadium
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1093:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1006:
1002:
1001:
990:
985:
975:
970:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
928:
920:
919:
918:State capital
916:
913:
912:
909:
900:
897:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
823:
820:
792:
791:
748:
713:
579: 1000 AD
565:
562:
445:black puddings
388:
385:
300:
297:
248:Baltic Uplands
226:including the
219:
216:
210:) in parts of
206:(Standard and
92:
89:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2357:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2292:(13): 41–58.
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:VfL Oldenburg
2114:
2113:Buxtehuder SV
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:VfL Wolfsburg
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:VfL Wolfsburg
1994:
1993:Hertha Berlin
1990:
1986:
1985:Hamburg derby
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1942:Am Rothenbaum
1939:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:Saxony-Anhalt
1673:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1004:
999:
994:
991:
986:
976:
971:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
929:
926:
925:
917:
914:
910:
907:
904:
898:
896:
894:
892:
885:
882:
880:
879:Saxony-Anhalt
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
833:
829:
821:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
689:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
625:were elected
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
570:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
514:
511:
506:
503:
498:
497:
492:
488:
487:filter coffee
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
454:
450:
446:
441:
436:
435:blood sausage
432:
428:
424:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:Saxony-Anhalt
366:
362:
358:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:, especially
306:
305:Protestantism
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
202:, as well as
201:
197:
194:is spoken in
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
163:and northern
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
115:
106:
102:
97:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
53:
45:
41:
34:
30:
19:
18:North Germany
2289:
2279:
2263:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2232:
2193:
2174:
2159:
2144:
2130:(one of the
2125:
2109:SC Magdeburg
2086:
2059:
2036:
2021:
1989:FC St. Pauli
1977:Hamburger SV
1972:
1966:
1947:
1912:
1532:Lower Saxony
1304:Lower Saxony
997:
902:
899:Major cities
895:
888:
863:
854:Lower Saxony
827:
825:
816:
812:Iron Curtain
808:East Germany
804:West Germany
793:
779:
755:
752:Lower Saxony
694:East Prussia
687:
668:
650:
635:
629:and crowned
584:
519:
515:
507:
494:
479:
431:Lower Saxony
390:
361:Lower Saxony
349:
337:Lower Saxony
317:Lower Saxony
302:
278:
272:
256:end moraines
221:
200:North Frisia
180:World War II
169:
123:Benrath line
112:
110:
104:
100:
73:Lower Saxony
39:
38:
29:
2043:Alba Berlin
2001:Hannover 96
869:Brandenburg
794:During the
729:Mecklenburg
719:, parts of
702:Brandenburg
599:Charlemagne
558:mulled wine
542:hard liquor
526:pale lagers
510:East Frisia
485:along with
483:sugar cubes
463:lingonberry
325:Cloppenburg
309:Lutheranism
236:Baltic Seas
165:Brandenburg
155:coast with
2224:References
2170:Hanse Sail
2147:Halle Open
2089:GWD Minden
1245:/ Hannover
998:Bundesland
708:and later
603:Saxon Wars
544:, such as
458:Hackbraten
453:meatloaves
418:Knäckebrot
413:crispbread
341:Duderstadt
333:Westphalia
130:Low German
126:isoglosses
114:Sprachraum
103:("I") and
48:pronounced
2162:Kiel Week
1969:Nordderby
1902:surpassed
1624:Magdeburg
1320:Bielefeld
1126:1,786,448
1121:1,715,392
1116:1,652,363
1111:1,645,095
1106:1,793,640
1101:2,376,958
1096:1,605,606
1050:3,460,725
1045:3,382,169
1040:3,433,695
1035:3,048,759
1030:3,208,719
1025:3,274,016
1020:3,336,026
987:surpassed
826:The term
733:Obotrites
670:Mainlinie
496:Heißwecke
440:Blutwurst
345:Eichsfeld
218:Geography
212:Schleswig
186:from the
184:expellees
145:Rhineland
137:Low Saxon
119:Uerdingen
42:(German:
2339:Category
2268:Archived
2202:See also
2168:and the
2101:THW Kiel
2060:Notable
2037:Notable
1904:100,000
989:100,000
796:Cold War
778:(1512).
760:Frisians
617:and the
595:Frankish
554:schnapps
530:pilsners
433:include
393:potatoes
176:Prussian
133:dialects
128:, where
107:isogloss
91:Language
2329:Germany
1892:Growth
1889:per km
1887:Density
1811:202,735
1806:200,506
1801:248,088
1796:232,506
1791:198,636
1786:158,630
1781:133,109
1776:Rostock
1735:210,232
1730:213,399
1725:214,758
1720:220,588
1715:239,955
1710:232,140
1705:238,276
1659:231,549
1654:231,450
1649:278,807
1644:289,032
1639:272,237
1634:261,594
1629:260,305
1583:239,526
1578:232,612
1573:245,567
1568:250,062
1563:271,070
1558:271,610
1553:254,449
1507:248,867
1502:245,816
1497:245,816
1492:261,141
1487:223,275
1482:242,489
1477:223,760
1431:279,803
1426:265,609
1421:259,438
1416:269,696
1411:198,878
1406:180,871
1401:118,496
1396:Münster
1355:323,270
1350:321,758
1345:319,037
1340:312,708
1335:168,609
1330:174,527
1325:153,613
1279:522,686
1274:515,001
1269:513,010
1264:534,623
1259:521,003
1254:574,672
1249:444,296
1243:Hanover
1202:547,340
1197:539,403
1192:551,219
1187:555,118
1182:592,533
1177:563,270
1172:499,549
1151:Hamburg
1091:Hamburg
977:Growth
974:per km
972:Density
844:Hamburg
661:Austria
657:Prussia
640:of the
601:in the
585:In the
564:History
534:Bavaria
491:waffles
387:Cuisine
381:Rostock
373:Hamburg
321:Emsland
299:Culture
228:marshes
192:Frisian
161:Altmark
147:), the
77:Hamburg
2315:Portal
2248:13 May
1922:Sports
1896:(2000–
1834:
1815:181,26
1774:
1758:
1739:214,21
1700:Lübeck
1698:
1682:
1663:200,99
1622:
1606:
1587:118,65
1546:
1530:
1511:192,15
1470:
1454:
1435:302,96
1394:
1378:
1359:257,92
1318:
1302:
1283:204,14
1241:
1225:
1206:325,42
1167:Bremen
1165:
1149:
1130:755,16
1089:
1075:Berlin
1073:
1054:887,70
1015:Berlin
1013:
981:(2000–
874:Berlin
839:Bremen
764:Saxons
737:Veleti
700:, and
644:. The
597:ruler
552:, and
475:salmon
467:brunch
449:brunch
403:, and
377:Bremen
329:Vechta
260:sandur
250:, the
244:heaths
204:Danish
159:, the
153:Baltic
81:Bremen
2244:. EDK
2242:(PDF)
1908:State
1898:2010)
1883:Area
1880:2010
1878:Pop.
1875:2000
1873:Pop.
1870:1990
1868:Pop.
1865:1980
1863:Pop.
1860:1970
1858:Pop.
1855:1960
1853:Pop.
1850:1950
1848:Pop.
1845:City
1842:Rank
1819:1,118
1747:−1.48
1667:1,152
1591:2,019
1515:1,295
1363:1,253
1287:2,560
1210:1,682
1134:2,366
1058:3,899
993:State
983:2010)
968:Area
965:2010
963:Pop.
960:2000
958:Pop.
955:1990
953:Pop.
950:1980
948:Pop.
945:1970
943:Pop.
940:1960
938:Pop.
935:1950
933:Pop.
930:City
927:Rank
802:into
717:Rügen
591:Saxon
550:vodka
524:with
240:geest
232:North
2250:2016
2187:and
2175:The
2153:and
2119:and
2080:and
2053:and
1979:and
1967:The
1960:and
1948:The
1930:The
1913:Land
1826:1935
1823:1.11
1750:1912
1674:1882
1671:0.04
1598:1898
1595:2.97
1548:Kiel
1522:1890
1519:1.24
1446:1915
1443:5.34
1370:1930
1367:0.47
1294:1875
1291:1.49
1217:1875
1214:1.47
1141:1787
1138:4.14
1065:1747
1062:2.32
806:and
762:and
735:and
675:Main
546:corn
536:and
528:and
522:beer
473:and
429:and
409:beef
407:and
405:pork
401:fish
379:and
367:and
327:and
315:and
291:and
289:Harz
273:Luch
270:and
268:bogs
242:and
234:and
198:and
196:East
121:and
79:and
71:and
2294:doi
2134:),
1766:11.
1743:981
1690:10.
1439:924
834::
786:in
677:),
397:rye
101:ich
2341::
2288:.
2191:.
2183:,
2172:.
2164:,
2157:.
2149:,
2142:.
2138:,
2123:.
2115:,
2111:,
2107:,
2103:,
2099:,
2095:,
2091:,
2084:.
2076:,
2072:,
2068:,
2057:.
2049:,
2045:,
2011:,
2007:,
2003:,
1999:,
1995:,
1964:.
1956:,
1915:)
1614:9.
1538:8.
1462:7.
1386:6.
1310:5.
1233:4.
1157:3.
1081:2.
1005:1.
1000:)
696:,
685:.
633:.
576:c.
548:,
425:,
395:,
375:,
359:,
347:.
323:,
276:.
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
214:.
105:ik
67:,
46:,
2317::
2300:.
2296::
2252:.
1971:(
1911:(
996:(
712:,
581:)
455:(
437:(
415:(
355:(
20:)
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