1990s North Korean famine - Knowledge (XXG)

792:, ending all aid and trade concessions, such as cheap oil. Without Soviet aid, the flow of imports to the North Korean agricultural sector ended, and the government proved to be too inflexible to respond. Energy imports fell by 75%. The economy went into a downward spiral, with imports and exports falling in tandem. Flooded coal mines required electricity to operate pumps, and the shortage of coal worsened the shortage of electricity. Agriculture reliant on electrically powered irrigation systems, artificial fertilizers and pesticides was hit particularly hard by the economic collapse. 1710: 203: 1899: 574: 6155: 7060: 6663: 5981: 1276:

Robinson's team found 245,000 "excess" deaths (an elevated mortality rate as a result of premature death), 12 percent of the population in one affected region. Taking those results as the upper limit and extrapolating across the entire North Korean population across the country's provinces produces an upper limit of 2,000,000 famine-related deaths. Andrew Natsios and others estimated 2–3 million deaths.

7070: 1787:(WFP) reported that famine conditions were in imminent danger of returning to North Korea, and the government was reported to have mobilized millions of city-dwellers in order to help rice farmers. In 2012, the WFP reported that food would be sent to North Korea as soon as possible. The food would first be processed by a local processor and it would then be delivered directly to North Korean citizens. 1736:) and China remained the largest donors of food aid to North Korea. The U.S. objects to this manner of donating food due to the North Korean state's refusal to allow donor representatives to supervise the distribution of their aid inside North Korea. Such supervision would ensure that aid does not get seized and sold by well-connected elites or diverted to feed North Korea's large 1913: 905:'s large hydro turbines) created major shortages throughout the country at that time, severely cutting back railway transportation (which was almost entirely dependent on electric power), which in turn resulted in coal supply shortages to the coal-fueled power stations which supplied the remaining 20% of power in the country. 1059:, thermometers, scales, kidney dishes, spatulas, IV giving sets, etc. The mission saw numerous patients being treated with homemade beer bottle IV sets, which were clearly not sterile. There was an absence of ORS (oral rehydration solution) and even the most basic drugs such as analgesics and antibiotics. 1886:

In June 2019, after a report made by the United Nations stated that North Korea had experienced the worst harvests in over a decade along with severe food shortages that affected 40% of North Korea's population, South Korea enacted a plan to provide US$ 8 million worth of food aid to North Korea. The

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reported that one third of children in North Korea were malnourished and stunted in their growth because of a lack of food. He also said that the North Korean government had reduced daily food intake from 5,900 to 2,900 kJ (1,400 to 700 kcal) in 2011. Some scholars believed that North Korea

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reported death rates for children at 93 out of every 1000, while those of infants were cited at 23 out of every 1000. Undernourished mothers found it difficult to breast-feed. No suitable alternative to the practice was available. Infant formula was not produced locally, and only a small amount of it

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Women suffered significantly due to the gendered structure of North Korean society, which deemed women responsible for obtaining food, water and fuel for their families, which often included extended families. Simultaneously, women had the highest participation rate in the workforce of any country in

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plants, coal mines, and supply and transport facilities. UN officials reported that the power shortage from 1995 to 1997 was not due to a shortage of oil, because only two out of a total of two dozen power stations were dependent on heavy fuel oil for power generation, and these were supplied by KEDO

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The economic decline and failed policies provided the context for the famine, but the floods of the mid-1990s were the immediate cause. The floods in July and August 1995 were described as being "of biblical proportions" by independent observers. They were estimated to affect as much as 30 percent of

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is mainly concentrated along the flatlands of the four western coastal provinces, where there is a longer growing season, level land, substantial rainfall, and well-irrigated soil conducive to the high cultivation of crops. Along with the western coastal provinces, fertile land also runs through the

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A survey in 2017 found that the famine had skewed North Korea's demography, impacting particularly male babies. Women aged 20–24 made up 4% of the population, while men in the same age group made up only 2.5%. Chronic or recurrent malnutrition dropped from 28 percent in 2012 to 19 percent in 2017.

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Humanitarian aid from North Korea's neighbors has been cut off at times in order to provoke North Korea into resuming boycotted talks. For example, South Korea decided to "postpone consideration" of 500,000 tons of rice for the North in 2006, but the idea of providing food as a clear incentive (as

1271:, both the extreme high and low ends of the estimates are considered inaccurate. In 2001 and 2007, independent groups of researchers have estimated that between 600,000 and 1 million people, or 3 to 5 percent of the pre-crisis population, died due to starvation and hunger-related illness. In 1998, 1210:

The army was supposed to find ways to grow food to feed itself and to develop industries that would permit it to purchase food and supplies from abroad. The rations received by military personnel were very basic, and "ordinary soldiers of the million-strong army often remained hungry, as did their

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Only about 20% of North Korea's mountainous terrain is arable land. Much of the land is only frost-free for six months, and only one crop can be grown on it per year. The country has never been self-sufficient in food production, and many experts considered it unrealistic for the country to try to

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staffers who visited the country reported that: "Therefore, we gave a range of estimates, from 300,000 to 800,000 dying per year, peaking in 1997. That would put the total number of deaths from the North Korean food shortage at between 900,000 and 2.4 million between 1995 and 1998". W. Courtland

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The famine was also a result of the culmination of a long series of government decisions that accrued slowly over decades. The attempt to follow a closed-economic model caused the regime to abandon the possibility of engaging in international markets and importing food and instead restrict demand

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Andrew S. Natsios states, "From 1994 to 1998, 2–3 million people died of starvation and hunger-related illnesses, and the famine has generated a range of social and political effects". Natsios, "The Politics of Famine in North Korea" (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, August 2,

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However, the extended period of food shortages put a strain on the system, and it spread the amount of available food allocations thinly across the groups, affecting 62% of the population who were entirely reliant on public distribution. The system was feeding only 6% of the population by 1997.

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With the widespread destruction of harvests and food reserves, the majority of the population became desperate for food, including areas well established in food production. In 1996, it was reported that people in "the so-called better-off parts of the country, were so hungry that they ate the

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North Korea's vulnerability to the floods and famine was exacerbated by the failure of the public distribution system. The regime refused to pursue policies that would have allowed food imports and distribution without discrimination to all regions of the country. During the famine, the urban

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When the size of the catastrophe he had caused became apparent, Kim Jong-il had his agricultural minister Seo Gwan Hee executed by firing squad. Seo was accused of being a spy for 'the American imperialists and their South Korean lackeys' and of having sabotaged North Korea's self-reliance in

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The major issues created by the floods were not only the destruction of crop lands and harvests, but also the loss of emergency grain reserves, because many of them were stored underground. According to the United Nations, the floods of 1994 and 1995 destroyed around 1.5 million tons of grain

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filled the gap left by the Soviet Union's collapse and propped up North Korea's food supply with significant aid. By 1993, China was supplying North Korea with 77 percent of its fuel imports and 68 percent of its food imports. Thus, North Korea replaced its dependence on the Soviet Union with

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The average official salary in 2011 was equivalent to US$ 2 per month. However, the actual monthly income could be estimated to be around US$ 15 as most North Koreans were earning money from illegal small businesses; trade, subsistence farming, and handicrafts. The illegal economy is largely

1332:, "service cars") operations formed, wherein an entrepreneur provides transportation to businesses, institutions and individuals without access to other means of transportation, while the car is formally owned by a legitimate enterprise or unit that also provides transportation permits. 1874:

reported a steady decline in the infant mortality rate since 2008. An academic analysis in 2016 found that the situation had greatly improved since the 1990s and that North Korea's levels of health and nutrition were on par with other developing countries. In 2017, the analyst

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North Korea's state trading companies emerged as an alternative means of conducting foreign economic relations. From the mid-1980s, these state trading companies became important conduits of funding for the regime, with a percentage of all revenues going "directly into

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had mentioned bad governance as one of the structural and economic problems which contributed to the famine, but it seems that the famine also led to widespread government corruption, which nearly resulted in the collapse of old government controls and regulations.

675:, somewhere between 240,000 and 3,500,000 North Koreans died from starvation or hunger-related illnesses, with the deaths peaking in 1997. A 2011 U.S. Census Bureau report estimated the number of excess deaths from 1993 to 2000 to be between 500,000 and 600,000. 3165:

United Nations Development Program and Agricultural Recovery and Environmental Protection. "Report of the Second Thematic Round Table Conference for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Found in Annex K: Labor Force and Employment. Geneva: UNDP, June

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The failure of the International Atomic Energy Agency, South Korea, and the United States to resolve the crisis in a timely manner and the tightening of sanctions against the country constituted an important background condition for the

1725:, aid was drastically reduced year after year from 320,000 tons in 2001 to 28,000 tons in 2005. The Bush administration was criticized for "using food as a weapon" during talks over the North's nuclear weapons program, but insisted the 1279:

According to research by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2011, the likely range of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was between 500,000 and 600,000, and a total of 600,000 to 1,000,000 excess deaths from the year 1993 to the year 2008.

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the methods of the past that had produced short-to medium-term gains might have continued producing further small economic benefits if the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc had remained and continued to supply oil, technology, and

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in 1997 to 4.2 million metric tons in 2004. In 2008, food shortages continued to be a problem in North Korea, although less so than in the mid to late 1990s. Flooding in 2007 and reductions in food aid exacerbated the problem.

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in affairs of state and allocates national resources to the "army first". Even though the armed forces were given priority for the distribution of food, this did not mean that they all received generous rations.

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People everywhere were affected by the crisis, regardless of gender, affiliation or social class. Child malnutrition, indicated as being severely underweight, was found at 3% in 1987, 14% in 1997 and 7% in 2002.

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South Korean government's aid to North Korea is widely viewed as having a political agenda of improving inter-Korean relations, despite the South's government's insistence on separating the aid from politics.

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John Powell, "Testimony to the Sub-committee on East Asia and the Pacific of the US House of Representatives, 2 May 2002", reproduced as "Special Report, North East Asia Peace and Security Network", May 20,

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Most important for our purposes, however, are signs of more aggressive commercial diplomacy and "aid seeking" beginning in 1994. These proposals were initially either rebuffed or their significance ignored.

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county in North Hwanghae province, 877 millimetres or 35 inches of rain were recorded to have fallen in just seven hours, an intensity of precipitation unheard of in this area... water flow in the engorged

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Inadequate medical supplies, water and environmental contamination, frequent power failures, and outdated training led to a health care crisis that added to the overall devastation. According to a 1997

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working class of the cities and towns of the eastern provinces of the country was hit particularly hard. The distribution of food reflected basic principles of stratification of the communist system.

835:, the North Korean minister for agriculture, was accused of spying for the United States government and sabotaging North Korean agriculture on purpose, thus leading to the famine. As a result, he was 795:

Most North Koreans had experienced nutritional deprivation long before the mid-1990s. The country had reached the limits of its productive capacity, and could not respond effectively to exogenous

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The country soon imposed austerity measures, dubbed the "eat two meals a day" campaign. These measures proved inadequate in stemming the economic decline. According to Professor Hazel Smith of

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Escaped North Koreans reported in September 2010 that starvation had returned to the nation. North Korean pre-school children are reported to be an average of three to four centimetres (

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was purposefully exaggerating the food shortage, aiming to receive additional food supplies for its planned mass-celebrations of Kim Il Sung's 100th birthday in 2012 by means of foreign aid.

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As part of this state campaign, uses of words such as 'famine' and 'hunger' were banned because they implied government failure. Citizens who said deaths were due to the famine could be in

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Dilawar Ali Khan, "Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Improving the Quality of Vasic Social Services for the Most Vulnerable Children and Women", mimeo, UNICEF Pyongyang, April 2001.

1834: in) shorter than South Koreans, which some researchers believe can only be explained by conditions of famine and malnutrition. Most people only eat meat on public holidays, namely 788:. It began to demand that North Korea repay the Soviet Union for all of the past and current aid which it sent to North Korea – amounts which North Korea could not repay. By 1991, the 3932: 2940:

David F. Von Hippel and Peter Hayes, "North Korean Energy Sector: Current Status and Scenarios for 2000 and 2005", in Economic Integration of the Korean Peninsula, ed. Noland, 89.

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North Korea publicly executed Seo Gwan-hee, a party secretary in charge of agriculture, on spying charges in 1997 when a famine decimated the population, according to defectors.

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With the desperation derived from famine and informal trade and commercialization, North Koreans developed their black market, and moreover, they were surviving by adapting.

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Pregnant and nursing women faced severe difficulties in staying healthy; maternal mortality rates increased to approximately 41 per 1000, while simple complications such as

881:, which runs along the Korea/China border, was estimated at 4.8 billion tons over a 72 hour period. Flooding of this magnitude had not been recorded in at least 70 years". 3195: 1726: 4009: 3596: 898: 602: 668:

proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. North Korea attempted to obtain aid and commercial opportunities, but failed to receive initial attention.

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reported that "between 30 July and 18 August 1995, torrential rains caused devastating floods in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). In one area, in

6539: 5888: 901:). About 70% of power generated in the DPRK came from hydropower sources, and the serious winter-spring droughts of 1996 and 1997 (and a breakdown on one of the 1721:(WFP) to combat the famine. Shipments peaked in 1999 at nearly 600,000 tons making the U.S. the largest foreign aid donor to the country at the time. Under the 4707: 6095: 2861: 4028: 2436: 6248: 4823: 4733: 4702: 4589: 3960: 6615: 1032:

in 1991 were unsuccessful – it was located in the most isolated part of North Korea and lacked a clear legal foundation for international business. The

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stated that 1.2 million tons (or 12%) of grain production was lost in the 1995 flood. There were further major floods in 1996 and a drought in 1997.

6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 4816: 2526:. Noland, Marcus, 1959–, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. (1st ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. 1729:(USAID) criteria were the same for all countries and the situation in North Korea had "improved significantly since its collapse in the mid-1990s". 1036:

also missed the opportunity for the short-term option to borrow from abroad to finance food imports after defaulting on foreign loans in the 1970s.

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dominated by women. This is because men are expected to attend their places of official work despite most of the factories being non-functional.

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and South Hwanghae provinces more than 10,000 people had died of famine. Other international news agencies have begun circulating stories of

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Initial assistance to North Korea started as early as 1990, with small-scale support from religious groups in South Korea and assistance from

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Stephen Haggard and Marcus Noland, Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), pp. 72–76

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A 2008 study, however, found no variation in children's nutrition between counties that had experienced flooding and those that had not.

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such as carrying out a "Let's eat two meals a day" campaign in 1991. Attempts to increase exports and earn foreign exchange through the

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dependence on China. In 1993, China faced its own grain shortfalls and need for hard currency, and it sharply cut aid to North Korea.

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opposed to resuming "general humanitarian aid") has been avoided. There have also been aid disruptions due to widespread theft of

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North Korea has not yet resumed reliable self-sufficiency in food production and as a result, it periodically relies on external

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The structure is as follows (the World Food Program considers 600 grams of cereal per day to be less than a "survival ration"):

6904: 6555: 6518: 6132: 5951: 5005: 4828: 4473: 789: 588: 182: 3946:"Korea, Democratic People's Republic (DPRK) | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide" 3431:

Stephen Haggard and Marcus Noland, 2007, Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform, New York: Columbia University Press.

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argued that previous predictions of a return to famine were unfounded, and that the days of starvation had long since passed.

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The exact number of deaths during the acute phase of the crisis, from 1994 to 1998, is uncertain. According to the researcher

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in April 2012 claimed that since the death of Kim Jong Il in December 2011, around 20,000 people had starved to death in

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Children, especially those under two years old, were most affected by both the famine and the poverty of the period. The

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families, who did not receive preferential treatment simply because a son or daughter was serving in the armed forces".

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Schwekendiek, Daniel. "A socioeconomic history of North Korea", Jefferson and London, McFarland Publishers, 2011, p. 60

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the world, calculated at 89%. Therefore, women had to remain in the workforce and obtain supplies for their families.

1029: 672: 249: 3753: 202: 5249: 4919: 4692: 4574: 4493: 4244: 4171: 2635:"Economic Reforms in North Korea (1998–2004): Systemic Restrictions, Quantitative Analysis, Ideological Background" 1926: 765: 660:

caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis. The

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Lankov, Andrei. "Trouble Brewing: The North Korean Famine of 1954–1955 and Soviet Attitudes toward North Korea".

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cobs before the crop was fully developed". This reduced expected production of an already ravaged harvest by 50%.

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Without help from these countries, North Korea was unable to respond adequately to the coming famine. For a time,

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North Korea lost an estimated 85% of its power generation capacity due to flood damage to infrastructure such as

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The term "Arduous March" or "March of Suffering" became the official metaphor for the famine following a state

1740:. In 2005, South Korea and China together provided almost 1 million tons of food aid, each contributing half. 6999: 3911: 6944: 6909: 6864: 6601: 5478: 5471: 5360: 5332: 5282: 4796: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4498: 4312: 3452: 1981: 1856: 1839: 1737: 1203: 1055:

delegation, hospitals were clean but wards were devoid of even the most rudimentary supplies and equipment;

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Woo-Cumings, Meredith (2002). The political ecology of famine: the North Korean catastrophe and its lessons

701:'s time as a commander of a small group of anti-Japanese guerrilla fighters. The story, referred to as the 6954: 6844: 6824: 6774: 6734: 5337: 5319: 5287: 5269: 4977: 4949: 4901: 4878: 4838: 4658: 4551: 4513: 4488: 4423: 4419: 2030: 1941: 1931: 1297: 1239:. It was estimated that the number of births declined by about 0.3 children per woman during that period. 753: 742: 717: 706: 665: 191: 7040: 6919: 6914: 6794: 1323: 162: 6984: 6934: 6889: 6869: 6859: 6829: 6759: 4967: 4934: 4891: 4164: 3563: 2886:

UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs, "Consolidated UN Inter Agency-Appeal", 1 July 1996-21 March 1997.

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International FIDES Service no. 4144, "Hell on Earth: The Church Must Wipe the Tears", April 23, 1999,

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Haggard, Stephan. Nolan, Marcus. 2007. Famine in North Korea. New York; Columbia University Press. p.54

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Haggard, Stephan. Nolan, Marcus. 2007. Famine in North Korea. New York; Columbia University Press. p.53

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Haggard, Stephan. Nolan, Marcus. 2007. Famine in North Korea. New York; Columbia University Press. p.51

2130:"Humanitarian Aid Toward North Korea: A Global Peace-Building Process", East Asian Review, Winter 2001. 7004: 6939: 6839: 6819: 6809: 6769: 6754: 6749: 3527: 3156:

Smith, Hazel "WFP DPRK Programmes and Activities: A Gender Perspective. Pyongyang: WFP, December 1999.

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Beginning in 1996, the U.S. also started shipping food aid to North Korea through the United Nations

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Hungry for Peace: International Security, Humanitarian Assistance, and Social Change in North Korea

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Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008".

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On the other hand, the WFP has reported malnutrition and food shortages, but not famine. In 2016,

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A South Korean relief caravan of 501 cattle in 50 vehicles bound for North Korea, Oct. 27, 1998.

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10-Point Programme for the Great Unity of the Whole Nation for the Reunification of the Country

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Schwekendiek, Daniel (February 2008). "The North Korean standard of living during the famine".

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and other countries. In 2002, North Korea requested that food supplies no longer be delivered.

1709: 6258: 5830: 5494: 5244: 5188: 5183: 4399: 4115: 4096: 3414: 3404: 3288: 3261: 3079: 3003: 2921: 2841: 2816: 2760: 2750: 2714: 2687: 2654: 2613: 2588: 2560: 2537: 2527: 2502: 2416: 2298: 2262: 2243:"They Think They're Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea—A Review Essay" 2183: 2173: 2104: 1864: 215: 3473:

David Kang, "They Think They're Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea",

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Militarization of economy, spread of limited market activity, food aid from various countries

5823: 5663: 5178: 5140: 4987: 4911: 4508: 4329: 4216: 3396: 3388: 2995: 2646: 2364: 2254: 2040: 1056: 807:'s personal accounts... used to secure and maintain the loyalty of the senior leadership". 770: 3788: 3754:

North Korea, Facing Food Shortages, Mobilizes Millions From the Cities to Help Rice Farmers

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Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

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Daniel Goodkind and Loraine West, "The North Korean Famine and Its Demographic Impact",

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North Korean cannibalism fears amid claims starving people forced to desperate measures

3734: 3253: 2580: 2408: 2203:"North Korea's food shortage is about to take a deadly turn for the worse, experts say" 1991: 1860: 1777: 3767: 3713: 7088: 7063: 6426: 6386: 6346: 5773: 5741: 5717: 4382: 4265: 3523: 3487: 2909: 2666: 2368: 2071: 1876: 1851: 1769: 1745: 1336: 1268: 689: 3976:"Nutrition and Health in North Korea: What's New, What's Changed and Why It Matters" 2999: 2274: 2052: 6434: 6410: 6394: 6338: 6330: 6306: 6290: 5781: 5733: 5725: 5685: 5239: 5201: 4361: 4341: 4273: 4145: 3862:"BBC News — Are North Koreans really three inches shorter than South Koreans?" 3793: 3387:. National Research Council (US) Roundtable on the Demography of Forced Migration. 3368: 3228: 3135: 1918: 1859:. Another report by the Japanese Asia Press agency in January 2013 claimed that in 1799: 840: 796: 781: 17: 4156: 5624:

On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work

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FAO/WFP, "Food and Crop Assessment Mission to the DPRK", Rome, December 10, 1997.

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At the same time, the years of famine were also marked by a dramatic revival of

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In North Korea, people are required to call the great famine the Arduous March (

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Food was distributed to people according to their political standing and their

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The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the

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has described the process as the "natural death of North Korean Stalinism".

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and its people to change their lives in fundamental and unanticipated ways.

4010:"Tackling North Korea's chronically poor sewage 'not rocket science': U.N." 3418: 3382: 3338: 3007: 1255:

The famine resulted in a population of homeless, migrant children known as

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General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea

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Status of Public Health-Democratic People's Republic of Korea, April 1997

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in 20 degrees below zero, braving a heavy snowfall and starvation, the

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The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia

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urged the North Korean citizenry to invoke the memory of a propaganda

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Estimates of the death toll vary widely. Out of a total population of

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Haggard & Noland, Hunger and Human Rights, supra note 70, at 14.

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When fuel became scarce while demand for logistics rose, so-called

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eastern seaboard provinces. However, interior provinces such as

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In 2011, during a visit to North Korea, former US President

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Rice and maize production of North Korea from 1989 to 1997

3961:"North Korea mortality rates are declining, UN group says" 3589:"Report on U.S. Humanitarian assistance to North Koreans" 1790:

Agricultural production increased from about 2.7 million

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Eternal General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea

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Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections

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are too mountainous, dry, and cold to support farming.

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President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

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Theses on the Socialist Rural Question in Our Country

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Our Socialism Centred on the Masses Shall Not Perish

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Nothing to Envy: Love, Life and Death in North Korea

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Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission

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On the Five-point Policy for National Reunification

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London, U.K.: Biteback Publishing. p. 21. 870:United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs 705:, is described as "fighting against thousands of 6041:General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea 3597:United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs 2380: 2378: 899:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization 5093:International adoption of South Korean children 4405:United States Army Military Government in Korea 4393:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 3287:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 81. 3175:UNICEF, "Situation of Children and Women (1999) 2444:Natural Hazards Center – University of Colorado 2325:Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, 2294:Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform 2170:Famine in North Korea: markets, aid, and reform 2126: 2124: 2100:Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform 1748:used by mainland China to deliver food relief. 816: 3756:The New York Times, Retrieved 30 January 2013. 3028: 3026: 2746:The Sun Tyrant: A Nightmare Called North Korea 2153:World Food Program, Retrieved 2 February 2013. 6695: 6055:Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army 6013: 5447:Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army 5405: 4172: 3583: 3581: 3556:"US Has Put Food Aid for North Korea on Hold" 3492:"The Natural Death of North Korean Stalinism" 3229:"The World Today with Sally Sara – ABC Radio" 2297:. Columbia University Press. pp. 38–39. 1846:'s birthday, the Day of the Sun on April 15. 596: 8: 3196:"Fertility levels and trends in North Korea" 2144:Quantity Reporting – Food Aid to North Korea 1317: 649:. During this time there was an increase in 632: 138: 122: 6249:On Further Improving Party Ideological Work 4824:South Korea and weapons of mass destruction 4734:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 4590:List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea 3935:The Independent, Retrieved 30 January 2013. 3497:. Asia Policy, January 2006. Archived from 3477:, Vol. 36 No. 3, Winter 2011/12, pp. 141–71 2784:"N. Korea Is Said to Execute Finance Chief" 2713:. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 66. 77:Economic mismanagement, natural disasters, 6702: 6688: 6680: 6616:Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee 6020: 6006: 5998: 5412: 5398: 5390: 5148: 5135: 5048: 4874: 4863: 4618: 4607: 4463: 4450: 4224: 4211: 4179: 4165: 4157: 3891:"The unpalatable appetites of Kim Jong-il" 2914:Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History 2321: 2319: 2317: 1357: 887:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 603: 589: 176: 29: 3687:"China halts rail freight to North Korea" 2103:. Columbia University Press. p. 38. 2034: 1727:U.S. Agency for International Development 1069:Health in North Korea § Malnutrition 909:Failure of the public distribution system 5540:1947 North Korean parliamentary election 4817:List of political parties in South Korea 4112:Inside North Korea: Diary of a Mad Place 4095:. Washington: Institute of Peace Press. 2895:UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs, " 2811:Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). 2608:Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). 2555:Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). 2497:Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). 1296:boomed, and up to 250,000 North Koreans 1084: 974: 926: 4722:State Affairs Commission of North Korea 4570:Administrative divisions of South Korea 4537:Administrative divisions of North Korea 2327:Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures 2013: 1872:UN Committee on the Rights of the Child 190: 179: 3260:. Sydney: Fourth Estate. p. 160. 3098: 2813:The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History 2683:The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History 2610:The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History 2557:The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History 2499:The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History 105: 5016:Science and technology in South Korea 4807:Presidential elections in South Korea 4585:List of special cities of South Korea 3766:Buckley, Sarah (September 23, 2005). 3660:"S. Korea Suspends Food Aid to North" 2587:. Sydney: Fourth Estate. p. 67. 2415:. Sydney: Fourth Estate. p. 69. 2338:Institute for International Economics 2138: 2136: 1359:Food aid by year (thousands of tons) 92:Food and humanitarian aid (1994–2002) 7: 4812:Legislative elections in South Korea 3995:"N Korea and the myth of starvation" 3912:"20,000 N.Koreans Die of Starvation" 3020:Unicef, "DPRK Mission Report", 1997. 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2163: 2161: 2159: 718:serious trouble with the authorities 3889:Demick, Barbara (October 8, 2011). 2639:Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 1977:North Korea–United States relations 6484:Residences of North Korean leaders 5861:Residences of North Korean leaders 4963:Economic inequality in South Korea 4958:Automotive industry in South Korea 4887:Automotive industry in North Korea 4114:. San Francisco: Encounter Books. 3823:, Los Angeles Times, 22 July 2011. 3787:Branigan, Tania (April 17, 2008). 3381:Reed, H. E.; Keely, C. B. (2001). 2840:. London: Routledge. p. 175. 1290:illegal, private market activities 764:be. Due to North Korea's terrain, 722:(the Simhwajo) was set up to purge 713:fluttering in front of the rank". 25: 5001:Financial services in South Korea 4973:Telecommunications in South Korea 4897:Telecommunications in North Korea 3931:Williams, Robb (28 January 2013) 3768:"North Korea's problem with food" 3309:Population and Development Review 2782:Sang-Hun, Choe (March 18, 2010). 2477:Institute of Developing Economies 2357:Population and Development Review 1967:North Korea–South Korea relations 1005:470 grams/day down 420 grams/day 7068: 7059: 7058: 6662: 6661: 6470:North Korean cult of personality 6153: 5980: 5979: 5847:North Korean cult of personality 5083:Gender inequality in South Korea 4760:Foreign relations of South Korea 4634:Foreign relations of North Korea 3993:Lankov, Andrei (27 March 2017). 3712:Talmadge, Eric (22 March 2019). 3441:Im Jeong Jin (28 October 2010). 3359:They Think They're Normal p. 155 2369:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x 1987:Potato production in North Korea 1937:Foreign relations of North Korea 1911: 1897: 843:by the North Korean government. 572: 201: 6519:International Kim Jong Il Prize 5006:Fishing industry in South Korea 4829:National Assembly (South Korea) 4187:Index of Korea-related articles 3959:Shim, Elizabeth (1 June 2016). 3809:Ex-leaders head for North Korea 3000:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.09.018 2067:"North Korea: A terrible truth" 27:1994–1998 famine in North Korea 7026:British Indian Ocean Territory 6512:List of leaders of North Korea 5875:List of leaders of North Korea 4792:Republic of Korea Armed Forces 3658:Faiola, Anthony (2006-07-14). 3384:Forced Migration and Mortality 2633:Frank, Ruediger (2005-01-01). 2201:Hancocks, Paula (2023-03-03). 1318: 1155:Corn harvested (million tons) 139: 123: 1: 5088:Low birth rate in South Korea 4844:Constitutional Court of Korea 4780:Prime Minister of South Korea 4654:Heads of state of North Korea 4649:Supreme Leader of North Korea 4580:List of cities in South Korea 4547:Special cities of North Korea 4542:List of cities in North Korea 4285:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea 4144:) including famine deaths of 4093:The Great North Korean Famine 3105:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2241:Kang, David C. (2012-01-01). 1030:Rajin Sonbong free trade zone 786:political and economic reform 6498:North Korean leaders' trains 5868:North Korean leaders' trains 5260:Korean pottery and porcelain 5169:Globalization in South Korea 4110:Vollertsen, Norbert (2004). 4084:22:2 (Spring 2020) pp:3–25. 3974:Smith, Hazel (Spring 2016). 3752:Brooke, James (1 June 2005) 3635:. 2006-10-11. Archived from 3600:. 2006-04-15. Archived from 3528:"NK is no Stalinist country" 3206:(4): 433–445. Archived from 3194:Spoorenberg, Thomas (2014). 2815:. Basic Books. p. 290. 2612:. Basic Books. p. 308. 2559:. Basic Books. p. 181. 2501:. Basic Books. p. 291. 1972:North Korea–Russia relations 938:Privileged industrial worker 666:its centrally planned system 6548:Song of General Kim Jong Il 6505:Changsan Revolutionary Site 5945:Down-with-Imperialism Union 5073:Demographics of South Korea 5068:Demographics of North Korea 5031:1997 Asian financial crisis 5026:Trade unions in South Korea 4940:Rason Special Economic Zone 4787:Human rights in South Korea 4755:Constitution of South Korea 4666:Human rights in North Korea 4629:Constitution of North Korea 4409:Soviet Civil Administration 4091:Natsios, Andrew S. (2001). 4082:Journal of Cold War Studies 4008:Miles, Tom (21 June 2018). 3554:Solomon, Jay (2005-05-20). 2988:Social Science and Medicine 1962:North Korea–China relations 1952:Japan–North Korea relations 1947:Human rights in North Korea 1328: 1123:Rice milled (million tons) 748: 168: 154: 83:collapse of the Soviet bloc 7161: 7120:Agriculture in North Korea 5250:Traditional music of Korea 4920:Agriculture in North Korea 4765:Relations with North Korea 4727:President of State Affairs 4639:Relations with South Korea 4575:Environment of South Korea 4494:List of mountains in Korea 4429:COVID-19 pandemic in North 4245:Timeline of Korean history 2918:W. W. Norton & Company 2838:The Making of Modern Korea 2522:Stephan., Haggard (2005). 2168:Stephan., Haggard (2007). 1927:Agriculture in North Korea 1263:Estimated number of deaths 1066: 1043: 724:the citizens responsible. 651:defection from North Korea 7054: 6634: 6151: 6035: 5961: 5427: 5310:Propaganda in North Korea 5147: 5134: 5058: 5047: 4873: 4862: 4770:Government of South Korea 4739:Supreme People's Assembly 4644:Government of North Korea 4617: 4606: 4462: 4449: 4388:Korea under Japanese rule 4337:North–South States Period 4240:List of monarchs of Korea 4235:Military history of Korea 4223: 4210: 4192: 2651:10.1080/13547860500163613 2291:; Noland, Marcus (2007). 2277:– via Project MUSE. 2097:; Noland, Marcus (2007). 1249:World Health Organization 737: 633: 624: 108: 7140:Disasters in North Korea 6775:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6229:On the Art of the Cinema 5371:Sexuality in South Korea 5328:Education in South Korea 5278:Education in North Korea 5212:Tattooing in South Korea 5021:Squatting in South Korea 5011:Miracle on the Han River 4983:Transport in South Korea 4907:Transport in North Korea 4834:Judiciary of South Korea 4802:Elections in South Korea 4775:President of South Korea 4681:Elections in North Korea 4562:Geography of South Korea 4529:Geography of North Korea 4484:List of islands of Korea 4306:Four Commanderies of Han 2680:Oberdorfer, Don (1999). 2045:10.1162/1535351044193411 1752:Post-famine developments 1734:Lee Myung-bak government 1732:South Korea (before the 673:approximately 22 million 641:together with a general 7036:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6602:Day of the Shining Star 6454:Death and state funeral 5817:Death and state funeral 5479:Kapsan faction incident 5472:August faction incident 5361:Marriage in South Korea 5333:Religion in South Korea 5283:Religion in North Korea 4797:Politics of South Korea 4693:Workers' Party of Korea 4676:Politics of North Korea 4499:List of rivers of Korea 4313:Three Kingdoms of Korea 3281:Lankov, Andrei (2015). 3233:World Today – ABC Radio 1982:Politics of North Korea 1857:South Hwanghae Province 1840:Day of the Shining Star 1292:. Smuggling across the 1063:Widespread malnutrition 1034:North Korean government 662:North Korean government 79:international sanctions 6540:Awards and decorations 5889:Awards and decorations 5338:Smoking in South Korea 5320:Culture of South Korea 5288:Smoking in North Korea 5270:Culture of North Korea 4978:Tourism in South Korea 4950:Economy of South Korea 4902:Tourism in North Korea 4879:Economy of North Korea 4839:Supreme Court of Korea 4659:Premier of North Korea 4552:Geology of North Korea 4514:Geology of South Korea 4489:List of lakes of Korea 4424:History of North Korea 4420:History of South Korea 3475:International Security 2247:International Security 1942:History of North Korea 1932:Economy of North Korea 1714: 1347:International response 821: 790:Soviet Union dissolved 754:history of North Korea 687:campaign in 1993. The 658:loss of Soviet support 579:North Korea portal 69:240,000 to 3.5 million 4968:Energy in South Korea 4935:Mining in North Korea 4892:Energy in North Korea 3311:27, no. 2 (June 2001) 3069:Lee, Suk (May 2005). 2836:Buzo, Adrian (2002). 2707:Smith, Hazel (2005). 2142:Staff (January 2013) 2023:Asian Economic Papers 1712: 1235:became common due to 1046:Health in North Korea 645:from 1994 to 1998 in 627:), also known as the 7145:20th-century famines 6950:United Arab Emirates 6526:Order of Kim Jong Il 6477:On-the-spot guidance 6073:Inter-Korean summits 5854:On-the-spot guidance 5366:Media of South Korea 5343:Sport in South Korea 5293:Sport in North Korea 5078:Aging of South Korea 4671:Korean People's Army 4353:Later Three Kingdoms 4152:Korea Forest Service 3639:on 29 September 2007 3455:on 28 September 2013 2743:Floru, J.P. (2017). 2259:10.1162/isec_a_00068 2002:World Food Programme 1785:World Food Programme 1719:World Food Programme 1204:Korean People's Army 997:Reduced another 10% 812:Cranfield University 756:, because it forced 545:Korean peace process 268:Provisional People's 232:People's Republic of 149:Revised Romanization 7115:1998 in North Korea 7110:1997 in North Korea 7105:1996 in North Korea 7100:1995 in North Korea 7095:1994 in North Korea 6977:limited recognition 6609:North Korean famine 6491:International trips 6239:On the Art of Opera 5896:International trips 5230:Korean architecture 5207:Korean tea ceremony 5174:Korean martial arts 4925:North Korean famine 3980:North Korean Review 3560:Wall Street Journal 3132:"Fides – e19990423" 2453:on 28 November 2016 1842:on February 16 and 1723:Bush administration 1360: 1087: 720:. A special group 637:), was a period of 617:North Korean famine 401:North Korean famine 318:Korean DMZ Conflict 18:North Korean famine 5938:Battle of Pochonbo 5235:Korean calligraphy 4504:Provinces of Korea 4456:Geography of Korea 4278:Jin (Korean state) 3740:2013-09-27 at the 3716:. Associated Press 3632:Human Rights Watch 3490:(1 January 2006). 2788:The New York Times 2332:2011-07-06 at the 2149:2014-12-24 at the 1905:North Korea portal 1849:One report by the 1715: 1358: 1237:vitamin deficiency 1085: 885:reserves, and the 852:Floods and drought 780:In the 1980s, the 749:ko'nan-ŭi haenggun 499:2011–present 273:Committee of North 7082: 7081: 7019:other territories 6677: 6676: 6259:On the Juche Idea 5995: 5994: 5831:Eternal President 5495:Chollima Movement 5387: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5245:Korean literature 5189:Religion in Korea 5184:Korean philosophy 5130: 5129: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5038: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4698:General Secretary 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4400:Division of Korea 4136:Newspaper account 4121:978-1-893554-87-0 4102:978-1-929223-34-3 3807:Bristow, Michael 3410:978-0-309-07334-9 3335:www.tomcoyner.com 3294:978-0-19-939003-8 3267:978-0-7322-8661-3 2927:978-0-393-32702-1 2847:978-0-415-23749-9 2822:978-0-465-03123-8 2756:978-1-78590-221-5 2720:978-1-929223-59-6 2693:978-0-7515-2668-4 2619:978-0-465-03123-8 2594:978-0-7322-8661-3 2566:978-0-465-03123-8 2533:978-0-9771111-0-7 2508:978-0-465-03123-8 2422:978-0-7322-8661-3 2304:978-0-231-51152-0 2179:978-0-231-14000-3 2110:978-0-231-51152-0 1838:'s birthday, the 1707: 1706: 1186: 1185: 1057:sphygmomanometers 1017: 1016: 969: 968: 933:Amount allocated 919:degree of loyalty 837:publicly executed 746: 613: 612: 566: 565: 558:COVID-19 pandemic 346:1993-1994 nuclear 216:Division of Korea 175: 174: 163:McCune–Reischauer 104: 103: 16:(Redirected from 7152: 7072: 7062: 7061: 7031:Christmas Island 6717:Sovereign states 6704: 6697: 6690: 6681: 6670: 6665: 6664: 6653: 6644: 6627: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6581: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6463: 6456: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6366: 6358: 6350: 6342: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6294: 6273: 6263: 6253: 6243: 6233: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6157: 6146: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6022: 6015: 6008: 5999: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5971: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5833: 5826: 5824:Death to America 5819: 5801: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5668: 5664:With the Century 5658: 5648: 5638: 5628: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5522: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5298:Arirang Festival 5198: 5179:Korean mythology 5149: 5141:Culture of Korea 5136: 5049: 4992: 4988:South Korean won 4916: 4912:North Korean won 4875: 4864: 4619: 4608: 4509:Regions of Korea 4479:Korean Peninsula 4464: 4451: 4330:Gaya confederacy 4225: 4217:History of Korea 4212: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4158: 4125: 4106: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3593: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3566:on July 14, 2007 3562:. 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Archived from 2441: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2382: 2373: 2372: 2352: 2341: 2323: 2312: 2311: 2289:Haggard, Stephan 2285: 2279: 2278: 2238: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2165: 2154: 2140: 2131: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2095:Haggard, Stephan 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2038: 2018: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1361: 1331: 1321: 1320: 1273:US Congressional 1088: 1023:Long-term causes 975: 927: 751: 741: 739: 636: 635: 626: 605: 598: 591: 577: 576: 575: 556: 543: 531: 525: 513: 507: 481: 476: 470: 453: 440: 427: 412: 399: 373: 368: 362: 350: 344: 329: 316: 303: 277: 272: 266: 254: 248: 236: 230: 211: 210: 205: 195: 177: 171: 169:konanŭi haenggun 157: 155:gonanui haenggun 142: 141: 126: 125: 106: 35: 30: 21: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7125:Famines in Asia 7085: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7050: 7018: 7009: 6990:Northern Cyprus 6976: 6969: 6711: 6710:Famine in Asia 6708: 6678: 6673: 6659: 6656: 6647: 6638: 6630: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6452: 6441: 6433: 6425: 6417: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6385: 6377: 6373:(granddaughter) 6369: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6297: 6289: 6276: 6266: 6256: 6246: 6236: 6226: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6026: 5996: 5991: 5977: 5974: 5965: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5772: 5764: 5760:(granddaughter) 5756: 5748: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5716: 5708: 5700: 5692: 5684: 5671: 5661: 5651: 5641: 5631: 5621: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5418: 5388: 5375: 5314: 5264: 5255:Korean painting 5216: 5196: 5159:Cinema of Korea 5143: 5126: 5105:Korean language 5054: 5035: 4990: 4944: 4914: 4869: 4850: 4743: 4613: 4594: 4556: 4523: 4519:Floods in Korea 4458: 4437: 4249: 4219: 4206: 4188: 4185: 4141:Daily Telegraph 4132: 4122: 4109: 4103: 4090: 4077: 4075:Further reading 4072: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3747: 3742:Wayback Machine 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3691:Financial Times 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3665:Washington Post 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3607:on 9 March 2007 3604: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3533:The Korea Times 3522: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3504:on 24 July 2007 3501: 3494: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3411: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3341:on Dec 25, 2010 3329: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3254:Demick, Barbara 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3211: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3097: 3095:on 9 June 2023. 3092: 3086: 3075: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3015: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2920:. p. 442. 2908: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2757: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2581:Demick, Barbara 2579: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2409:Demick, Barbara 2407: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2354: 2353: 2344: 2334:Wayback Machine 2324: 2315: 2305: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2240: 2239: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2180: 2167: 2166: 2157: 2151:Wayback Machine 2141: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2111: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2075:. 17 April 1997 2065: 2064: 2060: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2010: 1997:Sunshine Policy 1917: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1754: 1349: 1286: 1265: 1245: 1233:premature birth 1217: 1191: 1071: 1065: 1048: 1042: 1025: 954:Retired citizen 946:Ordinary worker 911: 854: 849: 730: 681: 643:economic crisis 639:mass starvation 609: 573: 571: 554: 549:2018–2019 541: 536:2017–2018 529: 528: 527:2017-2018 North 523: 511: 510: 505: 479: 478: 474: 473: 472:Death and state 468: 451: 442:Six-party talks 438: 433:1998–2010 429:Sunshine Policy 425: 410: 405:1994–1998 397: 391:1994–2011 371: 370: 366: 365: 364:Death and state 360: 355:1993–1994 348: 347: 342: 327: 322:1966–1969 314: 309:1950–1953 301: 295:1948–1994 282:1946–1948 275: 274: 270: 269: 264: 259:1945–1948 252: 251: 246: 241:1945–1946 234: 233: 228: 222:1945–1948 193: 186: 143: 127: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7158: 7156: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7066: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7022: 7020: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6699: 6692: 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5794: 5790:Kim Hyong-gwon 5786: 5778: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5649: 5639: 5629: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5498: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5347:Cultural icons 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5164:Korean cuisine 5161: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5052: 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4369: 4368: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4131: 4130:External links 4128: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4107: 4101: 4088: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4045: 4033:www.unicef.org 4020: 4000: 3985: 3966: 3951: 3937: 3924: 3903: 3881: 3853: 3825: 3813: 3800: 3779: 3758: 3745: 3727: 3704: 3678: 3650: 3618: 3577: 3546: 3526:(2011-10-09). 3515: 3488:Lankov, Andrei 3479: 3466: 3433: 3424: 3409: 3393:10.17226/10086 3373: 3361: 3352: 3322: 3313: 3300: 3293: 3273: 3266: 3245: 3220: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3158: 3149: 3122: 3112: 3084: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3022: 3013: 2994:(3): 596–608. 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2926: 2910:Cumings, Bruce 2901: 2888: 2879: 2853: 2846: 2828: 2821: 2803: 2774: 2755: 2735: 2726: 2719: 2699: 2692: 2672: 2645:(3): 278–311. 2625: 2618: 2600: 2593: 2572: 2565: 2547: 2532: 2514: 2507: 2489: 2464: 2428: 2421: 2400: 2374: 2363:(1): 133–158. 2342: 2313: 2303: 2280: 2253:(3): 142–171. 2218: 2193: 2178: 2155: 2132: 2120: 2109: 2086: 2058: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1992:Special Period 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1908: 1892: 1889: 1778:European Union 1753: 1750: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1348: 1345: 1298:moved to China 1285: 1282: 1264: 1261: 1252:was imported. 1244: 1241: 1216: 1213: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1064: 1061: 1044:Main article: 1041: 1038: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1013:128 grams/day 1011: 1007: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 991: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 967: 966: 965:200 grams/day 963: 959: 958: 957:300 grams/day 955: 951: 950: 949:700 grams/day 947: 943: 942: 941:900 grams/day 939: 935: 934: 931: 921:to the state. 910: 907: 853: 850: 848: 845: 729: 726: 680: 677: 611: 610: 608: 607: 600: 593: 585: 582: 581: 568: 567: 564: 563: 560: 551: 550: 547: 538: 537: 534: 520: 519: 516: 502: 501: 496: 488: 487: 484: 465: 464: 461: 448: 447: 444: 435: 434: 431: 422: 421: 418: 407: 406: 403: 394: 393: 388: 380: 379: 376: 357: 356: 353: 339: 338: 335: 324: 323: 320: 311: 310: 307: 298: 297: 292: 284: 283: 280: 261: 260: 257: 255:Administration 243: 242: 239: 225: 224: 219: 207: 206: 198: 197: 188: 187: 180: 173: 172: 165: 159: 158: 151: 145: 144: 137: 135: 129: 128: 121: 119: 113: 112: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 41: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7157: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7065: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000:South Ossetia 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6705: 6700: 6698: 6693: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6650:Kim Jong Un → 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641:← Kim Il Sung 6637: 6636: 6633: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6437:(grandmother) 6436: 6432: 6429:(grandfather) 6428: 6427:Kim Hyong-jik 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6387:Kim Kyong-hui 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6347:Kim Jong-chul 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119:Missile tests 6116: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096:Nuclear tests 6093: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6016: 6011: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5968:Kim Jong Il → 5964: 5963: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5800:(grandfather) 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5774:Kim Hyong-jik 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742:Kim Jong-chul 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718:Kim Kyong-hui 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5688:(second wife) 5687: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502:Missile tests 5499: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5346: 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4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383:Korean Empire 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266:Dangun Joseon 4264: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3892: 3885: 3882: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3769: 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Retrieved 4057: 4048: 4036:. Retrieved 4032: 4023: 4012: 4003: 3997:. Aljazeera. 3988: 3979: 3969: 3954: 3940: 3927: 3915:. Retrieved 3906: 3894:. Retrieved 3884: 3872:. Retrieved 3865: 3856: 3844:. Retrieved 3837: 3828: 3816: 3803: 3794:The Guardian 3792: 3782: 3771: 3761: 3748: 3730: 3718:. Retrieved 3707: 3695:. Retrieved 3693:. 2007-10-18 3690: 3681: 3669:. Retrieved 3663: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3637:the original 3630: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3602:the original 3595: 3568:. Retrieved 3564:the original 3559: 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3531: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3499:the original 3482: 3474: 3469: 3457:. Retrieved 3453:the original 3446: 3436: 3427: 3401:10419/170700 3383: 3376: 3364: 3355: 3343:. Retrieved 3339:the original 3334: 3325: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3282: 3276: 3257: 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3232: 3223: 3212:. Retrieved 3208:the original 3203: 3200:Population-E 3199: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3161: 3152: 3140:. 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Retrieved 2070: 2061: 2026: 2022: 2016: 1919:1990s portal 1885: 1881: 1869: 1850: 1848: 1805: 1800:Jimmy Carter 1797: 1789: 1782: 1755: 1746:railway cars 1742: 1731: 1716: 1350: 1341: 1334: 1309: 1307: 1287: 1278: 1266: 1254: 1246: 1222: 1218: 1209: 1193: 1192: 1080: 1072: 1049: 1026: 1018: 989:Reduced 10% 970: 962:2~4-year-old 923: 916: 912: 891: 883: 859: 855: 841:firing squad 830: 822: 817: 809: 801: 794: 784:embarked on 782:Soviet Union 779: 762: 731: 715: 702: 688: 682: 670: 655: 628: 616: 614: 498: 491: 456: 413: 390: 383: 330: 294: 287: 250:Soviet Civil 221: 214: 109: 97:Consequences 66:Total deaths 7135:Kim Jong Il 7130:Kim Il Sung 7074:Asia portal 6975:States with 6895:Philippines 6835:South Korea 6830:North Korea 6725:Afghanistan 6533:Kimjongilia 6419:Kim Yong-ju 6403:Kim Il Sung 6363:Kim Yo-jong 6355:Kim Jong Un 6315:Ko Yong-hui 6029:Kim Jong Il 5917:Named after 5882:Kimilsungia 5798:Kim Bo-hyon 5766:Kim Yong-ju 5758:Kim Yo-jong 5750:Kim Jong Un 5702:Kim Jong Il 5694:Kim Song-ae 5421:Kim Il Sung 5351:Korean Wave 5197:(wrestling) 5122:Korean name 4748:South Korea 4708:Secretariat 4622:North Korea 4433:South Korea 4342:Later Silla 4270:Gija Joseon 4202:South Korea 4197:North Korea 2868:. July 1996 2029:(2): 1–40. 1865:cannibalism 1844:Kim Il Sung 1836:Kim Jong Il 1792:metric tons 1762:South Korea 1326:: 1316:: 1302:Amartya Sen 1200:North Korea 879:Amnok River 862:arable land 833:So Kwan-hui 805:Kim Jong Il 699:Kim Il Sung 647:North Korea 493:Kim Jong Un 482:Kim Jong Il 385:Kim Jong Il 374:Kim Il Sung 289:Kim Il Sung 194:North Korea 192:History of 44:North Korea 7089:Categories 6955:Uzbekistan 6930:Tajikistan 6845:Kyrgyzstan 6825:Kazakhstan 6745:Bangladesh 6735:Azerbaijan 6379:Kim Man-il 6365:(daughter) 6333:(daughter) 5752:(grandson) 5744:(grandson) 5736:(grandson) 5720:(daughter) 5710:Kim Man-il 5465:Korean War 5222:Korean art 4991:(currency) 4930:Jangmadang 4915:(currency) 4413:Korean War 4254:Chronology 4063:2019-09-25 3874:4 November 3846:30 January 3697:18 October 3459:5 December 3214:2015-03-27 3142:2011-10-24 2686:. Warner. 2393:8 November 2212:2024-01-27 2008:References 1229:hemorrhage 1067:See also: 1040:Healthcare 903:Yalu River 894:hydropower 819:expertise. 758:the regime 728:Background 685:propaganda 514:Commission 477:funeral of 369:funeral of 305:Korean War 117:Chosŏn'gŭl 53:Nationwide 7041:Hong Kong 6995:Palestine 6920:Sri Lanka 6915:Singapore 6795:Indonesia 6624:Pulgasari 6595:Portraits 6461:reactions 6381:(brother) 6371:Kim Ju-ae 6325:(partner) 6317:(partner) 6309:(partner) 6164:Elections 5931:Baik Bong 5910:Portraits 5768:(brother) 5531:Elections 5100:Koreatown 4703:Politburo 4148:children. 3896:8 October 3539:9 October 3508:17 August 3101:cite book 2765:984074543 2667:154438679 2659:1354-7860 2267:1531-4804 2188:166342476 2031:CiteSeerX 1423:S. Korea 1329:ssŏbich'a 1310:servi-cha 831:In 1997, 775:Ryanggang 743:romanized 562:2019–2023 61:1994–1998 7064:Category 6985:Abkhazia 6935:Thailand 6890:Pakistan 6870:Mongolia 6865:Maldives 6860:Malaysia 6760:Cambodia 6667:Category 6578:Taewonsu 6413:(mother) 6405:(father) 6389:(sister) 6065:Politics 5985:Category 5839:Taewonsu 5784:(mother) 5776:(father) 5457:Politics 4612:Politics 4318:Goguryeo 4261:Gojoseon 3773:BBC News 3738:Archived 3671:2 August 3643:2 August 3611:1 August 3570:1 August 3448:Daily NK 3419:25057553 3256:(2010). 3008:18006130 2912:(2005). 2793:July 10, 2583:(2010). 2542:64390356 2411:(2010). 2330:Archived 2275:57564589 2147:Archived 2053:57565869 1891:See also 1758:food aid 1738:military 1243:Children 1189:Military 981:Changes 930:Category 874:Pyongsan 866:harvests 711:red flag 183:a series 181:Part of 50:Location 6960:Vietnam 6875:Myanmar 6855:Lebanon 6785:Georgia 6740:Bahrain 6730:Armenia 6446:Related 6421:(uncle) 5809:Related 5792:(uncle) 5194:Ssireum 5152:General 5063:Koreans 4996:Chaebol 4868:Economy 4474:Borders 4467:General 4358:Taebong 4228:General 4058:NPR.org 4038:25 June 4014:Reuters 3917:25 June 3720:2 April 3345:Mar 11, 3238:Mar 11, 2872:Mar 11, 2457:25 June 2116:famine. 1957:Kotjebi 1829:⁄ 1815:⁄ 1703:12,390 1257:Kotjebi 771:Chagang 766:farming 745:: 707:enemies 459:sinking 457:Cheonan 40:Country 7005:Taiwan 6940:Turkey 6905:Russia 6840:Kuwait 6820:Jordan 6810:Israel 6770:Cyprus 6755:Brunei 6750:Bhutan 6588:Badges 6556:Titles 6323:Kim Ok 6301:(wife) 6282:Family 6272:(1991) 6262:(1982) 6252:(1981) 6242:(1974) 6232:(1973) 6143:Songun 5952:Titles 5903:Badges 5677:Family 5667:(1993) 5657:(1993) 5647:(1973) 5637:(1964) 5627:(1955) 5110:Hangul 4378:Joseon 4373:Goryeo 4346:Balhae 4322:Baekje 4302:Samhan 4298:Dongye 4118: 4099: 4086:online 3963:. 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