28:
1343:
canal is remote, and water supply is still a problem, as the reservoirs were sold to water supply companies when the canal was closed. Passage over the summit is restricted to four boats per day in each direction, is subject to water being available, and must be booked in advance. British
Waterways staff assist boats between locks 36, the last one to the east of the summit, and 48, at Littleborough. The summit level is just on the Lancashire side of the border with Yorkshire, and is 601 feet (183 m) above sea level. Passage between locks 65 and 83 must also be booked, and is again restricted to four boats per day.
1339:
most of it, except for the final nine locks at the far end, was closed for navigation in 1952. Restoration began in 1984 with the formation of the
Rochdale Canal Trust Ltd, and a large section was reconnected to the national waterways network in 1996 when Tuel Lane lock was built to replace locks 3 and 4, and a 114-yard (104 m) tunnel rejoined it to the Calder and Hebble. At 20 feet (6.1 m), the lock is the deepest on the English canal network. The final part of the restoration was partially funded by the Millennium Commission, and resulted in the canal being opened throughout in 2002.
1405:
1391:
1077:. Initially the canal was described as part of the "Cheshire Canal Ring", which was soon shortened to the "Cheshire Ring". It described a series of interconnecting canals which could be navigated, usually in a week or two, without having to cover any section twice, and has subsequently been applied to several other such routes. The North Pennine Ring is a recent addition, as it was only with the restoration of the
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464:
133:
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300:
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163:
1246:
replaced by cargos of petroleum and sand. At
Castleford, great care is needed, as the Leeds Arm arrives at a crossing. Straight ahead is the channel to the enormous Castleford weir. Immediately to the left is Castleford Flood Lock, and traffic lights must be observed to prevent a collision with a commercial boat emerging from the lock. The ring turns to the right to reach
943:
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835:
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457:
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387:
365:
358:
336:
329:
307:
273:
253:
219:
197:
190:
1286:, after which the scenery is dominated by the Elmley Moor television transmitter. At Dewsbury there is a short branch to Saville Town Basin. A little further to the west, the cut rejoins the river, and the next cut is to the north of the river, rather than the south. At Cooper Bridge, the Calder is joined by the
1338:
The
Rochdale Canal forms the final part of the North Pennine Ring. It opened in 1804, and most of the locks are 72 by 14.2 feet (21.9 by 4.3 m), but locks 40, 41 and 47 are only 13.5 feet (4.1 m) wide, which restricts the size of boats that can use it. It is 32 miles (51 km) long, and
1313:
and past some worked-out gravel pits which are now flooded and used for water skiing. There are three locks at
Salterhebble. The bottom gate of the first was replaced by a guillotine gate when the road was widened, and is electrically powered. Above the top lock is the Salterhabble Branch, which was
1266:
The Calder and Hebble
Navigation is another river navigation, although most river sections have been bypassed by cuts since its inception in the 1770s. The lower locks were enlarged when the waterway was leased to the Aire and Calder Navigation from 1855, enabling them to accommodate boats of 120 by
1204:
was authorised in 1770, and although the section below Wigan was open by 1777, as was another section adjoining the Aire and Calder
Navigation to the west of Leeds, it did not become a through route until 1816. The locks on the section to the east of Wigan are 60 by 14.25 feet (18.29 by 4.34 m)
1245:
Development of the Aire and Calder began in 1699, and continued to be improved at intervals, with the construction of bigger locks and imaginative solutions such as the compartment boats, which resulted in it flourishing until the twenty-first century. Most of the coal traffic has now ceased, to be
1237:
Junction are 200 by 20 feet (61.0 by 6.1 m), while those on the River Calder section from
Castleford to Wakefield are 141 by 17.75 feet (42.98 by 5.41 m). The ring does not include the navigation below Castleford, where locks were 457 feet (139 m) long, to allow them to be used by a
1216:
Water supply on the summit was always a problem, despite the building of several reservoirs, and the summit level, which includes the 1,640-yard (1,500 m) Foulridge Tunnel, is only 6 miles (9.7 km) long, before the descent to Leeds begins. As on the western section, the route consists of
1183:
The Leigh Branch of the Leeds and
Liverpool Canal was originally planned in 1800, but a series of disagreements with the owners of the Bridgewater Canal led to stalemate, and it was not until 1820 that the branch finally opened. A year later, there were requests to increase the length of the locks
1342:
Water supply was always a problem, and eight reservoirs were built to provide the volumes required. All of the locks were built with the same drop, which ensured that equal volumes of water were used at each lock, and it also meant that only one size of gate needed to be manufactured. Much of the
1346:
Below lock 83 at Ducie Street
Junction, the canal is joined by the Ashton Canal, and the Outer Pennine Ring rejoins the North Pennine Ring. Nine locks, surrounded by urban Manchester, descend to Castlefield Junction, to complete the ring. The Rochdale Canal has 91 locks, reduced by one from the
1326:. From Fall Ings, the distance covered is 21.5 miles (34.6 km), and the navigation has risen through 26 locks, six flood locks and 2 sets of flood gates. Sowerby Bridge was a transshipment point for the longer boats of the
1143:
and the ring follows the Stretford and Leigh Branch to an end-on junction with the Leeds and Liverpool Leigh Branch at Leigh. This was originally considered to be the main line, as the canal was connected to a series of
1209:, which continues for 10.2 miles (16.4 km) on the level. The Walton Summit Branch of the Lancaster Canal turned off just before the seven locks at Johnson's Hillock. There are six more locks at
1896:
1233:
The ring now follows an active commercial waterway, where narrowboats may meet 600-tonne oil tankers and sand barges. Most of the locks on the River Aire section from Leeds to
1267:
17.5 feet (36.6 by 5.3 m), but above Broad Cut Low Lock, they are still 57.5 by 14.2 feet (17.5 by 4.3 m), a size which was originally dictated by the dimensions of
1322:. Nearby is another tall building, designed as a chimney for a dyeworks in 1875, but used instead as a viewing platform. It is 253 feet (77 m) tall and known as the
1171:
The length of this section is 13.6 miles (21.9 km), and it is operated by the Manchester Ship Canal, although there is no additional charge for boats with a current
96:
1205:
and the North Pennine Ring climbs the top 21 locks of the 23-lock Wigan flight immediately. At the top of the flight, it joins what was once the southern part of the
1184:
from 62 feet (19 m) to 72 feet (22 m), and this work was carried out in 1822. The route runs through a coal mining area, and has been severely affected by
1188:. It now sits on top of an embankment, made for waste from the pit tips, and the locks have been moved to Poolstock, just before the junction with the main line at
1213:, a 559-yard (511 m) tunnel at Gannow and a final flight of seven locks at Barrowford to reach the summit, which is 487 feet (148 m) above sea level.
27:
1258:. Its replacement opened in 1981, but both remain in water. From Leeds to Wakefield, the distance by navigation is 17.5 miles (28.2 km) with 11 locks.
1983:
1882:
1352:
1290:. The navigation passes through Cooper Bridge Lock and Cooper Bridge Flood Gates, after which it continues straight ahead to Kirklees Cut. The
1470:
1451:
1306:
to reach the same destination as the North Pennine Ring. The junction is overshadowed by a tall chimney belonging to Bottomley & Sons.
89:
1423:
1889:
1139:
From Castlefield Junction, the route follows the Bridgewater Canal to Waters Meeting, where the main line turns to the left to reach
1530:
1508:
1489:
82:
1418:
1123:
1070:
344:
1287:
1978:
1222:
1160:. The canal opened in 1761, and is often thought to be the first canal in England, although it was preceded by the
1118:
205:
1299:
1276:
1201:
1113:
373:
114:
1295:
1145:
436:
1315:
1251:
1148:
which ran into the coal mines at Worsley. One feature was a huge aqueduct, 38 feet (12 m) above the
1396:
1275:
waterways. Commercial traffic ceased to use the waterway in 1981, with the demise of coal deliveries to
1255:
1157:
1153:
32:
Two narrow boats in Kings Road Lock give an idea of the size of locks on the Aire and Calder Navigation.
1225:. The ring has covered 92 miles (148 km) since leaving Wigan, and has passed through 85 locks.
1100:
The North Pennine Ring follows parts of the following canals starting from Castlefield Junction in
1942:
1937:
1927:
1428:
1291:
1217:
relatively long level stretches, with groups of locks at intervals. It follows the valley of the
1085:
1058:
472:
1988:
1952:
1549:
1526:
1504:
1485:
1466:
1447:
1172:
1108:
1089:
951:
1518:
1410:
1541:
1404:
1323:
1294:
makes a U-turn after the flood gates, to pass the Cooper Bridge weir and then follows the
1206:
1957:
1947:
1327:
1319:
1165:
1128:
1078:
1074:
609:
1972:
1922:
1874:
1303:
1161:
1149:
760:
1318:. The final section is narrow, and runs along the side of a wooded hill, to reach
1192:. There are two locks, and the length of the section is 7.3 miles (11.7 km).
1283:
1268:
1239:
1386:
1234:
1218:
1185:
1101:
1069:
The concept of a canal ring was created in 1965, as part of a campaign by the
1054:
1046:
1038:
1553:
1367:
1354:
1152:, which allowed sailing ships to pass beneath it. It was demolished when the
1917:
1310:
1247:
1210:
1254:. The original one was opened in 1839, and uses the same principles as the
1061:, which uses a different route for the southern crossing of the Pennines.
75:
1057:. It follows parts of five canals, and shares much of its route with the
1042:
1140:
1272:
1189:
1050:
315:
142:
1347:
original total by Tuel Lane Lock, which replaced locks 3 and 4.
1878:
1523:
Nicholson Waterways Guide (Vol 5): North West and the Pennines
1282:
To the west of Wakefield, the waterway passes under the
1084:
The term was coined by enthusiasts as an adjunct to the
1910:
66:
58:
50:
42:
37:
20:
1501:The Canals of North West England, Vol 1 (pp.1-236)
1660:
1648:
1890:
90:
8:
1624:
1314:once part of the heavily-locked branch into
1104:, and proceeding clockwise around the ring.
1081:in 2002 that the ring became a possibility.
1842:
1789:
1738:
1711:
1684:
1612:
1600:
1463:Inland Waterways of Great Britain (8th Ed.)
1897:
1883:
1875:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1707:
1705:
1499:Hadfield, Charles; Biddle, Gordon (1970).
1482:Inland Waterways of Great Britain (6th Ed)
122:
97:
83:
17:
1866:
1854:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1762:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1696:
1672:
1636:
1585:
1175:licence for the first seven days of use.
1596:
1594:
1750:
1567:
1073:to prevent the complete closure of the
80:
1156:was built, and replaced by the famous
1574:
1442:Boyes, John; Russell, Ronald (1977).
7:
70:Canal and River Trust, Peel Holdings
1424:History of the British canal system
14:
1984:Canal rings in the United Kingdom
1905:Canal Rings of the United Kingdom
1484:. Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson.
1465:. Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson.
1088:, devised as a marketing tool by
978:
827:
744:
420:
155:
1403:
1389:
1179:Leeds and Liverpool Leigh Branch
1164:, which opened in 1757, and the
997:
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963:
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934:
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26:
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245:
225:
998:
870:Leeds and L'pool Leigh Branch
843:Leeds and Liverpool Main Line
717:
463:
427:
169:
132:
1:
1444:The Canals of Eastern England
1221:, to arrive at Leeds and the
1168:, which opened in the 1670s.
971:
964:
908:
807:
751:
546:
299:
279:
162:
1419:Canals of the United Kingdom
1262:Calder and Hebble Navigation
1124:Calder and Hebble Navigation
1071:Inland Waterways Association
942:
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861:
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364:
357:
345:Calder and Hebble Navigation
335:
328:
306:
272:
252:
218:
196:
189:
1309:The ring continues through
2005:
1661:Hadfield & Biddle 1970
1649:Hadfield & Biddle 1970
1461:Cumberlidge, Jane (2009).
1229:Aire and Calder Navigation
1223:Aire and Calder Navigation
1119:Aire and Calder Navigation
206:Aire and Calder Navigation
1540:Shead, Jim (March 2004).
1480:Edwards, Lewis A (1985).
1300:Huddersfield Narrow Canal
1250:, on its way passing the
1202:Leeds and Liverpool Canal
1196:Leeds and Liverpool Canal
1114:Leeds and Liverpool Canal
1006:
991:
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374:Leeds and Liverpool Canal
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260:
238:
233:
211:
204:
182:
177:
148:
140:
125:
25:
1625:Boyes & Russell 1977
1296:Huddersfield Broad Canal
437:Huddersfield Broad Canal
1252:Stanley Ferry Aqueducts
46:184 miles (296 km)
1503:. David and Charles.
1446:. David and Charles.
1397:United Kingdom portal
1256:Sydney Harbour Bridge
1158:Barton Swing Aqueduct
1154:Manchester Ship Canal
1007:Main line to Runcorn
1816:, pp. 40, 46â49
1368:53.47444°N 2.25667°W
1200:Construction of the
178:Castleford Junction
67:Navigation authority
1857:, pp. 166, 173
1651:, pp. 160, 163
1542:"The Cheshire Ring"
1364: /
1242:compartment boats.
726:Outer Pennine Ring
1869:, pp. 164â165
1845:, pp. 255â258
1726:, pp. 114â133
1714:, pp. 172â175
1699:, pp. 100â114
1627:, pp. 239â240
1525:. Harper Collins.
1429:Outer Pennine Ring
1373:53.47444; -2.25667
1292:Outer Pennine Ring
1146:underground levels
1086:South Pennine Ring
1059:Outer Pennine Ring
1041:which crosses the
1035:North Pennine Ring
473:Outer Pennine Ring
106:North Pennine Ring
21:North Pennine Ring
1979:Canals in England
1966:
1965:
1472:978-1-84623-010-3
1453:978-0-7153-7415-3
1173:British Waterways
1135:Bridgewater Canal
1109:Bridgewater Canal
1090:British Waterways
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
952:Bridgewater Canal
582:Foulridge Tunnel
74:
73:
1996:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1843:Cumberlidge 2009
1840:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1804:, pp. 44â47
1799:
1793:
1792:, pp. 89â90
1790:Cumberlidge 2009
1787:
1778:
1777:, pp. 40â43
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1741:, pp. 51â55
1739:Cumberlidge 2009
1736:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1712:Cumberlidge 2009
1709:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1685:Cumberlidge 2009
1682:
1676:
1675:, pp. 96â99
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1613:Cumberlidge 2009
1610:
1604:
1603:, pp. 82â85
1601:Cumberlidge 2009
1598:
1589:
1588:, pp. 30â35
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1411:Transport portal
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1765:, pp. 9â19
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1324:Wainhouse Tower
1279:power station.
1264:
1231:
1207:Lancaster Canal
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1867:Nicholson 2006
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1802:Nicholson 2006
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1335:
1334:Rochdale Canal
1332:
1328:Rochdale Canal
1320:Sowerby Bridge
1271:in use on the
1263:
1260:
1230:
1227:
1197:
1194:
1180:
1177:
1166:Stamford Canal
1136:
1133:
1132:
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1129:Rochdale Canal
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1097:
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1079:Rochdale Canal
1075:Rochdale Canal
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1005:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
989:
988:
985:
983:
976:
969:
962:
960:
958:
955:
954:
949:
947:
940:
933:
931:
929:
926:
925:
922:
920:
913:
906:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:
893:
886:
879:
877:
875:
872:
871:
868:
866:
859:
852:
850:
848:
845:
844:
841:
839:
832:
825:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
812:
805:
798:
796:
794:
791:
790:
787:
785:
778:
771:
769:
767:
764:
763:
758:
756:
749:
742:
735:
733:
731:
728:
727:
724:
722:
715:
708:
701:
699:
697:
694:
693:
690:
688:
681:
674:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:
661:
654:
647:
645:
643:
640:
639:
636:
634:
627:
620:
618:
616:
613:
612:
610:Rochdale Canal
607:
605:
598:
591:
589:
587:
584:
583:
580:
578:
571:
564:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
551:
544:
537:
535:
533:
530:
529:
526:
524:
517:
510:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:
497:
490:
483:
481:
479:
476:
475:
470:
468:
461:
454:
447:
445:
443:
440:
439:
434:
432:
425:
418:
411:
409:
407:
404:
403:
400:
398:
391:
384:
382:
380:
377:
376:
371:
369:
362:
355:
353:
351:
348:
347:
342:
340:
333:
326:
324:
322:
319:
318:
313:
311:
304:
297:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
284:
277:
270:
268:
266:
263:
262:
259:
257:
250:
243:
241:
239:
236:
235:
232:
230:
223:
216:
214:
212:
209:
208:
203:
201:
194:
187:
185:
183:
180:
179:
176:
174:
167:
160:
153:
151:
149:
146:
145:
139:
137:
130:
128:
126:
119:
118:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
102:
101:
94:
87:
79:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
38:Specifications
35:
34:
31:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2001:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:South Pennine
1941:
1939:
1938:Outer Pennine
1936:
1934:
1933:North Pennine
1931:
1929:
1928:Four Counties
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1828:, p. 163
1827:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1687:, p. 176
1686:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1663:, p. 167
1662:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1615:, p. 262
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1532:0-00-721113-9
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1510:0-7153-4956-2
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1491:0-85288-081-2
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1004:
995:
993:
990:
987:Stretford Jn
984:
961:
959:
956:
953:
948:
932:
930:
927:
921:
905:
903:
900:
894:
878:
876:
873:
867:
851:
849:
846:
840:
824:
822:
819:
813:
797:
795:
792:
786:
770:
768:
765:
762:
757:
734:
732:
729:
723:
700:
698:
695:
689:
673:
671:
668:
662:
646:
644:
641:
635:
619:
617:
614:
611:
606:
590:
588:
585:
579:
563:
561:
558:
552:
536:
534:
531:
525:
509:
507:
504:
498:
482:
480:
477:
474:
469:
446:
444:
441:
438:
433:
410:
408:
405:
399:
383:
381:
378:
375:
370:
354:
352:
349:
346:
341:
325:
323:
320:
317:
312:
296:
294:
291:
285:
269:
267:
264:
258:
242:
240:
237:
231:
215:
213:
210:
207:
202:
186:
184:
181:
175:
152:
150:
147:
144:
141:Main line to
138:
129:
127:
124:
121:
120:
116:
112:
111:
100:
95:
93:
88:
86:
81:
78:
77:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
24:
19:
16:
1953:Warwickshire
1932:
1862:
1850:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1770:
1758:
1753:, p. 41
1751:Edwards 1985
1746:
1719:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1639:, p. 21
1632:
1620:
1608:
1581:
1570:
1545:
1522:
1500:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1435:Bibliography
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1308:
1304:Ashton Canal
1281:
1265:
1244:
1232:
1215:
1199:
1182:
1170:
1162:Sankey Canal
1150:River Irwell
1138:
1099:
1083:
1068:
1034:
1032:
761:Ashton Canal
15:
1371: /
1288:River Colne
1284:M1 motorway
1240:Tom Pudding
1238:tug and 19
1973:Categories
1575:Shead 2004
1563:References
1356:53°28â˛28âłN
1269:keel boats
1235:Castleford
1219:River Aire
1186:subsidence
1102:Manchester
1055:Castleford
1047:Manchester
1039:canal ring
62:Canal ring
1958:Yorkshire
1948:Stourport
1554:0309-1422
1519:Nicholson
1359:2°15â˛24âłW
1311:Brighouse
1277:Thornhill
1248:Wakefield
1211:Blackburn
692:47 locks
665:41 locks
638:35 locks
528:14 locks
501:44 locks
402:12 locks
288:Fall Ing
1989:Pennines
1923:Cheshire
1521:(2006).
1383:See also
1302:and the
1045:between
1043:Pennines
897:2 locks
789:9 locks
261:6 locks
234:5 locks
1316:Halifax
1141:Runcorn
1065:History
1552:
1529:
1507:
1488:
1469:
1450:
1298:, the
1273:Humber
924:Leigh
115:Legend
59:Status
43:Length
1911:Rings
1190:Wigan
1096:Route
1051:Leeds
1037:is a
316:Leeds
143:Goole
51:Locks
1918:Avon
1550:ISSN
1527:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1053:and
1033:The
54:215
1975::
1833:^
1782:^
1731:^
1704:^
1593:^
1548:.
1544:.
1330:.
1092:.
1049:,
1898:e
1891:t
1884:v
1556:.
1535:.
1513:.
1494:.
1475:.
1456:.
98:e
91:t
84:v
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