41:
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289:(pictured right), is unknown and remains controversial. One theory is that the moons are captured asteroids. However, the moons' near circular orbits and low inclination relative to the Martian equator are not in agreement with the capture hypothesis. The detection of minerals on Phobos similar to those in the Martian
305:
remaining close to Mars. This figure lies within the estimated mass range necessary to form the two moons, as other data suggests that only 1% of the mass of an accretion disk successfully forms moons. There are several other large impact basins on Mars that could have ejected enough debris to form the moons.
304:
While estimates of the mass ejected by a large, Borealis-size impact vary, simulations suggest that a body approximately 0.02 Mars masses (~0.002 Earth Masses) in size is capable of producing a sizable debris disk in
Martian orbit, on the order of 5×10 kg, with a significant fraction of the material
260:
However, some authors have instead argued that the inverse is more likely to be true, and that rather than the North Polar Basin being an impact basin, the
Southern Hemisphere of Mars may have actually the site of the impact instead, and the thickness of the Southern Hemisphere crust was as a result
182:
One possible explanation for the basin's low, flat and relatively crater-free topography is that the basin was formed by a single large impact. Two simulations of a possible impact sketched a profile for the collision: low velocity—6 to 10 km (3.7 to 6.2 mi) per second—oblique angle and a
256:
and causing upwellings which further increase the amount of melting at the impact site. Overall, such an event would actually increase the rate of cooling of the
Martian interior. The lack of magnetic anomalies observed in the northern hemisphere could be explained by such an impact, as the shock
270:
341:(pictured right) being the most likely candidate. Here, the tsunami generated by the impactor would have reached heights of 75 m (250 ft), and traveled 150 km (90 mi) past the southern rim. Dating techniques put the origin of the deposits sometime between the Late
814:
121:
of a single, large body roughly 2% of the mass of Mars, having a diameter of about 1,900 km (1,200 miles) early in the history of Mars, around 4.5 billion years ago. However, the basin is not currently recognized as an
247:
This impact would have resulted in significant crustal melting and a general increase in the rate of crustal formation for a period of 40 million years following the impact. Such a large impact would have disturbed the
1613:
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325:
on Earth along the southern rim of the northern lowlands. Scientists have developed several theories to explain their presence, including: volcanic activity, glacial activity, and a series of
Martian
273:
The moons of Mars: Phobos and Deimos. Phobos is the larger of the two moons, and is the closer of the two to Mars. Phobos has an average radius of 11 km, while Deimos has an average radius of 6 km.
293:, and the unusually low density and high porosity of Phobos, such that the moon would not be expected to remain aggregate if dynamically captured, suggest that the moons could have formed via
189:
are consistent with the models and also suggest that the elliptical crater has axes of length 10,600 km (6,600 mi) and 8,500 km (5,300 mi), centered on
317:
Lomonosov crater, the most likely candidate for the impact that produced the tsunami. It is 150 km in diameter, and is a prominent feature of the
Borealis basin.
333:, and other features of the deposits are inconsistent with the volcanic and glacial hypotheses. One recent investigation identified three impact craters in
142:
Because the
Borealis basin covers 40% of the surface of Mars, and much of the Northern Hemisphere, many currently recognized regions of Mars lie within it:
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68:
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Costard, Francois; Séjourné, Antoine; Kelfoun, Karim; Clifford, Stephen; Lavigne, Franck; Di Pietro, Ilaria; Bouley, Sylvain (2017-01-01).
711:
Ballantyne, Harry A.; Jutzi, Martin; Golabek, Gregor J.; Mishra, Lokesh; Cheng, Kar Wai; Rozel, Antoine B.; Tackley, Paul J. (March 2023).
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Ghods, Abdolreza; Arkani-Hamed, Jafar (2011-09-01). "Effects of the
Borealis impact on the mantle dynamics of Mars".
751:
Citron, Robert I.; Genda, Hidenori; Ida, Shigeru (2015-05-15). "Formation of Phobos and Deimos via a giant impact".
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bulge, the higher elevation region on the left of the image, covered over parts of the basin after its formation.
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along its rim. There is evidence for a secondary rim as well. This would make the North Polar Basin by far the
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The
Borealis Basin is the large blue and green region lying north of the equator. Volcanic eruptions on the
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2006:
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Andrews-Hanna; et al. (2008). "The
Borealis basin and the origin of the Martian crustal dichotomy".
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645:"Solar system's biggest impact scar discovered: MIT scientists solve riddle of Mars' two-faced nature"
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829:
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Nimmo; et al. (2008). "Implications of an impact origin for the
Martian hemispheric dichotomy".
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that covers 40% of the planet. Some scientists have postulated that the basin formed during the
815:"Modeling tsunami propagation and the emplacement of thumbprint terrain in an early Mars ocean"
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329:. The arrangement of the deposits resembles deposits observed in recent tsunami events on
241:
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161:
513:
Marinova; et al. (2008). "Mega-impact formation of the Mars hemispheric dichotomy".
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220:, though this has been partially obscured by later volcanic eruptions that created the
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27:
782:
728:
3400:
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1907:
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1005:
1000:
867:
290:
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2209:
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1957:
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diameter of 1,600–2,700 km (990–1,680 mi). Topographical data from
83:
70:
2204:
1800:
1606:
1461:
623:
349:
periods, some 3 billion years ago, providing evidence to the presence of an
342:
597:
544:
486:
3674:
1724:
1466:
841:
130:. The basin is one of the flattest areas in the Solar System, and has an
589:
536:
478:
321:
Analysis of Mars Global Surveyor data found mineral deposits similar to
1714:
1020:
326:
131:
46:
713:"Investigating the feasibility of an impact-induced Martian Dichotomy"
2886:
2146:
1411:
228:, approximately four times the diameter of the next largest craters:
765:
4289:
2641:
337:
as being the likely source of the hypothetical tsunamis, with the
330:
312:
1526:
906:
298:
237:
114:
1762:
1209:
917:
871:
423:"NASA - NASA Spacecraft Reveal Largest Crater in Solar System"
398:"Outflow Channels May Make a Case for a Bygone Ocean on Mars"
265:
Potential formation of Phobos and Deimos via Borealis impact
26:"Borealis Basin" redirects here. Not to be confused with
232:, which is imbedded inside the North Polar Basin, the
4425:
2842:
2631:
2145:
2005:
1773:
1502:
1447:
1222:
1034:
928:
62:
54:
257:waves produced might have demagnetized the crust.
16:Large basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars
883:
620:"Huge Impact Created Mars' Split Personality"
8:
678:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
33:
1770:
1759:
1219:
1206:
925:
914:
890:
876:
868:
764:
297:in Martian orbit, similar to how Earth's
226:largest impact crater in the Solar System
822:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
268:
4432:
409:
138:Large regions within the Borealis Basin
402:Planetary Science Research Discoveries
32:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
7:
746:
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508:
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417:
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261:of impact-induced crust production.
14:
1710:Martian meteorites found on Earth
4435:
39:
244:on Mars's southern hemisphere.
178:Formation of the Borealis Basin
643:Chandler, David (2008-06-25).
113:in the northern hemisphere of
1:
396:Martel, L.M.V. (June, 2001),
365:(Earth's "North Polar Basin")
105:, more commonly known as the
783:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.011
729:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115395
404:. (retrieved 17 August 2005)
4474:
1129:Mare Australe (South Pole)
698:10.1016/j.pepi.2011.06.010
25:
18:
3192:Eagle (Acidalia Planitia)
1769:
1758:
1492:Classical albedo features
1218:
1205:
924:
913:
58:Northern Hemisphere, Mars
38:
4458:Surface features of Mars
3197:Eagle (Meridiani Planum)
1671:Meteorites found on Mars
1134:Mare Boreum (North Pole)
19:Not to be confused with
234:South Pole–Aitken basin
1259:Concentric crater fill
318:
274:
252:, altering the normal
1402:Swiss cheese features
369:Mars ocean hypothesis
316:
279:origin of Mars' moons
272:
2829:Angustus Labyrinthus
1432:discovery chronology
1377:Scalloped topography
1331:Lineated valley fill
842:10.1002/2016JE005230
353:during this period.
186:Mars Global Surveyor
2784:Deuteronilus Mensae
2112:Syrtis Major Planum
1928:Syrtis Major Planum
1477:Observation history
1337:Lobate debris apron
834:2017JGRE..122..633C
828:(3): 2016JE005230.
775:2015Icar..252..334C
690:2011PEPI..188...37G
590:10.1038/nature07025
582:2008Natur.453.1220N
576:(7199): 1220–1223.
537:10.1038/nature07070
529:2008Natur.453.1216M
523:(7199): 1216–1219.
479:10.1038/nature07011
471:2008Natur.453.1212A
465:(7199): 1212–1215.
254:convection currents
204: /
80: /
35:
4210:Teisserenc de Bort
2834:Noctis Labyrinthus
2814:Nilokeras Scopulus
1144:Margaritifer Sinus
371:(Oceanus Borealis)
319:
275:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
2862:Tithoniae Catenae
2799:Protonilus Mensae
2794:Nilosyrtis Mensae
2684:Hephaestus Fossae
2057:Eridania Planitia
2027:Amazonis Planitia
2017:Acidalia Planitia
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1715:Balsaltic Breccia
1417:Upper plains unit
1407:Terrain softening
1367:Ring mold craters
1342:North Polar Basin
1264:Dark slope streak
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1026:Vastitas Borealis
966:Hyperboreae Undae
385:Vastitas Borealis
335:Acidalia Planitia
323:terminal moraines
167:Vastitas Borealis
147:Acidalia Planitia
103:North Polar Basin
99:
98:
21:Vastitas Borealis
4465:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4431:
2749:Tithonium Fossae
2659:Ceraunius Fossae
2275:Tithonium Chasma
2087:Meridiani Planum
2052:Elysium Planitia
2032:Arcadia Planitia
1990:Ceraunius Tholus
1811:Apollinaris Mons
1771:
1760:
1691:Meridiani Planum
1357:Outflow channels
1347:Ocean hypothesis
1220:
1207:
926:
915:
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819:
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437:
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419:
339:Lomonosov crater
309:Ancient tsunamis
219:
218:
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209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
152:Arcadia Planitia
95:
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81:
78:
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73:
43:
36:
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4411:
2847:
2838:
2739:Tantalus Fossae
2724:Olympica Fossae
2714:Memnonia Fossae
2704:Mareotis Fossae
2694:Labeatis Fossae
2664:Cerberus Fossae
2654:Amenthes Fossae
2640:
2627:
2260:Juventae Chasma
2240:Hydraotes Chaos
2195:Coprates Chasma
2150:
2141:
2117:Utopia Planitia
2097:Planum Australe
2077:Isidis Planitia
2067:Hesperia Planum
2062:Hellas Planitia
2047:Daedalia Planum
2042:Chryse Planitia
2037:Argyre Planitia
2008:
2001:
1938:Tartarus Montes
1933:Tartarus Colles
1913:Nereidum Montes
1846:Charitum Montes
1841:Centauri Montes
1816:Ariadnes Colles
1796:Acidalia Colles
1789:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1746:
1686:Mackinac Island
1505:
1498:
1443:
1422:Valley networks
1316:Inverted relief
1291:Fretted terrain
1225:
1214:
1193:
1169:Phoenicis Lacus
1030:
996:Sinus Meridiani
981:Planum Australe
920:
909:
896:
866:
865:
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560:
512:
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454:
453:
440:
431:
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421:
420:
411:
393:
380:Utopia Planitia
359:
311:
267:
242:Hellas Planitia
230:Utopia Planitia
212:
210:
206:
203:
198:
195:
193:
191:
190:
180:
175:
173:Borealis Impact
162:Utopia Planitia
140:
107:Borealis Basin,
88:
86:
82:
79:
74:
71:
69:
67:
66:
50:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4471:
4469:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Jarry-Desloges
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3391:Columbia Hills
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3369:Apollo 1 Hills
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:Matijevic Hill
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Tractus Catena
2864:
2859:
2857:Artynia Catena
2853:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Claritas Rupes
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Cydonia Mensae
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Ulysses Fossae
2756:
2754:Tractus Fossae
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Sirenum Fossae
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Medusae Fossae
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Elysium Fossae
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2282:List of valles
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Hydaspis Chaos
2232:
2227:
2225:Gorgonum Chaos
2222:
2217:
2215:Galaxias Chaos
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:Chasma Boreale
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Atlantis Chaos
2172:
2170:Aromatum Chaos
2167:
2165:Arsia Chasmata
2162:
2156:
2154:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2137:Pityusa Patera
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:Uranius Tholus
1992:
1987:
1977:
1975:Ulysses Tholus
1972:
1970:Tyrrhenus Mons
1967:
1965:Tharsis Tholus
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1943:Tharsis Montes
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:Phlegra Montes
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:Hadriacus Mons
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:Hecates Tholus
1868:
1863:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Avernus Colles
1828:
1826:Ausonia Montes
1823:
1821:Astapus Colles
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:list by height
1783:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1701:Shelter Island
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Jake Matijevic
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:Bathurst Inlet
1510:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Seasonal flows
1379:
1374:
1372:Rootless cones
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:Mare Tyrrhenum
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:Mare Acidalium
1121:
1116:
1114:Ismenius Lacus
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Terra Cimmeria
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
941:Aspledon Undae
938:
932:
930:
922:
921:
918:
911:
910:
897:
895:
894:
887:
880:
872:
864:
863:
796:
734:
703:
684:(1–2): 37–46.
661:
635:
611:
558:
500:
438:
408:
407:
406:
405:
392:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
358:
355:
310:
307:
266:
263:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
139:
136:
97:
96:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
44:
34:Borealis Basin
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4470:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4429:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3408:Sleepy Hollow
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Olympus Rupes
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Ausonia Mensa
2767:
2765:
2764:Aeolis Mensae
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Mangala Fossa
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Icaria Fossae
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
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2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
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2467:
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2400:
2398:
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2368:
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2355:
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2340:
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2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
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2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Ganges Chasma
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Candor Chasma
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Peneus Patera
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Planum Boreum
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Icaria Planum
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:Uranius group
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Hellas Montes
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Galaxius Mons
1881:
1879:
1878:Erebus Montes
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Biblis Tholus
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1776:
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1761:
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1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Oileán Ruaidh
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1660:
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1655:
1654:
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1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Barnacle Bill
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
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1501:
1493:
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1473:
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1454:
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1437:
1433:
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1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
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1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Ore resources
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
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1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Chaos terrain
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Brain terrain
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Sinus Sabaeus
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:Planum Boreum
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Olympia Undae
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Eridania Lake
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
927:
923:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
873:
870:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
707:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
670:
668:
666:
662:
650:
646:
639:
636:
625:
621:
615:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
562:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
509:
507:
505:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
439:
428:
424:
418:
416:
414:
410:
403:
399:
395:
394:
390:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Planum Boreum
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
315:
308:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
271:
264:
262:
258:
255:
251:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Tharsis bulge
217:
188:
187:
177:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
157:Planum Boreum
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
143:
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
93:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
42:
37:
29:
22:
4442:Solar System
4105:Schiaparelli
4050:Robert Sharp
3890:Orson Welles
3187:Du Martheray
3077:Chryse Alien
3072:Chincoteague
2912:Arkhangelsky
2824:Rupes Tenuis
2789:Ganges Mensa
2744:Tempe Fossae
2674:Cyane Fossae
2669:Coloe Fossae
2347:Green Valley
2270:Ophir Chasma
2265:Melas Chasma
2230:Hebes Chasma
2200:Echus Chasma
2180:Aureum Chaos
2127:Orcus Patera
2107:Syria Planum
2082:Lunae Planum
2022:Aeolis Palus
1985:Uranius Mons
1918:Olympus Mons
1903:Libya Montes
1898:Jovis Tholus
1866:Albor Tholus
1861:Elysium Mons
1851:Echus Montes
1806:Anseris Mons
1730:Shergottites
1720:Chassignites
1676:Block Island
1614:
1594:
1569:
1514:
1341:
1179:Syrtis Major
1016:Terra Sabaea
971:Ogygis Undae
946:Arabia Terra
936:Abalos Undae
825:
821:
756:
752:
720:
716:
706:
681:
677:
653:. Retrieved
638:
627:. Retrieved
614:
573:
567:
561:
520:
514:
462:
456:
430:. Retrieved
427:www.nasa.gov
426:
401:
363:Arctic Basin
320:
303:
276:
259:
246:
184:
181:
141:
124:impact basin
106:
102:
100:
28:Arctic Basin
4322:Vinogradsky
4280:Tycho Brahe
4230:Tikhonravov
4165:Spallanzani
4095:Santa Maria
4055:Roddenberry
3274:Flaugergues
2804:Sacra Mensa
2774:Capri Mensa
2719:Nili Fossae
2250:Ister Chaos
2122:Eden Patera
2092:Oxia Planum
1908:Mount Sharp
1681:Heat Shield
1637:Pot of Gold
1587:Last Chance
1570:Opportunity
1472:Volcanology
1306:Groundwater
1284:Nili Patera
1274:Dune fields
1254:Composition
1164:Phaethontis
1119:Lunae Palus
1036:Quadrangles
1006:Tempe Terra
1001:Siton Undae
991:Quadrangles
919:Cartography
759:: 334–338.
291:lithosphere
211: /
109:is a large
87: /
63:Coordinates
4387:Wislicenus
4342:Von Kármán
4317:Vinogradov
4310:Cape Verde
4145:Sklodowska
4100:Schaeberle
4080:Rutherford
4040:Richardson
3985:Ptolemaeus
3920:Perepelkin
3835:Montevallo
3830:Molesworth
3800:Milankovic
3775:McLaughlin
3725:Magelhaens
3650:Le Verrier
3475:Hipparchus
3269:Flammarion
3202:Eberswalde
3097:Copernicus
3012:Bonneville
2992:Boeddicker
2952:Barabashov
2729:Oti Fossae
2646:labyrinthi
2559:Shalbatana
2362:Her Desher
2255:Ius Chasma
2245:Iani Chaos
2210:Eos Chasma
2160:Aram Chaos
1764:Topography
1627:Home Plate
1622:Adirondack
1582:El Capitan
1557:Rocknest 3
1527:Coronation
1362:Polar caps
1326:Lava tubes
1239:Carbonates
1159:Oxia Palus
766:1503.05623
723:: 115395.
655:2015-01-01
629:2008-07-01
432:2017-04-06
391:References
345:and Early
208:67°N 208°E
132:elliptical
84:67°N 208°E
4255:Trouvelot
3995:Quenisset
3975:Priestley
3945:Pickering
3915:Penticton
3905:Pangboche
3870:Nicholson
3805:Millochau
3695:Lomonosov
3525:Ibragimov
3460:Helmholtz
3445:Heaviside
3435:Hargraves
3359:Grindavik
3244:Escalante
3234:Endurance
3222:Endeavour
3217:Emma Dean
3212:Ejriksson
3137:Danielson
3117:Crommelin
3027:Burroughs
3007:Bonestell
2987:Bianchini
2967:Becquerel
2932:Bakhuysen
2917:Arrhenius
2897:Antoniadi
2554:Scamander
2452:Marineris
2372:Huo Hsing
2352:Harmakhis
2307:Athabasca
2205:Eos Chaos
1801:Alba Mons
1780:volcanoes
1775:Mountains
1725:Nakhlites
1595:Sojourner
1515:Curiosity
1462:Hesperian
1457:Amazonian
1392:Spherules
1269:Dichotomy
1189:Thaumasia
899:Geography
858:132378050
850:2169-9100
624:Space.com
347:Amazonian
343:Hesperian
295:accretion
4452:Category
4372:Williams
4362:Weinbaum
4332:Vishniac
4305:Victoria
4270:Trumpler
4245:Tombaugh
4240:Timbuktu
4125:Sharonov
4120:Semeykin
4035:Reynolds
4025:Renaudot
4015:Rayleigh
3950:Playfair
3940:Phillips
3925:Peridier
3895:Oudemans
3815:Miyamoto
3765:Masursky
3675:Llanesco
3670:Liu Hsin
3635:Lampland
3620:Kunowsky
3470:Herschel
3455:Heinlein
3339:Gledhill
3304:Galdakao
3289:Fournier
3259:Fesenkov
3177:Douglass
3172:Dinorwic
3132:Da Vinci
3092:Columbus
3087:Coblentz
3037:Campbell
3017:Brashear
2514:Patapsco
2342:Granicus
2009:plateaus
1948:Ascraeus
1662:Monolith
1552:Rocknest
1532:Goulburn
1506:observed
1467:Noachian
1439:Yardangs
1301:Glaciers
1226:features
1149:Memnonia
1099:Eridania
1084:Coprates
1079:Cebrenia
1054:Amenthes
1049:Amazonis
951:Cerberus
791:17089080
598:18580946
545:18580945
487:18580944
357:See also
327:tsunamis
301:formed.
55:Location
4377:Winslow
4357:Wegener
4352:Wallace
4285:Tyndall
4275:Tugaske
4250:Tooting
4150:Slipher
4110:Schmidt
4075:Russell
4045:Ritchey
3980:Proctor
3955:Pollack
3910:Pasteur
3880:Nipigon
3875:Niesten
3810:Mitchel
3785:Mellish
3780:McMurdo
3770:Maunder
3750:Mariner
3745:Maraldi
3740:Mandora
3730:Maggini
3680:Lockyer
3640:Lassell
3625:Lambert
3605:Korolev
3585:Kinkora
3535:Janssen
3515:Huygens
3495:Huggins
3450:Heimdal
3440:Hartwig
3420:Haldane
3396:Husband
3379:Grissom
3374:Chaffee
3329:Gilbert
3299:Freedom
3284:Fontana
3264:Firsoff
3249:Eudoxus
3182:Dromore
3162:Denning
3112:Crivitz
3067:Chapais
3057:Cerulli
3047:Cassini
3022:Briault
2982:Bernard
2957:Barnard
2947:Bamberg
2942:Baltisk
2927:Bacolor
2902:Arandas
2877:Agassiz
2849:craters
2844:Catenae
2621:Warrego
2544:Sabrina
2484:Naktong
2447:Mangala
2427:Maʼadim
2377:Hypanis
2332:Enipeus
2322:Buvinda
2312:Auqakuh
2152:valleys
2147:Canyons
2007:Plains,
1953:Pavonis
1856:Elysium
1647:Big Joe
1643:Viking
1562:Tintina
1449:History
1397:Surface
1311:Gullies
1296:Geysers
1224:Surface
1212:Geology
1184:Tharsis
1154:Noachis
1109:Iapygia
1094:Elysium
1089:Diacria
1064:Arcadia
1021:Tharsis
956:Cydonia
929:Regions
903:geology
830:Bibcode
771:Bibcode
686:Bibcode
606:4402065
578:Bibcode
553:4328610
525:Bibcode
495:1981671
467:Bibcode
236:on the
213:67; 208
134:shape.
126:by the
89:67; 208
47:Tharsis
4428:Portal
4392:Wright
4347:Vostok
4327:Virrat
4295:Vernal
4235:Tikhov
4205:Taytay
4200:Tarsus
4185:Stoney
4180:Stokes
4170:Srīpur
4135:Sinton
4115:Secchi
4090:Saheki
4070:Rudaux
4065:Rossby
3965:Porter
3935:Pettit
3930:Persbo
3900:Palana
3860:Newton
3855:Nereus
3850:Nansen
3845:Müller
3840:Moreux
3825:Mojave
3820:Mohawk
3790:Mendel
3720:Mädler
3705:Lowell
3655:Li Fan
3630:Lamont
3615:Kuiper
3595:Knobel
3590:Kipini
3580:Kepler
3575:Keeler
3570:Kaiser
3550:Jezero
3530:Inuvik
3510:Huxley
3505:Hutton
3500:Hussey
3485:Holmes
3480:Holden
3430:Halley
3415:Hadley
3401:McCool
3254:Fenagh
3239:Erebus
3157:Dejnev
3147:Davies
3142:Darwin
3052:Caxias
3032:Burton
2962:Beagle
2937:Baldet
2922:Asimov
2887:Airy-0
2637:mensae
2633:Fossae
2584:Tinjar
2549:Samara
2524:Rahway
2509:Paraná
2499:Nirgal
2489:Nanedi
2474:Mawrth
2469:Maumee
2442:Mamers
2422:Louros
2382:Iberus
2357:Hebrus
2337:Frento
2317:Bahram
2302:Asopus
1653:Other
1615:Spirit
1577:Bounce
1537:Hottah
1482:Canals
1412:Tholus
1104:Hellas
1074:Casius
1069:Argyre
1059:Arabia
1044:Aeolis
856:
848:
789:
753:Icarus
717:Icarus
604:
596:
569:Nature
551:
543:
516:Nature
493:
485:
458:Nature
287:Deimos
283:Phobos
250:mantle
240:, and
119:impact
4407:Zunil
4402:Zumba
4382:Wirtz
4367:Wells
4337:Vogel
4290:Udzha
4225:Thira
4220:Thila
4215:Terby
4195:Suzhi
4190:Suess
4175:Steno
4160:South
4155:Smith
4140:Sitka
4085:Sagan
4030:Reuyl
4005:Radau
3990:Puńsk
3970:Porth
3960:Poona
3865:Nhill
3760:Martz
3755:Marth
3710:Lyell
3700:Louth
3690:Lohse
3665:Lipik
3660:Liais
3610:Kufra
3565:Jones
3555:Jezža
3545:Jeans
3490:Hooke
3465:Henry
3384:White
3364:Gusev
3354:Green
3349:Graff
3319:Garni
3314:Galle
3279:Focas
3207:Eddie
3167:Dilly
3152:Dawes
3127:Curie
3122:Cruls
3107:Crewe
3102:Corby
3082:Clark
3062:Chafe
3042:Canso
2892:Aniak
2872:Adams
2642:rupes
2616:Verde
2611:Vedra
2599:Uzboi
2594:Tyras
2579:Tinia
2574:Tader
2569:Stura
2564:Simud
2539:Sabis
2534:Reull
2519:Peace
2504:Padus
2494:Niger
2479:Minio
2464:Marte
2457:Labes
2417:Licus
2412:Lethe
2407:Ladon
2402:Labou
2397:Kasei
2392:Ituxi
2387:Indus
2297:Arnus
2287:Apsus
1958:Arsia
1735:Other
1617:rover
1597:rover
1572:rover
1517:rover
1504:Rocks
1427:Water
1333:(LVF)
1321:Lakes
1279:Hagal
1249:Color
854:S2CID
818:(PDF)
787:S2CID
761:arXiv
602:S2CID
549:S2CID
491:S2CID
351:ocean
331:Earth
199:208°E
111:basin
75:208°E
4397:Yuty
4300:Very
4265:Trud
4260:Troy
4130:Sibu
4060:Ross
4020:Redi
4010:Rahe
4000:Rabe
3885:Onon
3735:Main
3715:Lyot
3600:Koga
3560:Joly
3520:Iazu
3425:Hale
3344:Gold
3334:Gill
3324:Gasa
3309:Gale
3294:Fram
3002:Bond
2977:Belz
2972:Beer
2907:Argo
2882:Airy
2529:Ravi
2437:Maja
2367:Hrad
2292:Ares
1740:List
1657:Face
1632:Mimi
1607:Yogi
1547:Link
1486:list
1387:Soil
907:Mars
901:and
846:ISSN
651:News
594:PMID
541:PMID
483:PMID
299:Moon
285:and
277:The
238:Moon
196:67°N
115:Mars
101:The
72:67°N
3795:Mie
3685:Lod
3645:Lau
2997:Bok
2604:ULM
2589:Tiu
2432:Mad
2327:Dao
905:of
838:doi
826:122
779:doi
757:252
725:doi
721:392
694:doi
682:188
649:MIT
586:doi
574:453
533:doi
521:453
475:doi
463:453
128:IAU
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