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A large doughnut-shaped cloud appears in North polar region of Mars around the same time every
Martian year and of about the same size. It forms in the morning, dissipates by the Martian afternoon. The outer diameter of the cloud is roughly 1,600 km (1,000 mi), and the inner hole or eye is
263:
The surface composition of the northern ice cap in middle spring (after a winter's accumulation of seasonal dry ice) has been studied from orbit. The outer edges of the ice cap are contaminated with dust (0.15% by weight) and are mostly water ice. As one moves toward the pole, the surface water ice
301:
in progress off a 700 metres (2,300 ft) cliff. The cloud of fine material is 180 metres (590 ft) across and extends 190 metres (620 ft) from the base of the cliff. The reddish layers are known to be rock rich in water ice while the white layers are seasonal carbon dioxide frost. The
357:
It looks like a cyclonic storm, similar to hurricane, but it does not rotate. The cloud appears during the northern summer and at high latitude. Speculation is that this is due to unique climate conditions near the northern pole. Cyclone-like storms were first detected during the Viking orbital
503:
275:
lander, launched in 2007, arrived at Mars in May 2008 and successfully landed in the
Vastitas Borealis region of the planet on May 25, 2008. The north polar cap of Mars has been proposed as a landing site for a human Mars expedition by
156:
is approximately 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) deep in some places and 446 kilometres (277 mi) long but only up to 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. Chasma
Boreale cuts through polar deposits and ice, such as those present at
144:, a canyon in the polar ice cap. Light browns are layers of surface dust greys and blues are layers of water and carbon dioxide ice. Regular geometric cracking is indicative of higher concentrations of water ice.
264:
content decreases and is replaced by dry ice. The purity of the ice also increases. At the pole, the surface seasonal ice consists of essentially pure dry ice with little dust content and 30
256:, leading to the spiral pattern. The troughs gradually migrate towards the pole over time; the central troughs have moved about 65 km in the last 2 million years.
211:
view of water ice layers in
Olympia Rupes, believed by scientists to be preserving climate conditions of Mars dating back millions of years. Depicted width: 1.3 km (
429:
191:. Olympia Undae, by far the largest, covers from 100°E to 240°E. Abalos Undae covers from 261°E to 280°E and Hyperboreale Undae spans from 311°E to 341°E. See also
358:
mapping program, but the northern annular cloud is nearly three times larger. The cloud has also been detected by various probes and telescopes including the
302:
landslide is thought to have originated from the uppermost red layer. Follow-up observations are planned to characterize the nature of the landslide debris.
252:), which is then redeposited on the colder pole-facing slopes. The troughs are roughly perpendicular to the wind direction, which is shifted by the
354:
320 km (200 mi) across. The cloud is thought to be composed of water-ice, so it is white in color, unlike the more common dust storms.
1237:
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1092:
192:
1590:
1177:
1971:
1835:
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during the winter). It has a volume of 1.2 million cubic kilometres and covers an area equivalent to about 1.5 times the size of
45:
1459:
731:
1976:
1112:
545:
610:
1152:
989:
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754:
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152:. It is up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide and features scarps up to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) high. By comparison, the
767:
1936:
1565:
426:
give
Vastitas Borealis starting at 54.7°N and Planum Boreum at 78.5°N. The radius of Mars is approximately 3400 km, so
1795:
1550:
1545:
1454:
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168:. This scarp reaches heights of up to 1 km. At other places, the interface is a collection of mesas and troughs.
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1317:
1204:
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640:
Smith, Isaac B.; Holt, J. W. (2010). "Onset and migration of spiral troughs on Mars revealed by orbital radar".
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248:
that entrain surface ice eroded from the equator-facing sides of the troughs, likely aided by solar ablation (
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421:
377:. The diameter was measured to be approximately 1750 km, and featured an "eye" 320 km in diameter.
1966:
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is a canyon-like feature older than the troughs, and in contrast is aligned parallel to the wind direction.
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842:"Colossal cyclone swirling near Martian north pole is observed by Cornell-led team on Hubble telescope"
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1950:
1923:
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1302:
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Planum Boreum interfaces with
Vastitas Borealis west of Chasma Boreale at an irregular scarp named
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862:
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1242:
1232:
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939:
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498:{\displaystyle d={\frac {78.5-54.7}{360}}\times 2\pi \ \times 3400{\mbox{ km}}=1412{\mbox{ km}}}
203:
124:
which extends for approximately 1500 kilometers southwards, dominating the northern hemisphere.
148:
The main feature of the Planum Boreum is a large fissure or canyon in the polar ice cap called
132:
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26:
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120:. Surrounding the high polar plain is a flat and featureless lowland plain called
1614:
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1072:
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735:
184:
1722:
1707:
1042:
972:
705:"Spatial variability and composition of the seasonal north polar cap on Mars"
241:. It has a radius of 600 km. The maximum depth of the cap is 3 km.
107:
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60:
47:
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751:
Project Boreas – A Station for the
Martian Geographic North Pole
86:
928:
230:
730:
Founding
Convention of the Mars Society, August 13–16, 1998,
89:. It extends northward from roughly 80°N and is centered at
591:
175:
spanning from 75°N to 85°N. These dune fields are named
924:
85:: "the northern plain") is the northern polar plain on
905:
HiRISE image of permanent ice mound separated from cap
489:
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1934:
432:
1823:
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1111:
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971:
611:"Laser provides first 3-D View of Mars' North Pole"
515:"Fly over the Chasma Boreale at Martian north pole"
39:
497:
886:Fly over the Chasma Boreale at Martian north pole
863:"Colossal Cyclone Swirls near Martian North Pole"
297:A February 2008 HiRISE observation captured four
793:"NASA Spacecraft Photographs Avalanches on Mars"
244:The spiral troughs in the ice cap are formed by
349:Hubble view of the colossal polar cloud on Mars
171:Planum Boreum is surrounded by large fields of
728:Polar Landing Site for a First Mars Expedition
940:
840:David Brand & Ray Villard (19 May 1999).
539:"Geologic Map of the Northern Plains of Mars"
8:
635:
633:
631:
19:
895:Geologic Map of the Northern Plains of Mars
820:Mars Global Surveyor – "8 Year Anniversary"
684:"Mystery Spirals on Mars Finally Explained"
566:"USGS Astro: Search Planetary Nomenclature"
1697:
1478:
977:
947:
933:
925:
835:
833:
831:
829:
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488:
475:
439:
431:
373:viewed it in 1999, it was thought to be
131:
1941:
414:
815:
813:
811:
809:
18:
225:Planum Boreum is home to a permanent
34:mosaic of Planum Boreum and surrounds
7:
193:List of extraterrestrial dune fields
913:images of the north polar ice cap:
900:HiRISE image of Martian landslides
14:
1944:
1917:
1906:
1905:
326:
314:
25:
546:United States Geological Survey
755:British Interplanetary Society
1:
1362:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
233:(with a 1 m thick veneer of
1796:Inspiration Mars Foundation
1993:
1831:Artificial objects on Mars
1972:Extraterrestrial plateaus
1900:
1848:List of films set on Mars
1663:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
1460:Classical albedo features
962:
24:
1766:List of missions to Mars
686:. Space.com. 26 May 2010
1924:Solar System portal
404:, the south polar plain
341:Repeating annular cloud
140:image of a side of the
1977:Mare Boreum quadrangle
1538:Solar eclipses on Mars
1397:"Swiss cheese" feature
1253:Concentric crater fill
732:University of Colorado
499:
397:Martian polar ice caps
371:Hubble Space Telescope
350:
222:
145:
749:C. Cockell (editor),
519:European Space Agency
500:
348:
229:consisting mainly of
206:
135:
1738:Permanent settlement
430:
364:Mars Global Surveyor
1880:Timekeeping on Mars
1557:Planetary transits
1542:Satellite transits
1455:Observation history
1303:Lobate debris apron
772:Scientific American
768:"Avalanche on Mars"
662:10.1038/nature09049
654:2010Natur.465..450S
288:Recurring phenomena
104: /
57: /
21:
587:"Mars, polar caps"
495:
493:
480:
351:
308:Avalanches on Mars
278:Geoffrey A. Landis
235:carbon dioxide ice
223:
146:
1932:
1931:
1885:Sol (day on Mars)
1853:Martian scientist
1836:Memorials on Mars
1819:
1818:
1790:The Case for Mars
1687:
1686:
1468:
1467:
1402:Terrain softening
1367:Ring mold craters
1335:North Polar Basin
1258:Dark slope streak
1103:Vastitas Borealis
1000:Dust devil tracks
492:
479:
468:
455:
321:November 27, 2011
266:parts per million
189:Hyperboreae Undae
122:Vastitas Borealis
76:
75:
1984:
1949:
1948:
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1940:
1922:
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1909:
1908:
1783:The Mars Project
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1340:Ocean hypothesis
1190:Outflow channels
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623:
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613:. Archived from
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585:Darling, David.
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29:
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1890:Darian calendar
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1619:
1599:
1598:
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1572:
1524:
1518:Voltaire crater
1496:Stickney crater
1464:
1426:
1268:Fretted terrain
1214:
1114:
1107:
1068:Sinus Meridiani
1053:Planum Australe
1028:Cerberus (Mars)
1009:
967:
965:Outline of Mars
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402:Planum Australe
383:
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310:
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295:
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282:Charles Cockell
254:Coriolis effect
246:katabatic winds
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1967:Plains on Mars
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1801:Mars Institute
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1377:Seasonal flows
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1372:Rootless cones
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1200:Valley network
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1185:Observed rocks
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1098:Ultimi Scopuli
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1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:Terra Cimmeria
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1070:
1065:
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888:– courtesy of
881:
880:External links
878:
875:
874:
854:
844:. Cornell News
823:
805:
784:
759:
747:Project Boreas
739:
719:
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648:(4): 450–453.
627:
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454:
450:
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392:Aspledon Undae
389:
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375:cyclonic storm
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307:
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268:of water ice.
258:Chasma Boreale
200:
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150:Chasma Boreale
142:Chasma Boreale
129:
126:
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73:
41:
37:
36:
30:
16:Planum on Mars
15:
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1733:Human mission
1731:
1729:
1728:Sample return
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1591:Mars-crossers
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1423:
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1418:
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1410:
1408:
1407:Tharsis bulge
1405:
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1400:
1398:
1395:
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1388:
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1375:
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1348:
1346:
1345:Ore resources
1343:
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1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
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1259:
1256:
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1249:
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1244:
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1239:
1238:Chaos terrain
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1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Brain terrain
1226:
1225:
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1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
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1143:Chaos terrain
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1128:
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1120:
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1079:
1076:
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1059:
1058:Planum Boreum
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:Olympia Undae
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Eridania Lake
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
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1001:
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945:
943:
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919:
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843:
836:
834:
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723:
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617:on 2006-10-17
616:
612:
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603:
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588:
581:
578:
567:
561:
558:
547:
540:
534:
531:
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485:
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210:
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177:Olympia Undae
174:
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162:
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155:
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143:
139:
134:
127:
125:
123:
117:
108:88.0°N 15.0°E
88:
84:
80:
79:Planum Boreum
70:
61:88.0°N 15.0°E
42:
38:
33:
28:
23:
20:Planum Boreum
1951:Solar System
1870:Life on Mars
1865:Flag of Mars
1806:Mars Society
1788:
1781:
1748:Terraforming
1743:Colonization
1513:Swift crater
1355:polar wander
1083:Terra Sabaea
1057:
1023:Arabia Terra
890:Mars Express
866:. Retrieved
857:
846:. Retrieved
797:. Retrieved
795:. 2008-03-03
787:
776:. Retrieved
774:. 2008-03-04
762:
742:
722:
711:. Retrieved
699:
688:. Retrieved
678:
645:
641:
619:. Retrieved
615:the original
605:
594:. Retrieved
590:
580:
569:. Retrieved
560:
549:. Retrieved
533:
522:. Retrieved
509:
417:
387:Abalos Mensa
368:
356:
352:
333:May 29, 2019
296:
270:
262:
243:
224:
207:False color
181:Abalos Undae
170:
166:Rupes Tenuis
163:
154:Grand Canyon
147:
136:False color
78:
77:
1693:Exploration
1615:5261 Eureka
1283:Groundwater
1248:Composition
1073:Tempe Terra
1063:Quadrangles
990:Circulation
736:Boulder, CO
726:G. Landis,
250:sublimation
185:Siton Undae
111: /
64: /
40:Coordinates
1961:Categories
1350:Polar caps
1330:Mud cracks
1313:Meteorites
1298:Lava tubes
1233:Carbonates
1168:Labyrinthi
1043:Iani Chaos
982:Atmosphere
868:2006-11-01
848:2007-09-06
799:2008-03-05
778:2008-03-05
713:2006-11-01
690:2010-05-26
621:2006-11-01
596:2007-02-26
571:2006-11-01
551:2006-01-11
524:2006-11-01
409:References
299:avalanches
293:Avalanches
173:sand dunes
113:88.0; 15.0
66:88.0; 15.0
1875:Sub-Earth
1858:Mythology
1811:Mars race
1578:Asteroids
1474:Astronomy
1445:Hesperian
1440:Amazonian
1412:Volcanism
1387:Spherules
1308:Marsquake
1263:Dichotomy
1178:by height
1173:Mountains
973:Geography
470:×
464:π
458:×
446:−
231:water ice
221: mi)
159:Greenland
1911:Category
1775:Advocacy
1758:Missions
1701:Concepts
1530:Transits
1501:Monolith
1450:Noachian
1422:Yardangs
1318:on Earth
1278:Glaciers
1123:"Canals"
1115:features
1113:Physical
909:Various
670:20505722
491: km
478: km
381:See also
128:Features
1843:Fiction
1824:Related
1718:Landing
1713:Orbiter
1672:General
1641:2007 NS
1631:1999 UJ
1621:1998 VF
1610:Trojans
1597:2007 WD
1586:Impacts
1566:Mercury
1432:History
1392:Surface
1323:on Mars
1288:Gullies
1273:Geysers
1220:Geology
1210:Gravity
1205:Valleys
1158:Gullies
1148:Craters
1138:Catenae
1133:Canyons
1088:Tharsis
1033:Cydonia
1015:Regions
1005:Methane
995:Climate
650:Bibcode
280:and by
273:Phoenix
227:ice cap
216:⁄
199:Ice cap
99:15°00′E
96:88°00′N
52:15°00′E
49:88°00′N
1937:Portal
1915:
1904:
1656:Comets
1551:Deimos
1546:Phobos
1508:Deimos
1491:Phobos
1195:Plains
1163:Mensae
1153:Fossae
911:HiRISE
757:(2006)
753:, The
668:
642:Nature
467:
360:Hubble
209:HiRISE
187:, and
138:HiRISE
32:Viking
1723:Rover
1708:Flyby
1679:Orbit
1561:Earth
1483:Moons
1417:Water
1293:Lakes
1243:Color
1093:Undae
708:(PDF)
542:(PDF)
369:When
239:Texas
83:Latin
1382:Soil
1127:list
956:Mars
666:PMID
486:1412
473:3400
449:54.7
443:78.5
423:and
362:and
271:The
87:Mars
734:in
658:doi
646:465
453:360
1963::
1623:31
826:^
808:^
770:.
664:.
656:.
644:.
630:^
589:.
544:.
517:.
366:.
284:.
195:.
183:,
179:,
161:.
1939::
1643:2
1633:7
1600:5
1129:)
1125:(
948:e
941:t
934:v
871:.
851:.
802:.
781:.
716:.
693:.
672:.
660::
652::
624:.
599:.
574:.
554:.
527:.
483:=
461:2
437:=
434:d
218:4
214:3
81:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
