255:(sometimes called Slovjak) are less intelligible with Czech and more with Polish and Rusyn. Much overlap can be found between the Northwest and Northeast branches, as even some authors who use the West Slavic and East Slavic categories sometimes utilise the North Slav model instead where it is relevant. Tomasz Kamusella writes that where linguistic continua are considered to start and end is usually dictated by politics rather than linguistics, which is the case among North Slavonic nations too. Majority North Slavonic groups today include the
360:). This model is argued as being more appropriate and linguistically accurate than the triple dissection of east, west and south. Geographer O.T. Ford also writes of the Slavs being "conventionally" divided into three sub-branches (West, East, South), but "in reality" divided only by geographic isolation into two bands that form two dialect continua: North and South – a view mirrored by linguist Tomasz Kamusella. Tracing back to the
251:, Ukrainian shares 70% common vocabulary with Polish and 66% with Slovak, which puts them both ahead of Russian (at 62%) in their lexical proximity to Ukrainian. Furthermore, Tyschenko identified 82 grammatical and phonetic features of the Ukrainian tongue – Polish, Czech and Slovak share upwards of 20 of these characteristics with Ukrainian, whereas Russian apparently only 11. In contrast to other dialects of Slovak,
76:
299:
In terms of language, the greatest contrasts are evident between South Slavic tongues and the rest of the family. Moreover, there are many exceptions and whole dialects that break the division of East and West Slavic languages. According to this view, it makes more sense to divide the Slavs into two
552:
The present-day Slavic peoples are usually divided into the three following groups: West Slavic, East Slavic, and South Slavic. This division has both linguistic and historico-geographical justification, in the sense that on the one hand the respective Slavic languages show some old features which
198:
developed independently of each other with noteworthy cultural differences; as such, various theorists claim that the language communities often grouped into West and East Slavic sub-branches share enough linguistic characteristics to be categorised together as North Slavs. North
Slavonic peoples
106:
by several Slavic authors and politicians writing between 1848 and 1861. They imagined
Slovaks and Rusyns to be one nation or ethnic group consisting of two equal tribes (although Moravčík 1861 regarded Rusyns as a subordinate tribe to the Slovak nation) that inhabited a shared ethno-territory
1207:
Danylenko, Andrii, 2006, "The 'Greek
Accusative' vs. the 'New Slavic Accusative' in the Impersonal Environment: an Areal or Structural Discrepancy?", in: Andrii Danylenko, "Slavica et Islamica. Ukrainian in Context". München: Otto Sagner Verlag,
134:
384:
in countries where Serbo-Croatian is frequently spoken and the majority population is
Orthodox, such as Montenegro. The North Slavic and South Slavic-speaking territories are thus both generally geographically divided between
553:
unite them into the above three groups, and on the other hand the pre- and early historical migrations of the respective Slavic peoples distributed them geographically in just this way.
139:
suggested that a separate, now extinct, branch of North Slavic languages once existed, different from both South, West, and East Slavic. The dialect formerly spoken in the vicinity of
69:
Historically, the term "North Slav" has been used in academia since at least the first half of the 19th century. Since then the concept continued to see use in various publications.
295:. The language areas of the North Slavs and South Slavs have been separated by a broad zones containing three other language communities, namely German, Hungarian, and Romanian.
854:
Dickey, Stephen M. (2010). "Chapter 3: Common Slavic "indeterminate" verbs of motion were really manner-of-motion verbs*". In
Perelmutter, Renee; Hasko, Victoria (eds.).
247:
Professor Michał Łesiów once said that "there are no two languages in the Slavic area that were as equally close to each other as Polish and
Ruthenian". According to
380:
and have or historically had an
Orthodox-majority population. A similar east-west split exists for people speaking South Slavic languages in the Balkans, although
1111:
231:. Ukrainian and Belarusian have both been hugely influenced by Polish in the past centuries due to their geographic and cultural proximity, as well as due to the
430:. Their main inspiration is the lack of a North Slavic branch vis-à-vis the traditional West, East and South Slavic branches. Usually, they are part of a larger
545:
515:, Mrezian) created around 2001 by Libor Sztemon, although they lack a fictional background and an explanation what exactly qualifies them as North Slavic.
98:'North Slavs', 'Northslavs' or 'North Hungarian Slavs' were used as synonyms for the combination of Slovaks and Rusyns living in the northern parts of the
151:
archaisms that did not survive in any other Slavic language, and may be considered a remnant of an ancient North Slavic branch. Another candidate is
364:
split in Late
Antiquity, there are cultural divisions within the North Slavonic language family with regard to writing systems and religions: the
1164:
1134:
621:
573:
1211:
Hult, Arne, "On the verbal morphology of the South Slavic languages (in comparison with the North Slavic languages, especially
Russian",
236:
99:
1246:
1234:
943:
918:
893:
863:
753:
53:
for the West Slavic and East Slavic languages considered as a combined unit, particularly when contrasted to South Slavic languages.
511:
Also included in the group of fictional North Slavic languages are five interrelated language projects (Seversk, Slavëni, Slavisk,
244:
The greatest disparities within the Slavic language family are between South Slavic tongues and the rest of the
Slavonic languages.
1192:
721:
1151:
829:
Tyshchenko, K. (2012). Правда про походження української мови. In: Lytvynenko, S (ed.) Український тиждень, Iss. 39, p. 35.
85:
1092:
119:
793:Łesiów, M. (2011). In: Łabowicz, L. (ed.) Gdzie "sicz", a gdzie "porohy"?!. In: Над Бугом і Нарвою, Iss. 117, p. 15.
38:. However, "North Slavic" is not widely used in this sense. Modern scholars usually divide the Slavic languages into
381:
108:
804:
648:А. Ф. Журавлев, "Лексико-статистическое моделирование системы славянского языкового родства", Moscow, 1994, p. 63.
397:
in the world are found in the eastern parts of both the North Slavic and South Slavic areas, while a minority are
1296:
398:
361:
455:
1215:. Plovdiv October 1995. Dragvoll, University of Trondheim, Linguistics Department (= University of Trondheim.
125:
As a synonym for the combination of Czechs, Slovaks, and Poles (nowadays more commonly known as 'West Slavs').
1129:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. pp. 237–238.
345:
252:
114:'North Slavs', 'Czechoslavs' and 'Slovaks' were used as synonyms for the combination of Czechs, Slovaks and
966:"The Triple Division of the Slavic Languages: A Linguistic Finding, a Product of Politics, or an Accident?"
1264:
Timberlake, Alan, 1978, "On the History of the Velar Phonemes in North Slavic" . In Henrik Birnbaum, ed.,
439:
422:"North Slavic" has been used as a name for several 20th- and 21st-century constructed languages forming a
167:
47:
118:(Rusyns) by Ján Thomášek (1841). The ethno-territory that he imagined corresponds with that of the later
373:
365:
248:
163:
159:
148:
129:
43:
39:
990:
Mareš, František Václav (1980). "Die Tetrachotomie und doppelte Dichotomie der slavischen Sprachen".
435:
390:
386:
344:) – whereas the Southern branch is split into the widely accepted groups of the Southwest languages (
144:
60:
that were created in the 20th and 21st century, and have been derived from existing Slavic languages.
57:
1063:"Uwagi o przestrzeni sakralnej północno-zachodniej słowiańszczyzny i Prus we wczesnym średniowieczu"
431:
406:
357:
329:
152:
1105:
353:
341:
309:
107:(Slovakia and Subcarpathia/Transcarpathia) and was entitled to political representation in the
1230:
1160:
1130:
939:
914:
889:
859:
749:
717:
701:
410:
394:
325:
317:
1091:
Berger, Tilman (2004). "Vom Erfinden Slavischer Sprachen". In M. Okoka; U. Schweier (eds.).
707:
451:
447:
427:
349:
333:
171:
35:
672:
377:
321:
313:
175:
103:
80:
20:
405:
The concept has also been utilised in the archaeological studies as well as that of the
524:
337:
305:
1290:
1276:
268:
208:
93:" are marked as "North-Slavs", while other Slavic groups are marked as "South-Slavs".
1125:
Mannewitz, Cornelia (2011). "Nordslawisch". In Cyril Brosch; Sabine Fiedler (eds.).
1257:
1252:
470:
369:
232:
1224:
1200:
883:
301:
256:
200:
195:
191:
75:
1127:
Florilegium Interlinguisticum. Festschrift für Detlev Blanke zum 70. Geburtstag
443:
292:
264:
228:
90:
603:
Our Country and Our People: An Introduction to American Civilization, Revised
272:
187:
1213:
Papers from First Conference on Formal Approaches to South Slavic Languages
1094:
Germano-Slavistische Beiträge. Festschrift für P. Rehder zum 65. Geburtstag
712:
72:
The following uses of the term "North Slavs" or "North Slavic" are found:
1243:
Kortlandt, Frederik, "Early dialectal diversity in South Slavic II", in:
280:
216:
140:
936:
Mapping Modernities Geographies of Central and Eastern Europe, 1920-2000
1266:
American Contributions to the Eighth International Congress of Slavists
808:
512:
372:
and have or historically had a Catholic-majority population, while the
284:
220:
183:
179:
507:, 2006), a project embedded in a highly elaborated fictional context.
469:
three Uralic-inspired languages from the alternative history project
458:. The best-known examples of constructed North Slavic languages are:
276:
260:
212:
204:
1032:
1006:
965:
770:
1062:
563:
561:
304:, which can then be further categorised as the Northwest tongues (
288:
224:
74:
1226:
The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders
911:
The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe
746:
The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders
1033:"The Dog in Pagan Beliefs of Early Medieval North-Western Slavs"
1223:
Kamusella, Tomasz; Nomachi, Motoki; Gibson, Catherine (2016).
744:
Kamusella, Tomasz; Nomachi, Motoki; Gibson, Catherine (2016).
466:, 1992), the language of a fictional island in the Baltic Sea;
1153:
Interlingvistiko. Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj
34:
for a number of proposed groupings or subdivisions of the
805:"Мови Європи: відстані між мовами за словниковим складом"
1275:
Tommola, Hannu, 2000, "On the Perfect in North Slavic."
1251:(SSGL 30). Amsterdam – New York: Rodopi, 2003, 215-235.
590:. American Psychological Association. 1906. p. 419.
496:
885:
Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory
1159:(in Esperanto). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Rys. p. 309.
550:. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers. pp. 12–13.
446:
or interference from non-Slavic languages such as the
620:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFKamusellaNomachiGibson (
572:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFKamusellaNomachiGibson (
502:
166:languages into one group, due to the fact that the
638:. Living Age Company. 1922. pp. 194–195, 199.
615:
567:
300:main linguistic groups: the North Slavs and the
186:being geographical barriers, in addition to the
89:(1890), Czechs, Moravians, Slovaks, Poles, and "
8:
1007:"Central Europe from a Linguistic Viewpoint"
959:
957:
955:
170:dialects were geographically cut off by the
1281:Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe
1229:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 561.
1061:Szczepanik, Paweł; Wadyl, Sławomir (2012).
739:
737:
735:
733:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
547:The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View
190:. Due to this geographical separation, the
158:An as alternative to or combination of the
1204:(London, 2003), pp. 75 & 114–120.
1110:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
877:
875:
771:"Cultural Proximity of the Slavic Nations"
706:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 183.
913:. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave. p. 34.
888:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
711:
434:scheme and may be based on elements from
856:New Approaches to Slavic Verbs of Motion
1198:Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G.,
536:
1245:Dutch Contributions to the Thirteenth
1103:
695:
693:
1283:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 441-478.
1100:(in German). München. pp. 19–28.
938:. London: Routledge. pp. 21–24.
7:
1272:. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers.
1067:Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
1037:Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
858:. John Benjamins. pp. 67–110.
235:of the Ruthenian population of the
1259:From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic
1247:International Congress of Slavists
843:. Bratislava: Veda.: Ed. I. Ripka.
14:
769:Serafin, Mikołaj (January 2015).
1150:Barandovská-Frank, Věra (2020).
588:Psychological Bulletin, Volume 3
393:, and the great majority of all
128:As an extinct branch of Slavic.
1193:List of Slavic studies journals
616:Kamusella, Nomachi & Gibson
568:Kamusella, Nomachi & Gibson
748:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
237:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
178:in the 9th century along with
100:Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)
30:is used in three main senses:
1:
1217:Working Papers in Linguistics
992:Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch
882:Bethin, Christina Y. (1998).
601:Ruggd, Harold Ordway (1938).
382:the Latin script is spreading
352:) and the Southeast tongues (
503:
86:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
703:Old Church Slavonic Grammar
426:North Slavic branch of the
376:are usually written in the
368:mostly use versions of the
120:First Czechoslovak Republic
109:Imperial Council of Austria
1315:
1190:
1005:Kamusella, Tomasz (2010).
964:Kamusella, Tomasz (2005).
909:Kamusella, Tomasz (2012).
636:The Living Age, Volume 313
497:
442:, historical pidgins like
395:Eastern Orthodox believers
328:) and the Northeast ones (
18:
1031:Kajkowski, Kamil (2015).
413:by scholars in the 2010s.
409:of Slavic peoples in the
362:Greek East and Latin West
155:in the Lekhitic subgroup.
16:Group of Slavic languages
1249:, Ljubljana: Linguistics
934:Dingsdale, Alan (2002).
841:Slovenská dialektológia
700:Lunt, Horace G. (2001).
544:Gołąb, Zbigniew (1992).
456:North Germanic languages
19:Not to be confused with
1270:Linguistics and Poetics
1179:Mannewitz, pp. 239-241.
803:Tyschenko, Kostiantyn.
1201:The Slavonic languages
440:North Russian dialects
399:Eastern-rite Catholics
94:
28:North Slavic languages
1256:Kortlandt, Frederik,
1219:28), ss. 105-35. (23)
839:Štolc, Jozef (1994).
713:10.1515/9783110876888
418:Constructed languages
407:pre-Christian beliefs
374:East Slavic languages
366:West Slavic languages
249:Kostiantyn Tyshchenko
78:
65:Proposed subdivisions
58:constructed languages
21:North Slavey language
1011:Age of Globalization
605:. Ginn. p. 157.
504:Novegradeskej lizike
498:Новеградескей лизике
490:Skuodian (2002); and
391:Western Christianity
145:Old Novgorod dialect
677:the-stewardship.org
432:alternative history
147:) contains several
970:IWM Working Papers
618:, p. 238–239.
199:today include the
174:settlement of the
130:Anatoli Zhuravlyov
95:
1166:978-83-65483-88-1
1136:978-3-631-61328-3
679:. The Stewardship
411:Early Middle Ages
116:Rusniaks/Rustines
1304:
1297:Slavic languages
1240:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1058:
1052:
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1049:
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1028:
1022:
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1019:
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996:
995:
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981:
980:
978:
977:
961:
950:
949:
931:
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906:
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899:
879:
870:
869:
851:
845:
844:
836:
830:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
807:. Archived from
800:
794:
791:
785:
784:
782:
780:
775:
766:
760:
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741:
728:
727:
715:
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684:
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649:
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598:
592:
591:
584:
578:
577:
565:
556:
555:
541:
506:
500:
499:
452:Baltic languages
448:Uralic languages
428:Slavic languages
253:Eastern dialects
138:
56:for a number of
36:Slavic languages
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
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1237:
1222:
1195:
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1046:
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984:
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828:
824:
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797:
792:
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756:
743:
742:
731:
724:
699:
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682:
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669:
652:
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629:
619:
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599:
595:
586:
585:
581:
571:
566:
559:
543:
542:
538:
533:
521:
436:Old Novgorodian
420:
378:Cyrillic script
176:Pannonian plain
132:
104:Austrian Empire
81:Austria-Hungary
79:In this map of
67:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1285:
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1273:
1262:
1254:
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1235:
1220:
1209:
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1165:
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997:
982:
951:
944:
926:
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901:
894:
871:
864:
846:
831:
822:
811:on May 1, 2015
795:
786:
761:
754:
729:
722:
689:
650:
641:
627:
608:
593:
579:
570:, p. 239.
557:
535:
534:
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529:
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525:South Germanic
520:
517:
509:
508:
493:
492:
491:
488:
481:
467:
419:
416:
415:
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346:Serbo-Croatian
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245:
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126:
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66:
63:
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54:
51:
15:
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1238:
1236:9781137348395
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945:9780415216203
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920:9780230294738
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755:9781137348395
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495:Novegradian (
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489:
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485:Naŝica/Nasika
482:
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