5635:
2918:
1309:
2638:
38:
1147:
1562:
4373:
5647:
3597:
599:
3609:
1127:. Although he landed in the mouth of the Daugava in 1200 with only 23 ships and 500 soldiers, the bishop's efforts ensured that a constant flow of recruits followed. The first crusaders usually arrived to fight during the spring and returned to their homes in the autumn. To ensure a permanent military presence, the
1328:
appearing as allies of different sides at different times. Hillforts, which were the key centres of
Estonian counties, were besieged and captured a number of times. A truce between the war-weary sides was established for three years (1213â1215) and proved generally more favourable to the Germans, who
828:
neighbors to the north and south had been common for several centuries before the crusade. The previous battles had largely been caused by attempts to destroy castles and sea trade routes to gain an economic advantage in the region, and the crusade basically continued this pattern of conflict, albeit
1319:
By 1208, the
Germans were strong enough to begin operations against the Estonians, who were at that time divided into eight major and several smaller counties led by elders with limited cooperation between them. In 1208â1227, war parties of the different sides rampaged through the Livonian, Northern
1118:
of Bremen to
Christianise the Baltic countries. By the time Albert died 30 years later, the conquest and formal Christianisation of present-day Estonia and northern Latvia was complete. Albert began his task by touring the Empire, preaching a Crusade against the Baltic countries, and was assisted in
1553:
in 1260 a force of
Samogitians and Curonians overpowered the united forces of the Livonian and Teutonic Orders; over the following years, however, the Crusaders gradually subjugated the Curonians, and in 1267 concluded the peace treaty stipulating the obligations and the rights of their defeated
1728:
Campaigns against
Yotvingians and Lithuanians were also conducted in the years 1248â1282 by princes BolesĆaw the Chaste and Leszek the Black. They defeated the forces of pagans invading Mazovia, Kujawy and the Lublin region. They also carried out several expeditions to Yotvingian territories.
1062:
crusaders in the region, Estonia was attacked thirteen times by
Russian principalities, and by Denmark and Sweden as well. Estonians for their part made raids upon Denmark and Sweden. There were peaceful attempts by some Catholics to convert the Estonians, starting with missions dispatched by
1841:
against the "barbarians" that threatened
Christianity in Finland. The nationality of the "barbarians", presumably a citation from Archbishop's earlier letter, remains unknown, and was not necessarily known even by the Pope. However, as the trade embargo was widened eight years later, it was
590:
At the outset of the northern crusades, Christian monarchs across northern Europe commissioned forays into territories that comprise modern-day
Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. The indigenous populations of Pagans suffered forced baptisms and the ravages of military
1761:
in 1226. Already in 1234, a great expedition began, in which the Polish forces of Konrad of
Mazovia and the Teutonic Knights defeated the Baltic Prussians in the battle on the DzierzgoĆ river. After the subjugation of the Prussians, the Teutonic Knights fought against the
1258:), became the most loyal ally of German crusaders against the Estonians, and he died a Catholic martyr in 1215. The war against the Latgallian and Selonian countries along the Daugava waterway started in 1208 by the occupation of the Orthodox Principality of
1712:). Subjected to constant Prussian counter-raids, Konrad wanted to stabilize the north of the Duchy of Masovia in this fight over the border area of CheĆmno Land. Masovia became part of Poland in the 10th century but native Prussians,
1786:, the King of Lithuania, was baptised together with his wife after his coronation in 1253, hoping that this would help stop the Crusaders' attacks, which it did not. The Teutonic Knights failed to subdue Lithuania, which officially
1449:, military action on Saaremaa broke out again. In 1261, warfare continued as the Oeselians had once more renounced Christianity and killed all the Germans on the island. A peace treaty was signed after the united forces of the
1635:) right next to the TÄrvete castle in 1287. The same year the Semigallians made another attempt to conquer Riga, but again failed to take it. On their return home, Livonian knights attacked them, but were defeated at the
1185:) was converted to the Roman Catholic faith. The last battle against the Livonians was the siege of Satezele hillfort near to Sigulda in 1212. The Livonians, who had been paying tribute to the East Slavic Principality of
1781:
in 1236, coinciding with a series of revolts in
Estonia, the Livonian Order was inherited by the Teutonic Order, allowing the Teutonic Knights to exercise political control over large territories in the Baltic region.
1418:
attempted the second conquest of Saaremaa, this time establishing a stone fortress housing a strong garrison. The Danish stronghold was besieged and surrendered within five days, the Danish garrison returned to
1609:. Duke Nameisis' warriors unsuccessfully attacked Riga in 1280, in response to which around 14,000 crusaders besieged Turaida castle in 1281. To conquer the remaining Semigallian hillforts the Order's master
1493:, and Curonian population in the northeastern part of Courland) by treaty in 1230. In the same year, the papal vice-legate Baldouin of Alnea annulled this agreement and concluded an agreement with the ruler (
1057:
to their west. The difference in creeds was one of the reasons they were able to resist being forcibly converted to a different religion. During a period of more than 150 years leading up to the arrival of
6420:
5423:
1300:, did Latgallian countries finally become the possession of German conquerors. The territory of the former Principality of Jersika was divided between the Bishop of Riga and the Livonian Order in 1239.
1716:, and Lithuanians were still living in the territories north of Masovia, where no settled borders existed. Konrad's military weakness led him in 1226 to ask the Roman Catholic monastic order of the
1193:. As the German grip tightened, the Livonians rebelled against the crusaders and the christened chief but were put down. Caupo of Turaida remained an ally of the crusaders until his death in the
1489:, had been reluctant to conduct a large scale campaign against them. After Albert's death in 1229, the crusaders secured the peaceful submission of Vanemane (a county with a mixed Livonian,
7065:
6214:
5312:
1678:
From 1147 the Polish Duke of Mazovia, Boleslaw the Curly, led many expeditions against pagan Prussia, some of them were successful and the conquest of parts of the Prussian territories.
4409:
1341:
was also killed. Since 1211, his name had come to the attention of the German chroniclers as a notable Estonian elder, and he had become the central figure of the Estonian resistance.
7278:
5619:
5614:
841:
1507:, delivering his kingdom into the hands of the papacy. Baldouin became the popes's delegate in Courland and bishop of Semigallia; however, the Germans complained about him to the
1049:
By the 12th century, the peoples inhabiting the lands now known as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania formed a pagan wedge between increasingly powerful rival Christian states â the
1031:
mentioned in his Christmas feast speech a major victory over the Finns. The two next known crusades were made in 1191 and in 1202. The latter one was led by the Bishop of Lund,
3992:
1589:
decided in 1251 to abolish the Bishopric of Semigallia, and divided its territories between the Bishopric of Riga and the Order of Livonia. In 1265 a stone castle was built at
7369:
4347:
3266:
2863:
4963:
4443:
5684:
5338:
5413:
1139:
to popularize recruitment to his army and the name "Mary's Land" has survived up to modern times. This is noticeable in one of the names given to Livonia at the time,
1908:, who had also attempted to subjugate, raid and convert the pagan Estonians. The Estonians also sometimes attempted to ally with the Russians against the Crusaders.
7389:
1411:
in Western Estonia. Oeselians attacked the Swedish stronghold the same year, conquered it and killed the entire Swedish garrison including the Bishop of Linköping.
6430:
6177:
74:
5989:
4723:
4450:
3646:
1329:
consolidated their political position, while the Estonians were unable to develop their system of loose alliances into a centralised state. The Livonian leader
852:
6697:
6712:
4402:
4106:
3016:
218:
7359:
7161:
4996:
4489:
2696:
6734:
5838:
5378:
4677:
3668:
1135:
in 1201 attracted citizens from the Empire and economic prosperity ensued. At Albert's request, Pope Innocent III dedicated the Baltic countries to the
844:
6040:
2554:
1360:
the Danes established a fortress, which was besieged by Estonians in 1220 and 1223 but held out. Eventually, the whole of northern Estonia came under
7206:
7156:
6463:
6076:
5131:
3886:
2110:
6468:
4395:
3534:
2856:
843:
842:
3286:
847:
7313:
7181:
6425:
6333:
6064:
5984:
5932:
5730:
4825:
4767:
3956:
2449:"Bull ratifying ownership by the Finnish church of former pagan groves and sanctuaries which the converts have voluntarily given to the church"
1232:
After the subjugation of the Livonians, the crusaders turned their attention to the Latgallian principalities to the east, along the Gauja and
5942:
5677:
848:
846:
1344:
The Christian kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden were also greedy for conquests on the Eastern shores of the Baltic. While the Swedes made only
4635:
4531:
3777:
5497:
7354:
6914:
5395:
5282:
3980:
3968:
3846:
3589:
3570:
2892:
2880:
2593:
839:
2356:"To prohibit trade with the Russians as enemies of the Catholic faith for as long as they hate and attack the recently converted Finns"
1911:
Wars between the two sides continued intermittently on several occasions, and halted the eastward expansion of the Teutonic Order, but
226:
7364:
6512:
6415:
5535:
4837:
4588:
3705:
2897:
2849:
2818:
1434:
crossed the frozen sea while the Saaremaa fleet was icebound, in January 1227. After the surrender of two major Oeselian strongholds,
840:
104:
67:
1400:
4667:
3639:
2520:
2413:"To ensure that no injustice be done to the Bishop, clergy and people of Finland, which the Holy See has taken under its protection"
2377:"To prohibit trade with the Russians as enemies of the Catholic faith for as long as they hate and attack the newly converted Finns"
2251:
2206:
2165:
2085:
2058:
2033:
7151:
2433:(in Latin). Letter to the Bishop of Linköping, the Cistercian Abbot of Gotland and the Provost of Visby. Diplomatarium Fennicum 75.
2415:(in Latin). Letter to the bishop of Linköping, the Cistercian Abbot of Gotland and the Provost of Visby. Diplomatarium Fennicum 73.
1924:
1593:, on the Lielupe, and became the main military base for crusader attacks against the Semigallians. In 1271 the capital hillfort of
1461:, including mainland Estonians and Latvians, defeated the Oeselians by conquering their stronghold at Kaarma. Soon thereafter, the
896:
863:
618:
393:
6929:
6828:
6287:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5670:
5438:
4918:
4808:
3765:
3376:
3311:
2335:"To prevent all supplies to the barbarian peoples who surrounded his diocese, in order thereby to possibly inhibit their attacks"
1320:
Latgallian, and Estonian counties, with Livonians and Latgallians normally as allies of the Crusaders, and the Principalities of
595:
profited immensely from the crusades, as did German merchants who fanned out along trading routes traversing the Baltic frontier.
196:
2469:(in Latin). Letter to the Bishop of Linköping, the Cistercian Abbot of Gotland and the Dean of Visby. Diplomatarium Fennicum 78.
2431:"To prohibit trade with the Russians as enemies of the Catholic faith as long as they hate and attack the newly converted Finns"
1107:) in 1198. Although the crusaders won their first battle, Bishop Berthold was mortally wounded and the crusaders were repelled.
838:
7384:
7379:
7014:
6744:
6483:
6440:
6323:
6313:
6123:
6086:
5760:
5755:
5750:
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4857:
4477:
4455:
4320:
3783:
3721:
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3456:
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849:
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7042:
6719:
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6159:
6050:
5172:
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4438:
4430:
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4176:
3795:
2767:
1863:
1388:
1297:
1128:
918:
729:
1194:
2788:
850:
7318:
7308:
6729:
6527:
6497:
6338:
6189:
6142:
5880:
5467:
5046:
5021:
4630:
4335:
3771:
2701:
2547:
1963:
1787:
1027:
are known to have made at least three crusades to Finland. The first mention of these crusades is from 1187 when crusader
670:
60:
3144:
1958:
1919:
1522:
by the Samogitians and Semigallians, the remnants of the Sword Brothers were reorganized in 1237 as a subdivision of the
1427:'s brother Theodoric, and few others, behind as hostages for peace. The castle was razed to the ground by the Oeselians.
1395:
raided the territories in Latvia that were under German rule the following spring. In 1220, the Swedish army led by king
989:
845:
6507:
5507:
5026:
5016:
4472:
3632:
3381:
2991:
2282:
1934:
609:
483:
473:
296:
2109:
Pluskowski, Aleksander, "Crusading into the medieval Baltic: Stanford Humanities Center Q&A with Aleks Pluskowski"
6871:
6517:
6502:
6488:
6395:
6385:
5875:
5472:
4615:
3036:
2749:
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907:
405:
398:
301:
4842:
3386:
2397:(in Latin). Letter to the Bishop and Abbot of the Order of St John and the Dean of LĂŒbeck. Diplomatarium Fennicum 72.
2379:(in Latin). Letter to the Bishop and Abbot of the Order of St John and the Dean of LĂŒbeck. Diplomatarium Fennicum 76.
2467:"To prevent merchants of Gotland from engaging in trade with the heathens harassing the Christian church in Finland"
1189:, had at first considered the Germans useful allies. The first prominent Livonian to be christened was their leader
7349:
6522:
6390:
6194:
5481:
4506:
3202:
2932:
1941:
1803:
1123:
which declared that fighting against the Baltic heathens was of the same rank as participating in a crusade to the
46:
1554:
rivals. The unconquered southern parts of their territories (Ceklis and Megava) were united under the rule of the
1376:(Ăsel), whose war fleets had raided Denmark and Sweden during the years of fighting against the German crusaders.
7301:
6784:
6248:
6138:
5540:
5242:
4553:
4342:
2872:
1542:. In 1245 Pope Innocent IV allotted two-thirds of conquered Courland to the Livonian Order, and one third to the
1454:
3234:
7323:
7291:
7186:
6866:
6679:
6172:
6108:
5373:
4948:
4465:
3839:
3789:
2953:
2917:
2907:
2686:
2540:
1893:
1830:
1763:
1555:
517:
31:
2358:(in Latin). Letter to the Bishop and Archdeacon of Riga and the Abbot of DĂŒnamĂŒnde. Diplomatarium Fennicum 74.
206:
1639:, in which the Orders' master Villekin and at least 35 knights lost their lives. The new master of the Order
1578:
6534:
6410:
6292:
6091:
5693:
4991:
4847:
4574:
4090:
3759:
3716:
3558:
3472:
3316:
3189:
3095:
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2600:
2572:
1870:
1276:), accused by crusaders of being in alliance with Lithuanian pagans. After the defeat, the king of Jersika,
1068:
1050:
578:
557:
crusades. Some of these wars were called crusades during the Middle Ages, but others, including most of the
540:
433:
3215:
1888:, accompanied the Northern Crusades. One of the major blows for the idea of the conquest of Russia was the
7254:
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6759:
6380:
6301:
5709:
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5348:
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3341:
3170:
3132:
3114:
2968:
2958:
2691:
2671:
2659:
1915:
attempt to take Estonia and Livonia also failed, and the area was firmly dominated by the Teutonic Order.
1640:
1486:
981:
825:
771:
733:
725:
702:
438:
366:
3228:
1610:
1531:
1200:
The German crusaders enlisted newly baptised Livonian warriors to participate in their campaigns against
7249:
7191:
7082:
7077:
6955:
6949:
6749:
6297:
6262:
6167:
6081:
5863:
5358:
5343:
5056:
4913:
4820:
4620:
4603:
4516:
4460:
4376:
3911:
3829:
3688:
3496:
3450:
3425:
3138:
3126:
3001:
2948:
2778:
2773:
1834:
1543:
1248:
was the only peaceful subjugation of the Baltic tribes during the Nordic crusades. The ruler of TÄlava,
1136:
1111:
985:
977:
741:
721:
558:
371:
361:
6375:
5408:
4968:
3866:
3725:
3411:
468:
1308:
1285:
7239:
7196:
7146:
6934:
6886:
6881:
6856:
6692:
6646:
6549:
6539:
6368:
6219:
6133:
5905:
5895:
5858:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5517:
5444:
5287:
5247:
5066:
4943:
4882:
4687:
4662:
4598:
4366:
4325:
4085:
3856:
3824:
3391:
3030:
3006:
2588:
1798:. However, even after the country was officially converted, the conflict continued up until the 1410
1606:
1534:, the crusaders began the military conquest of Courland. They defeated the Curonians as far south as
1357:
562:
42:
2498:"To protect the Bishop of Finland and the recently converted Finns from the attacks of the Russians"
1337:(Fellin) on 21 September 1217, but the battle was a crushing defeat for the Estonians, whose leader
1288:(1218â1226), and then came under the rule of the Livonian Order (and eventually the stone castle of
7263:
7244:
7072:
6984:
6979:
6906:
6707:
6624:
6599:
6478:
6458:
6405:
6306:
6204:
6101:
6069:
6013:
5639:
5363:
5353:
5302:
5160:
5146:
5006:
4748:
4511:
4295:
3906:
3552:
3484:
3291:
2986:
2798:
2783:
2714:
2124:
1993:
The Expansion of the Faith: Crusading on the Frontiers of Latin Christendom in the High Middle Ages
1750:
1697:
1681:
1263:
1178:
1100:
1064:
478:
463:
413:
271:
241:
7211:
6961:
6891:
6808:
6796:
6773:
6569:
6343:
6184:
6128:
6118:
5920:
5704:
5651:
5428:
5197:
5121:
5089:
4908:
4877:
4714:
4702:
4563:
4501:
4152:
4062:
4050:
4027:
3891:
3801:
3743:
3601:
3460:
3176:
3042:
2823:
2719:
2706:
2681:
2610:
2075:
1799:
1693:
1668:
1655:
were conquered and most of the Semigallian warriors joined the Samogitian and Lithuanian forces.
1391:
and the bishop Theodorich joined forces and invaded Saaremaa over the frozen sea. In return, the
1115:
885:
874:
654:
627:
570:
388:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
291:
286:
259:
236:
109:
99:
6282:
5217:
3361:
3296:
1504:
1408:
181:
37:
7136:
7055:
7050:
7004:
6999:
6944:
6813:
6609:
5994:
5915:
5853:
5597:
5502:
5277:
5263:
5237:
5222:
5126:
5111:
5041:
5031:
4900:
4832:
4733:
4697:
4593:
3546:
3240:
3024:
2996:
2981:
2976:
2726:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2516:
2330:
2247:
2202:
2161:
2081:
2054:
2029:
2025:
2018:
1929:
1905:
1889:
1881:
1843:
1826:
1795:
1431:
1312:
1241:
1007:
666:
423:
231:
136:
1652:
6896:
6836:
6224:
6209:
5910:
5890:
5885:
5868:
5848:
5487:
5292:
5272:
5192:
5177:
5076:
4978:
4852:
4692:
4650:
4645:
4625:
4608:
4521:
4184:
3973:
3949:
3901:
3521:
3509:
3164:
2736:
2605:
2051:
The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity
1717:
1689:
1664:
1636:
1396:
1345:
1330:
1293:
1190:
1166:
1079:
Moving in the wake of German merchants who were now following the old trading routes of the
1044:
745:
554:
550:
510:
455:
418:
383:
378:
276:
246:
211:
141:
114:
1704:) in 1220. However, this order was largely ineffective, and Konrad's campaigns against the
1648:
7269:
7171:
7109:
6851:
6802:
6348:
6003:
5545:
5512:
5456:
5450:
5307:
5212:
5116:
4928:
4422:
4252:
4209:
4199:
4194:
4147:
4141:
4077:
3997:
3351:
3336:
3306:
3108:
2676:
2563:
2493:
2462:
2444:
2426:
2408:
2390:
2372:
2351:
1885:
1778:
1550:
1519:
1446:
1237:
1054:
945:
939:
737:
710:
514:
428:
353:
254:
191:
186:
161:
146:
131:
3466:
2793:
2709:
1709:
1643:
organised the last campaigns against the Semigallians in 1289 and 1290; the hillforts of
1466:
673:). The non-Christian people who were objects of the campaigns at various dates included:
1387:
landed on Saaremaa and attempted to establish a stronghold without success. In 1216 the
1280:, became the vassal of the Bishop of Livonia and received part of his country (southern
7273:
7259:
7234:
7229:
7020:
6994:
6924:
6739:
6641:
6636:
6619:
6559:
6453:
6400:
6229:
6149:
5998:
5608:
5433:
5227:
5202:
5166:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5084:
4938:
4923:
4862:
4738:
4728:
4484:
4234:
4204:
4189:
4131:
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4056:
4039:
3881:
3734:
3371:
3326:
3276:
2760:
2755:
1877:
1738:
1569:
The conquest of Semigallian counties started in 1219 when crusaders from Riga occupied
1527:
1523:
1482:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1424:
1384:
1361:
1084:
1032:
961:
949:
922:
817:
592:
591:
occupation. Spearheading, but by no means monopolizing these incursions, the ascendant
448:
348:
201:
166:
151:
1561:
1169:. In order to gain control over the left bank of Gauja, the stone castle was built in
7343:
7176:
7113:
7102:
6989:
6876:
6779:
6767:
6631:
6604:
6594:
6544:
6277:
6023:
5843:
5492:
5418:
5384:
5368:
5328:
5011:
4986:
4762:
4672:
4657:
4579:
4269:
4126:
4009:
3931:
3871:
3834:
3613:
3490:
3396:
2741:
2142:
1838:
1758:
1705:
1249:
1233:
1140:
1095:
proclaimed a crusade against the Baltic pagans in 1195, which was reiterated by Pope
1092:
1088:
787:
767:
706:
646:
176:
171:
156:
126:
2181:
Haggren, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015).
1842:
specifically said to be against the Russians. Based on Papal letters from 1229, the
7201:
7131:
7009:
6818:
6789:
6656:
6353:
6096:
6055:
5602:
5477:
5333:
5297:
5036:
4958:
4802:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4526:
4257:
4229:
4159:
3851:
3816:
3695:
3663:
3655:
3346:
3331:
3321:
3301:
3281:
2654:
2646:
2500:(in Latin). Letter to the Order of the Sword in Livonia. Diplomatarium Fennicum 80.
2395:"Concerning the removal of the diocesan see in Finland to a more suitable location"
1774:
1372:
The last Estonian county to hold out against the invaders was the island county of
1213:
1104:
1096:
1028:
995:
809:
777:
717:
528:
443:
264:
1975:
1866:
send troops to protect Finland. Whether any knights ever arrived remains unknown.
1538:, near the contemporary border with Lithuania, and founded their main fortress at
1146:
4387:
2241:
2196:
6841:
6702:
6673:
6614:
6589:
6584:
6448:
6363:
6257:
6238:
5947:
5403:
5232:
5207:
5182:
5155:
5142:
5051:
4953:
4640:
4315:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4262:
4247:
4242:
3961:
3944:
3896:
3406:
3401:
3063:
1953:
1912:
1807:
1770:
1713:
1692:
in crusades in 1219 and 1222. Taking the advice of the first Bishop of Prussia,
1586:
1508:
1415:
1380:
1349:
1266:. The campaign continued in 1209 with an attack on the Orthodox Principality of
1217:
1201:
1071:
in 1045â1072. However, these peaceful efforts seem to have had limited success.
797:
793:
755:
658:
489:
281:
17:
5646:
3596:
2222:
1737:
The Northern Crusades provided a rationale for the growth and expansion of the
1708:
were answered by incursions into the already captured territory of Culmerland (
637:
Pomerania conquered in 1219, lost in 1227. Ăsel purchased in 1559, lost in 1645
7221:
6971:
6919:
6724:
6554:
6199:
6028:
5972:
5967:
5187:
4772:
4136:
4017:
3356:
1847:
1594:
1570:
1539:
1512:
1120:
999:
598:
574:
543:
536:
532:
1284:) as a fiefdom. The Selonian stronghold of SÄlpils was briefly the seat of a
7216:
7166:
7092:
7087:
6861:
6846:
6574:
6564:
6267:
6253:
5977:
4164:
3478:
3366:
2841:
1892:
in 1242. With or without the Pope's blessing, Sweden also undertook several
1815:
1783:
1602:
1582:
1478:
1392:
1277:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1174:
1124:
1024:
1003:
965:
781:
763:
759:
751:
686:
678:
566:
1859:
1535:
1245:
5662:
1904:
Livonian missionary and crusade activity in Estonia caused conflicts with
1581:. After several unsuccessful campaigns against the pagan Semigallian duke
7060:
6939:
6579:
6272:
6018:
6008:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5001:
4755:
4743:
3985:
3939:
3876:
3700:
3684:
2828:
2580:
1749:
which had been founded in Palestine at the end of the 12th century. Duke
1598:
1373:
1334:
1019:
521:
84:
1006:
during the period from 1150 to 1293. The wars with the Eastern Orthodox
7097:
7027:
6687:
6651:
5258:
4872:
4494:
4033:
4022:
3861:
2451:(in Latin). Letter to the Bishop of Finland. Diplomatarium Fennicum 77.
2337:(in Latin). Letter to the Bishop of Finland. Diplomatarium Fennicum 64.
2100:
Christiansen, Eric. The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 71
1846:
requested the Pope enforce a trade embargo against Novgorodians on the
1791:
1746:
1742:
1685:
1590:
1574:
1500:
1445:
In 1236, after the defeat of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the
1439:
1420:
1353:
1338:
1321:
1292:
was built in its place). Only in 1224, with the division of TÄlava and
1289:
1281:
1267:
1259:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1151:
1080:
1059:
957:
801:
1352:
of Denmark had landed at the Estonian town of Lindanisse (present-day
669:
had begun moving to subjugate their pagan neighbors even earlier (see
6113:
6033:
5900:
4867:
4777:
4682:
4044:
1873:
1819:
1811:
1754:
1644:
1490:
1404:
1131:
were founded in 1202. The founding by Bishop Albert of the market at
821:
698:
662:
1530:. In 1242, under the leadership of the master of the Livonian Order
1181:) and the mixed LivonianâLatgallian inhabited county of Idumea (now
569:, but also against "other pagans in those parts" were authorized by
1757:
appealed to the Knights to defend his borders and subdue the pagan
6661:
2532:
1851:
1560:
1325:
1307:
1162:
1145:
953:
813:
682:
597:
524:
36:
2497:
2466:
2448:
2430:
2412:
2394:
2376:
2355:
2334:
1103:, landed in Livonia (part of present-day Latvia, surrounding the
1099:, and a crusading expedition led by Meinhard's successor, Bishop
6358:
3692:
2805:
2302:
Kronika polska Marcina Kromera biskupa warmiĆskiego ksiÄ
g XXX...
1855:
1435:
1236:
rivers. The military alliance in 1208 and later conversion from
1132:
1091:
in present-day Latvia in 1180 and was made bishop in 1186. Pope
830:
694:
690:
5666:
5424:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
4391:
3628:
3624:
2845:
2536:
56:
1348:
into western Estonia in 1220, the Danish Fleet headed by King
837:
2246:. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 113â114.
2053:. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 606.
2289:. New York: The Polish Book Importing Company. p. 628.
52:
1228:
Campaign against the Latgallians and Selonians (1208â1224)
1157:
In 1206, the crusaders subdued the Livonian stronghold in
653:
The official starting point for the Northern Crusades was
5313:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
1473:
Wars against the Curonians and Semigallians (1201â1290)
7279:
Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
994:
The Swedish crusades were campaigns by Sweden against
535:
peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the
5344:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
1837:. He authorized the Bishop of Finland to establish a
1724:
Campaigns of BolesĆaw the Chaste and Leszek the Black
1674:
Campaigns of BolesĆaw the Curly and Konrad of Masovia
2269:
BolesĆaw IV KÄdzierzawy â ksiÄ
ĆŒÄ Mazowsza i princeps
968:, and continued irregularly until the 16th century.
7122:
7041:
6970:
6905:
6827:
6758:
6672:
6439:
6322:
6158:
6049:
5931:
5829:
5718:
5528:
5394:
5321:
5256:
5140:
5075:
4977:
4899:
4801:
4790:
4713:
4573:
4562:
4429:
4348:
Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions
4308:
4222:
4175:
4114:
4101:
4076:
4008:
3930:
3815:
3752:
3677:
3662:
3506:
3424:
3257:
3155:
3062:
3055:
3015:
2967:
2941:
2925:
2879:
2735:
2645:
2579:
2160:. Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys. pp. 126â127.
1720:to come to Prussia and suppress the Old Prussians.
2017:
45:against Estonian pagans, 15 June 1219. Painted by
2143:"Poland and the papacy before the second crusade"
1995:. Turnhout: Brepols, 2022. ISBN 978-2-503-58880-3
1862:. A few years later, the Pope also requested the
833:and undertaken by Papal knights and armed monks.
5414:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
1442:, the Oeselians formally accepted Christianity.
27:12th/13th century crusades around the Baltic Sea
1597:was conquered, but Semigallians under the Duke
1173:before 1210. By 1211, the Livonian province of
2074:Pope Alexander III; Curtin, D. P. (May 2008).
2011:
2009:
1833:after receiving alarming information from the
657:'s call in 1195, but the Catholic kingdoms of
5678:
4403:
3640:
2857:
2548:
1829:was again worried about the situation in the
561:, were first dubbed crusades by 19th-century
68:
8:
2513:The popes and the Baltic crusades, 1147â1254
1614:
1601:rebelled in 1279, and the Lithuanians under
1315:, Estonia, constructed by the Teutonic Order
1296:counties between the Bishop of Riga and the
2697:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
2131:, (University of Harvard Press, 2006), 488.
2049:Hunyadi, Zsolt; JĂłzsef Laszlovszky (2001).
1620:
1494:
1271:
1253:
7370:History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
6755:
5685:
5671:
5663:
5429:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
5379:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
4798:
4787:
4570:
4410:
4396:
4388:
4172:
4111:
3927:
3674:
3647:
3633:
3625:
3535:Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions
3152:
3059:
2864:
2850:
2842:
2555:
2541:
2533:
2319:(in Polish). GdaĆsk: Morskie. p. 140.
1769:When the Livonian knights were crushed by
1304:Campaign against the Estonians (1208â1224)
1075:Campaign against the Livonians (1198â1212)
75:
61:
53:
2483:documents 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, and 78.
1869:The Teutonic Order's attempts to conquer
820:who dwelt by the Baltic shores and their
2129:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
1991:Paul Srodecki and Norbert Kersken, eds.
1430:A 20,000 strong army under Papal legate
1165:River, the ancient trading route to the
7103:Fostering of early experimental science
2367:
2365:
2346:
2344:
2315:Biskup, Marian; Labuda, Gerard (1986).
2005:
1379:In 1206, a Danish army led by the king
960:. The crusade occurred parallel to the
956:") of what is now northern and eastern
7390:Military history of the Teutonic Order
7207:Fundamentalist â Modernist controversy
1790:in 1386 on the marriage of Grand Duke
1688:, unsuccessfully attempted to conquer
1605:defeated Livonian Order forces in the
1485:, considering Courland a tributary of
565:historians. However, crusades against
3120:
7:
2317:Dzieje Zakonu KrzyĆŒackiego w Prusach
1788:converted to (Catholic) Christianity
1481:had attacked Riga in 1201 and 1210,
944:The campaigns started with the 1147
635: Conquered by Denmark in 1219 (
549:The most notable campaigns were the
520:and kingdoms, primarily against the
5283:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
3590:Episcopal Conference of Scandinavia
3571:Roman Catholic Diocese of Stockholm
2201:. Columbia University Press. 1961.
1518:After their decisive defeat in the
829:now inspired and prescribed by the
748:in these areas had started earlier.
7360:History of Christianity in Estonia
4838:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
3706:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2267:BiniaĆ-Szkopek, Magdalena (2009).
1978:, article about the crusades from
1894:crusades against Orthodox Novgorod
1515:removed Baldouin as his delegate.
121:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
105:Military order (religious society)
25:
2511:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, I.M. (2007).
2198:The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
2024:. London: Penguin Books. p.
1822:, defeated the Teutonic Knights.
1794:to the 11-year-old, female, king
1585:and his Samogitian kinsfolk, the
1368:Wars against Saaremaa (1206â1261)
5645:
5633:
4964:Fourth Council of Constantinople
4919:Second Council of Constantinople
4372:
4371:
3607:
3595:
2916:
2636:
2515:. Brill. pp. 215â218, 220.
2304:(in Polish). Sanok. p. 475.
2227:Salmonsens konversationsleksikon
2141:von GĂŒttner-SporzyĆski, Darius.
1114:was appointed by the Archbishop
4934:Third Council of Constantinople
4858:First Council of Constantinople
4321:Latin Church in the Middle East
3565:Scandinavian Bishops Conference
1876:(particularly the Republics of
1696:, Konrad founded the crusading
7066:Separation of church and state
6735:Formal and material principles
6720:Separation of church and state
5173:Dissolution of the monasteries
4439:History of the Catholic Church
3377:St. Clare's Priory (Stockholm)
2768:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
2655:Latin Empire of Constantinople
1925:Livonian campaign against Rus'
1864:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1389:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1129:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
227:Crusades after Acre, 1291â1399
1:
6730:Hymnody of continental Europe
5881:Apostles in the New Testament
5047:Fourth Council of the Lateran
5022:Second Council of the Lateran
4631:Apostles in the New Testament
3525:
3431:
3244:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3099:
3086:
3069:
2702:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia
2283:Lewinski-Corwin, Edward Henry
2156:Jensen, Kurt Villads (2019).
1964:Christianization of Lithuania
1884:), an enterprise endorsed by
1010:also had a religious aspect.
804:, unsuccessfully, 1236â1410).
671:Christianization of Pomerania
43:Battle of Lindanise (Tallinn)
5161:Catholic Counter-Reformation
5027:Third Council of the Lateran
5017:First Council of the Lateran
4473:Catholic ecumenical councils
1980:Ancient History Encyclopedia
1935:Danish Campaigns to Novgorod
1565:TÄrvete castle hill in 2010.
1465:established a stone fort at
6178:Eastern Orthodox opposition
2750:State of the Teutonic Order
2623:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2016:Christiansen, Erik (1997).
1385:Andreas, the Bishop of Lund
1195:Battle of St. Matthew's Day
1087:landed at the mouth of the
808:Armed conflict between the
602:Northern countries in 1219
7411:
7355:Christianization of Europe
6195:Art patronage of Julius II
4507:History of the Roman Curia
3382:St. John's Priory (Kalmar)
2240:Urban, William L. (1994).
2112:Stanford Humanities Center
1804:First Battle of Tannenberg
1662:
1577:waterway, and founded the
1526:, and became known as the
1333:was killed in battle near
1042:
1017:
975:
937:
29:
7365:13th century in Lithuania
7287:
6698:CalvinistâArminian debate
5700:
5628:
5243:European wars of religion
4554:Eastern Catholic Churches
4361:
4343:Eastern Catholic Churches
3584:
3387:St. Peter's Priory (Lund)
2914:
2873:Catholic Church in Sweden
2814:
2634:
2570:
2185:. Gaudeamus. p. 380.
1810:and Poles, helped by the
1414:In 1222, the Danish king
1298:Order of the Swordbearers
95:Ideology and institutions
92:
7187:Christian existentialism
5374:Mary of the Divine Heart
4997:Clash against the empire
4949:Second Council of Nicaea
4843:Old St. Peter's Basilica
3145:SwedishâNovgorodian Wars
2687:Duchy of the Archipelago
1959:FinnishâNovgorodian wars
1920:SwedishâNovgorodian Wars
1831:Finnish-Novgorodian Wars
1764:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1573:, the major port on the
1556:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1503:in the central Courland
1212:(1208â1227) and against
990:SwedishâNovgorodian Wars
513:campaigns undertaken by
41:Danish crusaders in the
32:Northern Crusades (film)
5694:History of Christianity
5640:Vatican City portal
4992:Investiture Controversy
4848:First Council of Nicaea
4091:Liturgical use of Latin
3717:Pierbattista Pizzaballa
3473:Westrogothian rebellion
3287:Blackfriars (Stockholm)
3096:Archbishopric of Bremen
2903:Saint Francis of Assisi
2667:Kingdom of Thessalonica
2601:Principality of Antioch
2573:List of Crusader states
2300:Marcin, Kromer (1857).
2077:Non Parum Animus Noster
1579:Bishopric of Semigallia
1244:of the Principality of
1150:Ruins of the castle in
919:Livonian Sword Brothers
579:Non parum animus noster
7385:13th century in Europe
7380:12th century in Europe
7255:Fourth Great Awakening
7142:Second Great Awakening
6381:Fall of Constantinople
6173:Development of primacy
5652:Catholicism portal
5463:Second Vatican Council
5349:Our Lady of La Salette
5156:Protestant Reformation
5143:Protestant Reformation
5062:Second Council of Lyon
4451:Ecclesiastical history
4353:Western Rite Orthodoxy
3993:Santiago de Compostela
3922:1983 Code of Canon Law
3897:Protestant Reformation
3840:Historical development
3602:Catholicism portal
3445:Dalecarlian rebellions
3342:Mariefred Charterhouse
3312:Greyfriars (Stockholm)
3123:(12thâ13th centuries)
3115:Archdiocese of Uppsala
2959:Malteser International
2789:Bishopric of ĂselâWiek
2692:Triarchy of Negroponte
2672:Principality of Achaea
2660:Duchy of Philippopolis
2481:Diplomatarium Fennicum
1615:
1613:built a castle called
1566:
1495:
1487:Valdemar II of Denmark
1455:Bishopric of Ăsel-Wiek
1316:
1272:
1254:
1154:
1053:to their east and the
982:Second Swedish Crusade
724:by the Swedes; by the
650:
50:
7395:Persecution of Pagans
7375:Christian terminology
7250:Reformed epistemology
7192:Third Great Awakening
7162:Seventh-day Adventist
7083:First Great Awakening
6956:Book of Common Prayer
6750:Protestant work ethic
6293:Independent Catholics
6244:Monastery dissolution
5359:First Vatican Council
5057:First Council of Lyon
4821:Constantine the Great
4517:Christian monasticism
4367:Doctors of the Church
3830:History of the papacy
3689:Patriarch of the West
3497:War against Sigismund
2779:Bishopric of Courland
2774:Archbishopric of Riga
2183:Muinaisuutemme jÀljet
2020:The Northern Crusades
1835:Archbishop of Uppsala
1684:, the Polish Duke of
1659:Prussia and Lithuania
1564:
1544:Bishopric of Courland
1483:Albert of Buxhoeveden
1356:) in 1219. After the
1311:
1161:on the right bank of
1149:
1112:Albert of Buxhoeveden
986:Third Swedish Crusade
978:First Swedish Crusade
709:, beginning with the
601:
40:
7073:Edicts of toleration
6882:Three Forms of Unity
6647:Bohemian Reformation
6220:Catholic Reformation
6077:Roman state religion
5896:Council of Jerusalem
5536:Sexual abuse scandal
5445:Mit brennender Sorge
5288:Age of Enlightenment
5067:Bernard of Clairvaux
4944:Byzantine Iconoclasm
4883:Council of Chalcedon
4663:Council of Jerusalem
4532:Role in civilization
4512:Religious institutes
4444:By country or region
4086:Ecclesiastical Latin
3857:Early African church
3825:Apostolic succession
3547:Apostolic prefecture
3031:Hubertus Brandenburg
2589:Kingdom of Jerusalem
2496:(24 November 1232).
2287:A History of Prussia
2271:(in Polish). PoznaĆ.
1802:, also known as the
1641:Konrad von Hattstein
1607:Battle of Aizkraukle
1255:Talibaldus de Tolowa
1035:, with his brother.
720:in the 1150s in the
563:romantic nationalist
7245:Liberation theology
7152:Jehovah's Witnesses
6985:Radical Reformation
6713:Resistance theories
6600:Christian mysticism
6595:Early Scholasticism
6307:Ecclesial community
6205:Counter-Reformation
6070:Constantinian shift
5364:Papal infallibility
5354:Our Lady of Lourdes
5303:Shimabara Rebellion
5147:Counter-Reformation
4296:Pre-Tridentine Mass
3907:Counter-Reformation
3669:order of precedence
3553:Apostolic vicariate
3485:Liturgical Struggle
3184: 11th century
3109:Archdiocese of Lund
2784:Bishopric of Dorpat
2715:Knights Hospitaller
2447:(31 January 1229).
2429:(27 January 1229).
2411:(23 January 1229).
2393:(23 January 1229).
2375:(27 January 1229).
2354:(23 January 1229).
2333:(13 January 1221).
2125:Christopher Tyerman
1942:Battle of Wesenberg
1751:Konrad I of Masovia
1611:Villekin of Endorpe
1532:Andrew of Groningen
1511:, and in 1234 Pope
1358:Battle of Lindanise
1101:Berthold of Hanover
736:by the Swedes; and
647:Livonia before 1343
582:, in 1171 or 1172.
539:, and also against
479:Crusade of the Poor
7319:Oriental Orthodoxy
6962:King James Version
6774:Ninety-five Theses
6570:Apostolic Brethren
6344:Church of the East
6339:Oriental Orthodoxy
6185:Crusading movement
5705:Early Christianity
5409:Our Lady of FĂĄtima
5198:Ignatius of Loyola
5122:Catherine of Siena
5090:Pope Boniface VIII
4909:Benedict of Nursia
4878:Council of Ephesus
4715:Ante-Nicene period
4668:Split with Judaism
4502:Crusading movement
4153:Extraordinary form
4063:Isidore of Seville
4051:Augustine of Hippo
4028:Hilary of Poitiers
3744:Francesco Moraglia
3726:Filipe Neri FerrĂŁo
3461:Gustav I of Sweden
3451:Recess of VÀsterÄs
3317:Greyfriars (Ystad)
3043:Knut Ansgar Nelson
2824:Crusading movement
2720:Hospitaller Rhodes
2682:Duchy of Neopatras
2243:The Baltic Crusade
1800:Battle of Grunwald
1694:Christian of Oliva
1669:Lithuanian Crusade
1567:
1317:
1155:
728:in 1191 and 1202;
655:Pope Celestine III
651:
571:Pope Alexander III
541:Orthodox Christian
515:Catholic Christian
406:Against Christians
110:Crusade indulgence
100:Crusading movement
51:
30:For the film, see
7350:Northern Crusades
7337:
7336:
7314:Eastern Orthodoxy
7182:Finnish Awakening
7137:Holiness movement
7078:Congregationalism
7037:
7036:
6897:Metrical psalters
6334:Eastern Orthodoxy
6278:Neo-Scholasticism
5985:Canon development
5886:Jewish Christians
5660:
5659:
5620:COVID-19 pandemic
5598:Pope Benedict XVI
5503:Pope John Paul II
5278:Pope Benedict XIV
5264:French Revolution
5248:Thirty Years' War
5238:Robert Bellarmine
5223:John of the Cross
5127:Pope Alexander VI
5112:Council of Vienne
5042:Francis of Assisi
5032:Pope Innocent III
4901:Early Middle Ages
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4833:Arian controversy
4786:
4785:
4734:Apostolic Fathers
4385:
4384:
4304:
4303:
4218:
4217:
4072:
4071:
3811:
3810:
3622:
3621:
3614:Sweden portal
3580:
3579:
3420:
3419:
3392:VĂ„rfruberga Abbey
3270:
3237:(1164â1534/1606 )
3216:Tuna "Eskilstuna"
3025:Anders Arborelius
2954:Catholic Cemetery
2839:
2838:
2806:Free City of Riga
2628:Kingdom of Cyprus
2618:County of Tripoli
2331:Pope Honorius III
1976:Northern Crusades
1930:Battle on the Ice
1900:Novgorod Republic
1890:Battle of the Ice
1844:Bishop of Finland
1827:Pope Honorius III
1796:Jadwiga of Poland
1432:William of Modena
1423:, leaving bishop
1401:Karl of Linköping
1313:Kuressaare Castle
1262:and the Selonian
1242:Roman Catholicism
1008:Novgorod Republic
667:Holy Roman Empire
638:
503:Northern Crusades
498:
497:
484:Shepherds' (1320)
474:Shepherds' (1251)
458:(1096–1320)
408:(1209–1588)
343:(1147–1410)
221:(1291–1717)
16:(Redirected from
7402:
6756:
6143:Non-Chalcedonian
6124:Constantinople I
5916:General epistles
5911:Pauline epistles
5891:Paul the Apostle
5869:Great Commission
5687:
5680:
5673:
5664:
5650:
5649:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5615:Patriarch Kirill
5488:Pope John Paul I
5293:Anti-clericalism
5273:Pope Innocent XI
5193:Society of Jesus
5178:Council of Trent
5132:Age of Discovery
5077:Late Middle Ages
4979:High Middle Ages
4969:EastâWest Schism
4853:Pope Sylvester I
4799:
4788:
4698:General epistles
4693:Pauline epistles
4626:John the Baptist
4609:Great Commission
4571:
4522:Catholic culture
4412:
4405:
4398:
4389:
4375:
4374:
4185:Benedictine Rite
4173:
4112:
4103:Liturgical rites
3928:
3902:Council of Trent
3887:Age of Discovery
3867:EastâWest Schism
3675:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3530:
3527:
3522:Anti-Catholicism
3515:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3264:
3249:
3246:
3224:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3198:
3195:
3185:
3182:
3153:
3121:Swedish Crusades
3104:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3083:Christianisation
3076:
3074:
3071:
3060:
2933:Newman Institute
2920:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2799:Order of DobrzyĆ
2727:Genoese colonies
2640:
2606:County of Edessa
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2023:
2013:
1753:in west-central
1718:Teutonic Knights
1698:Order of DobrzyĆ
1665:Prussian Crusade
1637:Battle of Garoza
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1498:
1397:John I of Sweden
1346:one failed foray
1286:Selonian diocese
1275:
1264:SÄlpils hillfort
1257:
1191:Caupo of Turaida
1179:LimbaĆŸi district
1167:Northwestern Rus
1143:(Land of Mary).
1067:, Archbishop of
1045:Livonian Crusade
1039:Livonian Crusade
972:Swedish Crusades
925:
916:
910:
905:
899:
894:
888:
883:
877:
872:
866:
861:
746:Christianization
644:
636:
634:
625:
616:
607:
511:Christianization
212:Fall of Outremer
115:Papal income tax
87:
77:
70:
63:
54:
21:
18:Northern Crusade
7410:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7283:
7270:Christian right
7172:Oxford Movement
7147:Restorationists
7118:
7033:
6966:
6901:
6852:Presbyterianism
6823:
6803:Book of Concord
6754:
6678:
6676:
6668:
6435:
6325:
6318:
6154:
6053:
6045:
6004:Clement of Rome
5934:
5927:
5831:
5825:
5714:
5696:
5691:
5661:
5656:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5624:
5546:World Youth Day
5524:
5513:World Youth Day
5457:Pacem in terris
5451:Pope John XXIII
5390:
5317:
5308:Edict of Nantes
5266:
5262:
5252:
5218:Teresa of Ăvila
5213:Tridentine Mass
5149:
5145:
5136:
5117:Knights Templar
5071:
4973:
4929:Gregorian chant
4887:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4794:
4782:
4709:
4578:
4566:
4558:
4425:
4423:Catholic Church
4416:
4386:
4381:
4357:
4300:
4290:Missa Venatoria
4214:
4210:Norbertine Rite
4200:Cistercian Rite
4195:Carthusian Rite
4171:
4148:Tridentine Mass
4144:(Ordinary form)
4142:Mass of Paul VI
4107:Liturgical days
4105:
4097:
4068:
4004:
3926:
3807:
3748:
3709:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3594:
3576:
3528:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3362:SkÀnninge Abbey
3352:Riseberga Abbey
3337:Kastelle Priory
3307:Dragsmark Abbey
3297:Börringe Priory
3292:BĂ€ckaskog Abbey
3263:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3167:(990/1014â1529)
3157:
3151:
3102:
3089:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3051:
3011:
2963:
2937:
2921:
2912:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2840:
2835:
2819:Military orders
2810:
2739:
2731:
2677:Duchy of Athens
2641:
2632:
2575:
2566:
2564:Crusader states
2561:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2494:Pope Gregory IX
2492:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2463:Pope Gregory IX
2461:
2460:
2456:
2445:Pope Gregory IX
2443:
2442:
2438:
2427:Pope Gregory IX
2425:
2424:
2420:
2409:Pope Gregory IX
2407:
2406:
2402:
2391:Pope Gregory IX
2389:
2388:
2384:
2373:Pope Gregory IX
2371:
2370:
2363:
2352:Pope Gregory IX
2350:
2349:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1988:
1972:
1950:
1902:
1886:Pope Gregory IX
1779:Battle of Saule
1735:
1726:
1676:
1671:
1663:Main articles:
1661:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1551:Battle of Durbe
1520:Battle of Saule
1475:
1447:Battle of Saule
1399:and the bishop
1370:
1306:
1238:Greek Orthodoxy
1230:
1083:, a monk named
1077:
1055:Catholic Church
1051:Orthodox Church
1047:
1041:
1022:
1016:
1014:Danish Crusades
992:
976:Main articles:
974:
946:Wendish Crusade
942:
940:Wendish Crusade
936:
934:Wendish Crusade
930:
928:
914:
913:
903:
902:
892:
891:
881:
880:
870:
869:
859:
858:
854:
853:
851:
744:by the Swedes;
740:in 1293 in the
732:in 1249 in the
711:Wendish Crusade
697:rivers (by the
649:
642:
640:
632:
630:
623:
621:
614:
612:
605:
603:
588:
518:military orders
507:Baltic Crusades
499:
494:
464:People's (1096)
88:
83:
81:
47:C. A. Lorentzen
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7408:
7406:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7342:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7276:
7267:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7235:Pentecostalism
7232:
7230:Jesus movement
7227:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7024:
7021:Martyrs Mirror
7017:
7012:
7007:
7005:Martyrs' Synod
7002:
6997:
6995:Swiss Brethren
6992:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6764:
6762:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6740:Law and Gospel
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6421:Ottoman Empire
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6150:Biblical canon
6147:
6146:
6145:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6061:
6059:
6051:Late antiquity
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5999:Church Fathers
5992:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5642:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5441:
5436:
5434:Lateran Treaty
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5259:Baroque period
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5228:Peter Canisius
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5203:Francis Xavier
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5167:Exsurge Domine
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Pope Clement V
5104:
5103:
5102:
5100:Avignon Papacy
5095:Western Schism
5092:
5087:
5085:Thomas Aquinas
5081:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4939:Saint Boniface
4936:
4931:
4926:
4924:Pope Gregory I
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4863:Biblical canon
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4817:
4815:
4796:
4792:Late antiquity
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Pope Clement I
4729:Church Fathers
4726:
4720:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4585:
4583:
4568:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4490:Biblical canon
4485:Catholic Bible
4482:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4235:Aquileian Rite
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4205:Dominican Rite
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:Carmelite Rite
4187:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4134:
4132:Mozarabic Rite
4129:
4124:
4122:Ambrosian Rite
4118:
4116:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4060:
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5369:Pope Leo XIII
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4673:New Testament
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4637:
4636:Commissioning
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:Apostolic Age
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4466:Papal primacy
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4378:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4276:Missa Nautica
4273:
4271:
4270:Gallican Rite
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Rite of Braga
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Scholasticism
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:First Martyrs
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Papal primacy
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3664:Patriarchates
3661:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:Tolerance Act
3539:
3536:
3533:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:Uppsala Synod
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Varnhem Abbey
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3256:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3217:
3214:
3204:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3097:
3094:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Saint Eugenia
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2524:
2522:9789004155022
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2253:0-929700-10-4
2249:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2208:0-231-12889-4
2204:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2167:9789527045091
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2087:9798869282217
2083:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2060:963-9241-42-3
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2035:0-14-026653-4
2031:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1839:trade embargo
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1759:Old Prussians
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:Old Prussians
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:pagan Prussia
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:Although the
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1224:(1219â1290).
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:(1208â1209),
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1141:Terra Mariana
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:Celestine III
1090:
1089:Daugava river
1086:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
987:
983:
979:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
941:
933:
931:
924:
920:
912:
909:
901:
898:
890:
887:
879:
876:
868:
865:
857:
856:
834:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
803:
799:
795:
792:
789:
788:Old Prussians
786:
783:
779:
776:
774:, 1193â1227).
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
747:
743:
742:Third Crusade
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:First Crusade
719:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
629:
620:
611:
600:
596:
594:
585:
583:
581:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
493:
491:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
459:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
409:
407:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
342:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
220:
213:
210:
208:
207:Lord Edward's
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
78:
73:
71:
66:
64:
59:
58:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
7240:Charismatics
7223:
7202:Gospel music
7132:Camp meeting
7124:1789âpresent
7056:Missionaries
7026:
7019:
7010:Menno Simons
6954:
6950:Church music
6801:
6772:
6657:Conciliarism
6642:Papal Schism
6484:Scandinavian
6376:Great Schism
6354:Nestorianism
6326:Christianity
6258:priest holes
6139:Chalcedonian
6102:Christianity
6056:Great Church
5864:Resurrection
5607:
5603:Pope Francis
5529:21st century
5478:Pope Paul VI
5455:
5443:
5396:20th century
5383:
5334:Pope Pius IX
5322:19th century
5298:Pope Pius VI
5165:
5037:Latin Empire
5007:Universities
4959:Pope Leo III
4826:Christianity
4811:state church
4803:Great Church
4604:Resurrection
4567:(30â325/476)
4564:Early Church
4549:Latin Church
4544:Papal States
4539:Vatican City
4336:Titular sees
4288:
4281:
4274:
4253:Hereford Use
4230:African Rite
4160:Anglican Use
3852:Great Church
3699:
3656:Latin Church
3467:Ărebro Synod
3347:Nydala Abbey
3332:Julita Abbey
3322:Gudhem Abbey
3302:Dalby Priory
3282:Askeby Abbey
3262:and convents
3248: 1100s
3223: 1100s
2885:of Stockholm
2794:DobrzyĆ Land
2710:Stato da MĂ r
2512:
2506:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2457:
2439:
2421:
2403:
2385:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2262:
2242:
2235:
2229:(in Danish).
2226:
2217:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2157:
2151:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2114:Dec 12, 2016
2111:
2105:
2096:
2076:
2069:
2050:
2044:
2019:
1992:
1986:Bibliography
1979:
1910:
1903:
1868:
1824:
1775:Semigallians
1768:
1736:
1727:
1710:CheĆmno Land
1701:
1680:
1677:
1630:Saints' Hill
1616:Heiligenberg
1568:
1548:
1517:
1476:
1444:
1429:
1413:
1378:
1371:
1343:
1318:
1231:
1214:Semigallians
1199:
1156:
1109:
1105:Gulf of Riga
1097:Innocent III
1078:
1048:
1029:Esbern Snare
1023:
993:
948:against the
943:
929:
807:
784:(1219â1290).
778:Semigallians
718:Finns proper
689:between the
652:
589:
577:
559:Swedish ones
548:
506:
502:
500:
488:
454:
453:
404:
403:
340:
339:
338:
282:Holy Leagues
217:
216:
120:
119:
94:
7329:Catholicism
7266:Protestants
7260:Evangelical
6935:39 Articles
6930:Elizabethan
6907:Anglicanism
6887:Westminster
6797:Melanchthon
6760:Lutheranism
6725:Nicodemites
6703:Arminianism
6674:Reformation
6615:Bonaventure
6590:Inquisition
6585:Waldensians
6535:Investiture
6513:Kievan Rus'
6469:Anglo-Saxon
6449:Pelagianism
6441:Middle Ages
6364:Iconodulism
6239:Thomas More
6160:Catholicism
6082:Monasticism
6065:Constantine
5990:Persecution
5948:Adoptionism
5933:Ante-Nicene
5876:Holy Spirit
5859:Crucifixion
5830:Origins and
5731:2nd and 3rd
5609:Laudato si'
5404:Pope Pius X
5233:Philip Neri
5208:Pope Pius V
5183:Thomas More
5052:Inquisition
4954:Charlemagne
4914:Monasticism
4724:Persecution
4616:Holy Spirit
4599:Crucifixion
4478:First seven
4316:Latin cross
4283:Missa sicca
4248:Durham Rite
4243:Celtic Rite
3798:(1555â1663)
3786:(1524â1963)
3784:West Indies
3780:(1204â1964)
3774:(1098â1964)
3768:(1276â1964)
3735:Rui Valério
3722:East Indies
3561:(1860â1873)
3555:(1783â1953)
3549:(1781â1783)
3537:(1667â1781)
3529: 1527
3499:(1598â1600)
3487:(1574â1593)
3481:(1542-1543)
3463:(1527â1560)
3447:(1524â1533)
3435: 1527
3426:Reformation
3402:Vreta Abbey
3260:monasteries
3250:/1249â1554)
3231:(1163â1530)
3212:/1129â1536)
3210: 1100
3197: 1129
3173:(1164â1557)
3117:(1164â1557)
3111:(1104â1164)
3064:Middle Ages
3045:(1957â1962)
3039:(1962â1976)
3037:John Taylor
3033:(1977â1998)
2158:Ristiretket
1954:Ostsiedlung
1913:Novgorodian
1808:Lithuanians
1806:, when the
1771:Samogitians
1714:Yotvingians
1587:Roman Curia
1509:Roman Curia
1416:Valdemar II
1381:Valdemar II
1350:Valdemar II
1218:Samogitians
1202:Latgallians
1137:Virgin Mary
798:Samogitians
794:Lithuanians
756:Latgallians
659:Scandinavia
533:West Slavic
490:Reconquista
439:Despenser's
414:Albigensian
242:Alexandrian
7344:Categories
7051:Revivalism
6972:Anabaptism
6920:Henry VIII
6745:Literature
6369:Iconoclasm
6349:Chrysostom
6302:Vatican II
6268:Jansenists
6254:Mass rocks
6190:Lateran IV
6109:Athanasius
6029:Tertullian
5973:Marcionism
5968:Gnosticism
5921:Revelation
5839:Background
5482:coronation
5188:Pope Leo X
4773:Tertullian
4703:Revelation
4678:Background
4137:Roman Rite
4018:Tertullian
3917:Vatican II
3804:(560â1451)
3792:(560â1751)
3766:Alexandria
3588:See also:
3510:Tridentine
3457:Reductions
3412:Ăved Abbey
3357:Roma Abbey
3103: 829
3090: 829
3073: 829
2908:Saint Mary
2898:Saint Eric
2000:References
1848:Baltic Sea
1745:crusading
1513:Gregory IX
1505:Lammekinus
1403:conquered
1270:(known as
1250:TÄlivaldis
1121:papal bull
1119:this by a
1116:Hartwig II
1018:See also:
1000:Tavastians
586:Background
544:East Slavs
537:Baltic Sea
492:(722â1492)
469:Children's
389:Lithuanian
7217:Ecumenism
7167:Adventism
7157:Mormonism
7093:Millerism
7088:Methodism
7043:1640â1789
6945:Civil War
6892:Orthodoxy
6847:Huguenots
6829:Calvinism
6814:Eucharist
6809:Orthodoxy
6693:Eucharist
6625:Five Ways
6575:Dulcinian
6528:Pomerania
6454:Gregory I
6298:Vatican I
6288:Modernism
6273:Molinists
6263:Guadalupe
6134:Chalcedon
6129:Ephesus I
6119:Augustine
5995:Apostolic
5978:Montanism
5943:Diversity
5719:Centuries
5498:Communism
5468:Ecumenism
4814:(380â451)
4806:(180â451)
4795:(313â476)
4717:(100â325)
4258:Sarum Use
4165:Zaire Use
3912:Vatican I
3713:Jerusalem
3479:Dacke War
3367:Sko Abbey
3203:StrÀngnÀs
3190:Linköping
3007:Elizabeth
3002:Catherine
2926:Education
2223:"Estland"
1825:In 1221,
1816:Moldovans
1784:Mindaugas
1603:Traidenis
1583:Viestards
1479:Curonians
1393:Oeselians
1278:Visvaldis
1222:Curonians
1210:Estonians
1206:Selonians
1197:in 1217.
1175:Metsepole
1125:Holy Land
1110:In 1199,
1025:The Danes
1004:Karelians
966:Holy Land
782:Curonians
764:Estonians
760:Selonians
752:Livonians
687:Obotrites
567:Estonians
424:Stedinger
272:Nicopolis
237:Smyrniote
232:Aragonese
137:Norwegian
7309:Theology
7297:Missions
7292:Timeline
7264:Mainline
7212:Pacifism
7061:Baptists
6980:Theology
6940:Puritans
6915:Timeline
6857:Scotland
6785:Theology
6632:Wycliffe
6580:Crusades
6555:Bogomils
6508:Bulgaria
6464:Germanic
6416:Ethiopia
6314:Timeline
6092:Nicaea I
6087:Councils
6019:Irenaeus
6014:Ignatius
6009:Polycarp
5963:Donatism
5958:Docetism
5953:Arianism
5854:Ministry
5508:HIV/AIDS
5002:Crusades
4756:Irenaeus
4749:Ignatius
4744:Polycarp
4594:Ministry
4582:(30â100)
4456:Timeline
4377:Category
4309:See also
4263:York Use
4239:British
4078:Language
3986:Barnabas
3957:Syracuse
3892:Humanism
3877:Crusades
3796:Ethiopia
3790:Aquileia
3762:(?â1964)
3760:Carthage
3701:cathedra
3407:Ă
s Abbey
3235:VÀsterÄs
3158:dioceses
2942:Services
2829:Crusades
2707:Venetian
2285:(1917).
1948:See also
1906:Novgorod
1882:Novgorod
1871:Orthodox
1818:and the
1682:Konrad I
1599:Nameisis
1374:Saaremaa
1335:Viljandi
1085:Meinhard
1065:Adalbert
1020:Wetheman
800:(by the
766:(by the
730:Tavastia
713:in 1147)
665:and the
555:Prussian
551:Livonian
434:Bohemian
419:Drenther
384:Prussian
379:Livonian
358:Swedish
341:Northern
251:Barbary
247:Savoyard
142:Venetian
85:Crusades
49:in 1809.
7302:Martyrs
7098:Pietism
7028:Ausbund
7000:MĂŒntzer
6925:Cranmer
6872:Baptism
6837:Zwingli
6688:Erasmus
6637:Avignon
6620:Aquinas
6610:Francis
6605:Dominic
6565:Cathars
6560:Bosnian
6550:Bernard
6545:Abelard
6518:Moravia
6503:Bohemia
6489:Iceland
6411:Serbian
6391:Georgia
6386:Armenia
6324:Eastern
6225:Jesuits
5901:Gospels
5849:Baptism
5473:Judaism
4873:Vulgate
4683:Gospels
4658:Stephen
4575:Origins
4495:Vulgate
4431:General
4421:of the
4419:History
4365:* also
4223:Defunct
4115:Current
4034:Ambrose
4023:Cyprian
3862:Vulgate
3817:History
3772:Antioch
3753:Defunct
3696:Francis
3678:Current
3573:(1953â)
3567:(1960â)
3514:(1563â)
3177:Sigtuna
3171:Uppsala
3135:(1240s)
3129:(1150s)
3056:History
3027:(1998â)
3017:Bishops
2997:Bridget
2977:Sigfrid
2949:Caritas
2883:Diocese
2742:Livonia
2737:Prussia
2594:vassals
1792:Jogaila
1777:in the
1747:knights
1686:Masovia
1653:Sidabre
1624:
1595:TÄrvete
1591:Jelgava
1575:Lielupe
1571:MeĆŸotne
1549:At the
1540:Kuldīga
1501:Bandava
1491:Oselian
1440:Valjala
1409:Rotalia
1354:Tallinn
1339:Lembitu
1322:Polotsk
1290:Selburg
1282:Latgale
1268:Jersika
1260:Koknese
1234:Daugava
1187:Polotsk
1183:Straupe
1171:Sigulda
1159:Turaida
1152:Sigulda
1081:Vikings
964:to the
958:Germany
886:Denmark
875:Germany
802:Germans
768:Germans
738:Karelia
628:Denmark
573:in the
456:Popular
444:Hussite
429:Bosnian
394:Russian
354:Wendish
197:Catalan
187:Seventh
182:Barons'
6990:Grebel
6842:Calvin
6768:Luther
6662:Synods
6540:Anselm
6523:Poland
6479:Gothic
6474:Franks
6459:Celtic
6426:Russia
6406:Syriac
6396:Greece
6283:Teresa
6230:Xavier
6168:Papacy
6114:Jerome
6034:Origen
5935:period
5710:Spread
5439:Nazism
5261:to the
4868:Jerome
4778:Origen
4461:Papacy
4331:Turkey
4326:Latins
4177:Orders
4045:Jerome
3740:Venice
3731:Lisbon
3698:(with
3543:(1781)
3531:â1977)
3493:(1593)
3475:(1529)
3469:(1529)
3453:(1527)
3437:â1600)
3258:Former
3225:â1170)
3199:â1527)
3186:â1164)
3156:Former
3141:(1293)
3133:Second
3105:â1104)
3092:â1087)
3075:â1527)
2992:Ingrid
2987:Helena
2969:Saints
2647:Greece
2611:Marash
2581:Levant
2519:
2250:
2205:
2164:
2084:
2057:
2032:
1874:Russia
1860:LĂŒbeck
1820:Czechs
1812:Tatars
1755:Poland
1743:German
1702:Dobrin
1645:Dobele
1536:Embƫte
1457:, and
1453:, the
1405:Lihula
1294:Adzele
1273:Lettia
1246:TÄlava
1069:Bremen
1060:German
988:, and
917:
915:
906:
904:
897:Sweden
895:
893:
884:
882:
873:
871:
864:Norway
862:
860:
826:Danish
762:, and
705:, and
699:Saxons
685:, and
663:Poland
645:
643:
633:
626:
624:
619:Sweden
617:
615:
610:Norway
608:
606:
529:Finnic
525:Baltic
349:Kalmar
202:Eighth
167:Fourth
152:Second
7224:solae
7222:Five
7015:Smyth
6867:TULIP
6790:Bible
6498:Slavs
6401:Egypt
6359:Icons
6210:Trent
6200:Leo X
6097:Creed
5541:Islam
4809:Roman
4768:Canon
4641:Peter
4589:Jesus
3998:James
3981:Milan
3969:Malta
3962:Peter
3945:Peter
3802:Grado
3507:Post-
3229:VÀxjö
3165:Skara
3139:Third
3127:First
3048:(...)
1878:Pskov
1852:Visby
1649:Rakte
1499:) of
1467:Pöide
1421:Revel
1331:Kaupo
1326:Pskov
1177:(now
1163:Gauja
996:Finns
954:Wends
952:(or "
923:Order
822:Saxon
818:Slavs
814:Balts
772:Danes
726:Danes
707:Poles
703:Danes
683:Sorbs
522:pagan
509:were
399:Tatar
277:Varna
177:Sixth
172:Fifth
157:Third
127:First
7274:left
7272:and
7262:and
7112:and
7110:Neo-
6877:Dort
6862:Knox
6708:Wars
6300:and
6256:and
6249:Wars
5906:Acts
5821:21st
5816:20th
5811:19th
5806:18th
5801:17th
5796:16th
5791:15th
5786:14th
5781:13th
5776:12th
5771:11th
5766:10th
5591:2023
5586:2019
5581:2016
5576:2013
5571:2011
5566:2008
5561:2005
5556:2002
5551:2000
5518:1995
4688:Acts
4651:Paul
4646:John
4621:Mary
3974:Paul
3950:Paul
3940:Rome
3693:Pope
3691:'):
3685:Rome
3667:(by
3267:List
2982:Eric
2740:and
2517:ISBN
2479:See
2248:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2030:ISBN
1880:and
1858:and
1856:Riga
1773:and
1700:(or
1667:and
1651:and
1621:lit.
1438:and
1436:Muhu
1383:and
1324:and
1220:and
1204:and
1133:Riga
1002:and
831:Pope
824:and
816:and
796:and
780:and
770:and
716:the
695:Oder
693:and
691:Elbe
677:the
575:bull
553:and
531:and
501:The
372:1293
367:1249
362:1150
332:1717
327:1684
322:1594
317:1571
312:1538
307:1535
302:1526
297:1511
292:1495
287:1332
265:1399
260:1398
255:1390
192:1267
162:1197
147:1129
132:1101
6819:Art
6677:and
6652:Hus
6215:Art
5761:9th
5756:8th
5751:7th
5746:6th
5741:5th
5736:4th
5726:1st
4577:and
4527:Art
3704:in
3459:of
3241:Ă
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2026:287
1741:of
1496:rex
1407:in
1240:to
505:or
7346::
6141:/
5997:/
3742::
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3687:('
3526:c.
3432:c.
3245:c.
3220:c.
3207:c.
3194:c.
3181:c.
3100:c.
3087:c.
3070:c.
2752:*
2465:.
2364:^
2343:^
2225:.
2127:,
2080:.
2028:.
2008:^
1896:.
1854:,
1814:,
1766:.
1647:,
1558:.
1546:.
1469:.
1364:.
1216:,
998:,
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980:,
921:/
812:,
758:,
754:,
701:,
681:,
661:,
546:.
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