34:
230:, but as islands have also developed unique traits which can vary considerably from island to island. On islands with large numbers of migrants from the mainland, such as To-shima, there is increasing standardisation of speech towards the
397:, but also with a strong influence from the traditional Yokohama dialect. As aforementioned, however, the differences from island to island can be extreme. Below are some notable grammatical traits.
242:
The following are general phonetic and grammatical features of the
Northern Izu Archipelago dialects, with exceptions and individual variations listed in the island-specific sections.
2123:
1974:
2170:
917:
1969:
1596:
258:. The vowel sound /e/ is somewhat narrower than in traditional Tokyo dialects, and may lose its distinction with /i/ to become . For example:
1591:
1476:
2182:
1901:
1855:
1850:
1376:
910:
2024:
1082:
1865:
1581:
1996:
1835:
1394:
1729:
1709:
1513:
1466:
2210:
1845:
1719:
903:
2130:
2108:
1896:
2165:
2103:
2093:
2057:
1955:
1906:
1830:
1805:
1414:
1471:
1549:
1566:
680:
A distinction between the attributive and plain form of verbs can be seen. The attributive form ends with
2047:
1936:
1409:
955:
945:
255:
560:
In
Tsubota, /e/ tends to change to an , with a particularly strong tendency to do so on the syllables
2205:
2098:
1921:
1825:
1699:
1501:
1436:
950:
33:
2147:
2029:
2001:
1916:
1496:
1441:
2118:
2177:
2039:
1926:
1860:
1750:
1745:
1458:
1200:
2006:
1446:
1282:
1231:
1941:
1911:
1714:
1533:
1518:
1491:
1486:
1424:
1362:
1337:
1272:
1190:
1146:
989:
984:
974:
965:
926:
231:
179:
83:
78:
2135:
2113:
1891:
1687:
1528:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1303:
1251:
1195:
1156:
1092:
1048:
1033:
394:
386:
223:
219:
93:
88:
1656:
2160:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1523:
1296:
1207:
1107:
1068:
1063:
1024:
1004:
191:
70:
1289:
2155:
1506:
1481:
1404:
1384:
1357:
1308:
1260:
1224:
1178:
1122:
1117:
1097:
2199:
1946:
1692:
1671:
1389:
1241:
1185:
1053:
1043:
1019:
1009:
999:
203:
187:
449:(ので) are generally used, with exceptions on To-shima and Mikura-jima (listed below).
1931:
1760:
1325:
1219:
1163:
1132:
1127:
940:
199:
1986:
1214:
211:
207:
183:
57:
2015:
1981:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1661:
529:
In the Nii-jima
Honmura dialect, the phonemes /ti/ and /di/ are also observed.
1795:
1724:
1704:
1646:
424:-euphony. (The North Izu dialects are the furthest east this trait is found)
150:
1666:
1651:
2075:
1960:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1558:
1399:
195:
2052:
1991:
1608:
390:
2070:
1603:
1571:
401:
The conclusive auxiliary verb is the characteristic
Eastern Japanese
227:
895:
2065:
1613:
1576:
215:
61:
47:
1623:
899:
463:
Tokyo standard but is not identical, rather a slight variation.
628:
The diphthong /ei/ is not merged and is pronounced , so that
356:
In some dialects, there is a /tu/ syllable. For example:
526:
In the older generation of Nii-jima, /e/ is lengthened.
434:(べい) on To-shima) is used for persuasion and volition.
385:
696:(な) are attached. For assertions, the verb ends with
2146:
2086:
2038:
1880:
1738:
1680:
1622:
1557:
1548:
1457:
1423:
1375:
1348:
1271:
1145:
973:
964:
933:
148:
143:
113:
67:
53:
43:
21:
911:
250:The Northern Izu Archipelago dialects have a
8:
459:On Izu Ōshima, pitch accent is based on the
16:Japanese dialects of the Izu Islands, Japan
1554:
1429:
970:
918:
904:
896:
32:
18:
218:. The various dialects are classified as
182:spoken on the inhabited islands north of
775:The Western Japanese past negative form
889:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. pp. 261–268.
844:(in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 153–155.
792:
859:(in Japanese). 平凡社. pp. 284–285.
829:(in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 87–89.
684:, whilst the plain form ends with a -
412:-ending Godan verbs experience small
112:
7:
820:
818:
816:
800:
798:
796:
476:The plain form of verbs appears as
874:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 244.
809:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 242.
588:(-んけ) is used as an equivalent to
38:Northern Izu Islands within Japan.
14:
669:(-に) is used as an equivalent to
254:(中輪 ‘middle rim’) Tokyo standard
99:Northern Izu Archipelago dialects
22:Northern Izu Archipelago dialects
652:The negative verb form is used.
438:(-う) is also used for volition.
420:-ending Godan verbs experience
222:, and are most similar to the
1:
617:/ are pronounced close to an
2062:Kanji pronunciation sources
1836:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
2171:Speculative fiction writers
1730:Transcription into Japanese
571:The negative verb form is .
539:The negative verb form is .
466:The negative verb form is .
393:structures to Shizuoka and
2227:
1089:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
1432:
31:
26:
1956:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
1415:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
840:Hirayama, Teruo (1965).
825:Hirayama, Teruo (1965).
164:Northern Izu Archipelago
1902:Godan and ichidan verbs
1720:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
408:The connective form of
216:Tokyo Metropolitan Area
416:(っ) insertion, whilst
176:hokubu izu shoto hogen
2007:Court lady language (
1477:Southern Amami Ōshima
1410:Yilan Creole Japanese
1826:Small Kana Extension
1437:Eastern Old Japanese
1076:Northern Izu Islands
688:when particles like
180:dialects of Japanese
174:(Japanese: 北部伊豆諸島方言
1377:Pidgins and creoles
480:(-ん). For example)
395:West Kantō dialects
2178:Classical Japanese
2025:Gender differences
1861:Extended shinjitai
2211:Japanese dialects
2193:
2192:
1897:Verb conjugations
1876:
1875:
1544:
1543:
1425:Japonic languages
1371:
1370:
1363:Okinawan Japanese
927:Japanese language
160:
159:
2218:
2136:Polivanov system
1997:Honorific speech
1892:Japanese grammar
1555:
1430:
971:
920:
913:
906:
897:
891:
890:
882:
876:
875:
867:
861:
860:
852:
846:
845:
837:
831:
830:
822:
811:
810:
802:
663:(だるべい) are used.
605:The vowels in /c
542:For conjecture,
469:For conjecture,
387:Eastern Japanese
285:feigning illness
238:General features
220:Eastern Japanese
153:
89:Eastern Japanese
73:
36:
19:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2142:
2087:Transliteration
2082:
2058:Sound symbolism
2034:
2016:Role language (
1975:from Portuguese
1907:Irregular verbs
1885:
1883:
1872:
1821:Kana Supplement
1816:Kana Extended-B
1811:Kana Extended-A
1734:
1710:Historical kana
1676:
1618:
1597:by stroke count
1588:Kanji radicals
1582:by stroke count
1540:
1453:
1419:
1395:Hawaiian Creole
1367:
1344:
1267:
1141:
960:
929:
924:
894:
887:講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言
885:飯豊, 毅一 (1984).
884:
883:
879:
872:講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言
870:飯豊, 毅一 (1984).
869:
868:
864:
854:
853:
849:
839:
838:
834:
824:
823:
814:
807:講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言
805:飯豊, 毅一 (1984).
804:
803:
794:
790:
700:. For example:
625:, respectively.
602:
582:(だろう) are used.
557:
550:(だろう) are used.
536:
523:
456:
389:, with similar
383:
248:
240:
232:common standard
212:Izu Archipelago
149:
109:
74:
71:Language family
69:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1958:
1953:
1947:Native words (
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1550:Writing system
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Pseudo-Chinese
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:Bamboo English
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:Amami Japanese
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
987:
981:
979:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
935:
931:
930:
925:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
893:
892:
877:
862:
855:柴田, 武 (1988).
847:
832:
812:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
773:
772:
771:
757:
743:
729:
715:
678:
664:
655:For conjecture
653:
650:
626:
601:
598:
597:
596:
583:
574:For conjecture
572:
569:
556:
553:
552:
551:
540:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
522:
519:
518:
517:
474:
467:
464:
455:
452:
451:
450:
439:
425:
406:
382:
379:
378:
377:
354:
353:
334:
315:
297:
278:
247:
244:
239:
236:
214:, part of the
158:
157:
154:
146:
145:
144:Language codes
141:
140:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:◇ Shikine-jima
126:
123:
120:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
77:
75:
68:
65:
64:
55:
51:
50:
45:
44:Native to
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2223:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:Cyrillization
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Wāpuro rōmaji
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1949:yamato kotoba
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Counter words
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1672:Kana ligature
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Script reform
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Bonin English
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
994:
993:
992:
988:
986:
983:
982:
980:
978:
977:
972:
969:
967:
963:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
934:Earlier forms
932:
928:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
901:
898:
888:
881:
878:
873:
866:
863:
858:
851:
848:
843:
836:
833:
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
787:
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
733:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
713:
709:
705:
702:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
668:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
648:
647:
646:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
609:
604:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
581:
577:
573:
570:
567:
563:
559:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
528:
525:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
473:(ずら) is used.
472:
468:
465:
462:
458:
457:
453:
448:
444:
441:For reasons,
440:
437:
433:
429:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:
398:
396:
392:
388:
380:
376:
374:
373:
366:
362:
359:
358:
357:
352:
350:
349:
342:
338:
335:
333:
331:
330:
323:
319:
316:
314:
313:
312:
305:
304:writing brush
301:
298:
296:
294:
293:
286:
282:
279:
277:
275:
274:
268:
267:train station
264:
261:
260:
259:
257:
253:
245:
243:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
155:
152:
147:
142:
137:◇ Mikura-jima
136:
134:◇ Miyake-jima
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
116:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
76:
72:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2124:In Esperanto
2094:Romanization
2048:Pitch accent
2030:Dictionaries
2017:
2009:nyōbō kotoba
2008:
1962:
1961:Loan words (
1948:
1932:Topic marker
1846:ARIB STD B24
1592:by frequency
1472:Amami Ōshima
1349:
1338:
1297:
1283:
1273:
1261:
1248:East San'in
1232:
1208:
1179:
1157:
1147:
1083:
1075:
1034:
990:
975:
956:Early Modern
946:Early Middle
886:
880:
871:
865:
856:
850:
841:
835:
826:
806:
780:
776:
767:
763:
759:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
731:
725:
721:
717:
711:
707:
703:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
670:
666:
660:
656:
644:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
618:
613:
612:
607:
606:
593:
589:
585:
579:
575:
565:
561:
547:
543:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
460:
446:
442:
435:
431:
427:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
384:
371:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
347:
346:
344:
340:
336:
328:
327:
325:
321:
317:
310:
309:
307:
303:
299:
291:
290:
288:
284:
280:
272:
271:
270:
266:
262:
256:pitch accent
251:
249:
241:
226:of mainland
200:Shikine-jima
175:
171:
167:
163:
161:
131:◇ Kōzu-shima
119:◇ Izu Ōshima
98:
2206:Izu Islands
2104:Nihon-shiki
1987:Wasei-kango
1922:Possessives
1882:Grammar and
1715:Modern kana
1700:Punctuation
1681:Orthography
1502:Tokunoshima
1114:Gifu-Aichi
1084:Tōkai–Tōsan
951:Late Middle
783:) is found.
659:(だんのう) and
555:Miyake-jima
546:(だんべぇ) and
534:Mikura-jima
365:fishing rod
224:Izu dialect
208:Miyake-jima
184:Mikura-jima
58:Izu Islands
2200:Categories
2148:Literature
2018:yakuwarigo
2002:Honorifics
1982:Wasei-eigo
1970:from Dutch
1917:Adjectives
1884:vocabulary
1662:Hentaigana
1657:Man'yōgana
1497:Okinoerabu
1201:Okuyoshino
788:References
454:Izu Ōshima
204:Kōzu-shima
188:Izu Ōshima
125:◇ Nii-jima
122:◇ To-shima
2040:Phonology
1927:Particles
1866:Half/Full
1796:Shift JIS
1725:Yotsugana
1705:Kanazukai
1647:Okurigana
1559:Logograms
1171:Shiramine
1016:Southern
996:Northern
842:伊豆諸島方言の研究
827:伊豆諸島方言の研究
746:shite iru
636:) is not
578:(ずら) and
445:(から) and
246:Phonology
210:) in the
151:ISO 639-3
1963:gairaigo
1942:Numerals
1912:Pronouns
1851:Enclosed
1831:Katakana
1806:Hiragana
1802:Unicode
1757:ISO/IEC
1739:Encoding
1642:Furigana
1637:Katakana
1632:Hiragana
1534:Yonaguni
1514:Southern
1492:Okinawan
1487:Kunigami
1467:Northern
1459:Ryukyuan
1400:Kyowa-go
1331:Tsushima
1321:Nagasaki
1316:Kumamoto
1304:Chikuzen
1168:Kanazawa
1158:Hokuriku
1093:Shizuoka
1060:Eastern
1049:Kanagawa
1040:Western
985:Hokkaidō
966:Dialects
764:to write
750:is doing
722:to sleep
657:, dan’nō
611:/ and /c
600:To-shima
564:(け) and
521:Nii-jima
510:to sleep
430:(べ) (or
361:tsurizao
196:Nii-jima
192:To-shima
172:dialects
114:Dialects
84:Japanese
27:北部伊豆諸島方言
2166:Writers
2099:Hepburn
2053:Rendaku
1992:Engrish
1688:Braille
1609:Ryakuji
1529:Yaeyama
1447:grammar
1442:Hachijō
1339:Satsugū
1298:Hichiku
1284:Hōnichi
1238:San'yō
1233:Chūgoku
1209:Shikoku
1148:Western
1108:Nagaoka
1104:Echigo
1069:Tochigi
1064:Ibaraki
1025:Nairiku
1005:Tsugaru
976:Eastern
781:was not
754:shitero
661:darubei
634:teacher
486:to come
391:grammar
381:Grammar
341:teacher
322:weather
168:Islands
79:Japonic
2161:Poetry
2109:Kunrei
2071:Kan-on
1842:Other
1751:EUC-JP
1667:Sōgana
1652:Gojūon
1604:Kokuji
1572:Kanbun
1524:Tarama
1519:Miyako
1309:Hakata
1274:Kyūshū
1262:Umpaku
1225:Sanuki
1191:Banshū
1180:Kansai
1123:Mikawa
1118:Nagoya
1098:Narada
991:Tōhoku
779:(-ざった
777:-zatta
748:(している
630:sensei
576:, zura
506:, neru
502:→ shin
494:, suru
461:chūrin
337:sensei
252:chūrin
228:Honshū
178:) are
54:Region
2183:texts
2156:Books
2076:Tō-on
2066:Go-on
1693:Kanji
1614:Ateji
1577:Kanji
1507:Yoron
1482:Kikai
1350:Other
1252:Inshū
1242:Bingo
1196:Kishū
1186:Awaji
1054:Tokyo
1044:Gunma
1035:Kantō
1020:Kesen
1010:Akita
1000:Nanbu
770:(書こ).
756:(してろ)
740:shiro
736:to do
708:to be
638:sensē
594:node.
544:danbē
516:(寝ん).
514:→ nen
498:to do
490:→ kun
447:-node
443:-kara
363:(釣り竿
318:tenki
281:kebyō
94:Kantō
62:Tokyo
48:Japan
1791:0213
1786:0212
1781:0211
1776:0208
1771:0201
1767:JIS
1761:2022
1624:Kana
1326:Saga
1290:Ōita
1220:Tosa
1164:Kaga
1133:Hida
1128:Mino
768:kako
762:(書く
760:kaku
742:(しろ)
734:(する
732:suru
728:(寝ろ)
726:nero
720:(寝る
718:neru
714:(いろ)
706:(いる
692:and
675:node
673:and
671:kara
642:sens
640:but
632:(先生
621:and
592:and
590:kara
586:-nke
580:darō
568:(れ).
548:darō
508:(寝る
504:(しん)
496:(する
492:(来ん)
484:(来る
482:kuru
471:zura
405:(だ).
375:izao
351:nshē
345:→ sh
339:(先生
320:(天気
300:fude
283:(仮病
269:) →
206:and
166:(or
162:The
2114:JSL
1856:EIS
1746:EUC
1215:Iyo
941:Old
857:方言論
766:)→
752:)→
738:)→
724:)→
712:iro
710:)→
704:iru
690:bei
667:-ni
432:bei
414:tsu
403:-da
332:nki
326:→ t
308:fud
302:(筆
295:byō
289:→ k
265:(駅
263:eki
2202::
815:^
795:^
698:-o
694:na
682:-o
645:ei
566:re
562:ke
478:-n
436:-U
428:Bē
418:su
372:tu
369:→
367:)
343:)
306:)
276:ki
234:.
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
170:)
60:,
2020:)
2011:)
1965:)
1951:)
919:e
912:t
905:v
686:u
677:.
649:.
623:u
619:i
614:o
608:e
512:)
500:)
488:)
422:i
410:u
348:i
329:i
324:)
311:i
292:i
287:)
273:i
186:(
156:–
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