1603:
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A series of metastudies have found that the explicit teaching of grammatical parts of speech and syntax has little or no effect on the improvement of student writing quality in elementary school, middle school of high school; other methods of writing instruction had far greater positive effect, including strategy instruction, collaborative writing, summary writing, process instruction, sentence combining and inquiry projects.
461:
1543:
1337:
1075:
2414:
1044:
1745:: Each Norwegian municipality can either declare one as its official language or it can remain "language neutral". Nynorsk is backed by 27 percent of municipalities. The main language used in primary schools, chosen by referendum within the local school district, normally follows the official language of its municipality.
1649:
in primary and secondary education. The main focus has been to prevent the use of outdated prescriptive rules in favor of setting norms based on earlier descriptive research and to change perceptions about the relative "correctness" of prescribed standard forms in comparison to non-standard dialects.
1432:
based on descriptions of usage in contemporary writings of the same language. Linguistic prescriptions also form part of the explanation for variation in speech, particularly variation in the speech of an individual speaker (for example, why some speakers say "I didn't do nothing", some say "I didn't
1427:
can arise. This often produces a discrepancy between contemporary usage and that which has been accepted, over time, as being standard or "correct". Linguists tend to view prescriptive grammar as having little justification beyond their authors' aesthetic tastes, although style guides may give useful
801:
90 BC), a student of
Aristarchus of Samothrace who founded a school on the Greek island of Rhodes. Dionysius Thrax's grammar book remained the primary grammar textbook for Greek schoolboys until as late as the twelfth century AD. The Romans based their grammatical writings on it and its basic format
576:
can also describe the linguistic behaviour of groups of speakers and writers rather than individuals. Differences in scale are important to this meaning: for example, English grammar could describe those rules followed by every one of the language's speakers. At smaller scales, it may refer to rules
1598:
grammar is taught in primary and secondary school. The term "grammar school" historically referred to a school (attached to a cathedral or monastery) that teaches Latin grammar to future priests and monks. It originally referred to a school that taught students how to read, scan, interpret, and
1657:
has reigned largely unchallenged throughout the history of modern French literature. Standard
Italian is based on the speech of Florence rather than the capital because of its influence on early literature. Likewise, standard Spanish is not based on the speech of Madrid but on that of educated
1504:. In other words, word order is not significant, and morphology is highly significant in a purely synthetic language, whereas morphology is not significant and syntax is highly significant in an analytic language. For example, Chinese and
2166:
2256:
Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007). Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools – A report to
Carnegie Corporation of New York.Washington, DC:Alliance for Excellent
1508:
are highly analytic, thus meaning is very context-dependent. (Both have some inflections, and both have had more in the past; thus, they are becoming even less synthetic and more "purely" analytic over time.)
2147:
1466:) are more common in the modern-day, although still extremely uncommon compared to natural languages. Many have been designed to aid human communication (for example, naturalistic
1492:
are formed), but above the level of individual sounds, which, like intonation, are in the domain of phonology. However, no clear line can be drawn between syntax and morphology.
1599:
declaim Greek and Latin poets (including Homer, Virgil, Euripides, and others). These should not be mistaken for the related, albeit distinct, modern
British grammar schools.
3173:
2445:
2235:
2475:
2060:
2000:
Ashtadhyayi, Sanskrit Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight
Chapters"), Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini.
1753:
in the 16th and 17th centuries. Until about 1800, it was almost exclusively a written language, but now it is so widely spoken that most of the former
1525:
to convey the same information that
Chinese does with syntax. Because Latin words are quite (though not totally) self-contained, an intelligible Latin
2949:
1529:
can be made from elements that are arranged almost arbitrarily. Latin has a complex affixation and simple syntax, whereas
Chinese has the opposite.
1484:
refers to the linguistic structure above the word level (for example, how sentences are formed) – though without taking into account
572:. Much of this internalization occurs during early childhood; learning a language later in life usually involves more direct instruction. The term
1063:
Frameworks of grammar which seek to give a precise scientific theory of the syntactic rules of grammar and their function have been developed in
1059:
which includes the object. This is in contrast to structural and functional grammar which consider the subject and object as equal constituents.
2229:
2160:
2118:
2054:
2024:
1931:
1904:
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From the latter part of the 18th century, grammar came to be understood as a subfield of the emerging discipline of modern linguistics. The
1231:
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378:
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is a dialect that is promoted above other dialects in writing, education, and, broadly speaking, in the public sphere; it contrasts with
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1295:
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1488:, which is the domain of phonology. Morphology, by contrast, refers to the structure at and below the word level (for example, how
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tend to appear also, although such rules tend to describe writing conventions more accurately than conventions of speech.
1241:
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64:
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184:
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has official status as the standard spoken form of the
Chinese language in the People's Republic of China (PRC), the
2651:
1291:
are commonly used by such frameworks to depict their rules. There are various alternative schemes for some grammar:
1165:. In such models, the object is placed into the verb phrase. The most prominent biologically-oriented theories are:
3159:
3045:
2707:
2528:
1776:
1719:
reflexes. The existence and codification of a distinct
Montenegrin standard is a matter of controversy, some treat
1416:
1251:
1183:
1139:
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609:
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often has divergent meanings when used in contexts outside linguistics. It may be used more broadly as to include
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91:
24:
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The formal study of grammar is an important part of children's schooling from a young age through advanced
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2518:
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1782:
1712:
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1489:
1390:
1315:
951:
834:
815:
789:), a succinct guide to speaking and writing clearly and effectively, written by the ancient Greek scholar
710:
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such as spelling and punctuation, which are not typically considered as part of grammar by linguists, the
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constructions of a particular speech type in great detail is called descriptive grammar. This kind of
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36:
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from
Luanping, Chengde in Hebei Province near Beijing, while grammar and syntax are based on modern
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2012:
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1615:
946:
550:
244:
174:
149:
121:
2191:
Carter, Ronald; McCarthy, Michael (2017). "Spoken Grammar: Where are We and Where are We Going?".
1723:
as a separate standard lect, and some think that it should be considered another form of Serbian.
460:
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169:
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developed by following Greek models from the 1st century BC, due to the work of authors such as
513:
is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers. Grammar rules may concern the use of
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1808:
In the United States, the Society for the Promotion of Good Grammar designated 4 March as
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1213:
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862:
819:
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20:
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A description, study, or analysis of such rules may also be known as a grammar, or as a
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3110:
3035:
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1947:
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was the discussion on the status and ideal form of the Italian language, initiated by
728:
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3469:
3429:
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3246:
3231:
3221:
2807:
2782:
2616:
2149:
Structure and Function: A Guide to Three Major Structural-Functional Theories, part 1
2040:
803:
1672:
the Spanish standard is based on the local dialects of Buenos Aires and Montevideo (
878:(10th century) is one of the earliest grammatical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible.
632:
used for writing a language. It may also be used more narrowly to refer to a set of
3322:
3070:
2995:
2862:
2742:
2626:
2606:
2094:
Pinchas Wechter, Ibn Barūn's Arabic Works on Hebrew Grammar and Lexicography (1964)
1951:
1862:
1595:
1445:
1320:
1190:
1162:
1116:
990:
Grammars of some languages began to be compiled for the purposes of evangelism and
966:
896:
858:
581:
296:
86:
1630:
controversy because it may sometimes establish a standard defining nationality or
3267:
3216:
3206:
3194:
2990:
2964:
2847:
2611:
2538:
1542:
1467:
1449:
1441:
1440:, though the rules taught in schools are not a "grammar" in the sense that most
1420:
1336:
1056:
1052:
1014:
920:
900:
621:
597:
502:
448:
423:
44:
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1981:
1602:
1423:
over time. As rules are established and developed, the prescriptive concept of
3273:
3135:
2787:
2553:
2508:
2503:
2311:"A meta-analysis of writing instruction for students in the elementary grades"
1637:
1522:
1497:
1288:
1048:
1022:
546:
525:. The term may also refer to the study of such rules, a subject that includes
418:
101:
2268:
3307:
2939:
2757:
2682:
2661:
2591:
2543:
2523:
2204:
1768:
1665:
1631:
1471:
879:
830:
759:
747:
743:
542:
538:
526:
393:
388:
224:
214:
106:
96:
2308:
Graham, Steve; McKeown, Debra; Kiuhara, Sharlene; Harris, Karen R. (2012).
1790:
1731:
996:
Grammatica o Arte de la Lengua General de Los Indios de Los Reynos del Perú
2413:
1433:
do anything", and some say one or the other depending on social context).
1043:
3292:
3236:
2852:
2641:
1831:
1437:
908:
716:
693:
687:
564:
involves a speaker internalizing these rules, many or most of which are
1737:
1669:
1567: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1404:
1361: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
924:
891:
869:
866:
854:
770:
732:
685:), "to draw, to write". The same Greek root also appears in the words
2327:
1704:
1481:
1475:
1038:
882:
in the 12th century, compares the Hebrew language with Arabic in the
874:
640:
or are clearly acceptable (or not) without the need for discussions.
534:
518:
514:
111:
2379:. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
1771:. Pronunciation of Standard Chinese is based on the local accent of
1606:
Title page of Joseph Priestley's Rudiments of English Grammar (1761)
549:. There are, broadly speaking, two different ways to study grammar:
2310:
1715:
use their own distinct normative subvarieties, with differences in
802:
remains the basis for grammar guides in many languages even today.
2717:
1798:
1636:
1601:
1518:
1510:
1042:
956:
724:
1893:
O'Grady, William; Dobrovolsky, Michael; Katamba, Francis (1996).
636:
only, excluding the aspects of a language's grammar which do not
2269:"A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students"
1873:
1802:
1658:
speakers from more northern areas such as Castile and León (see
568:
by observing other speakers, as opposed to intentional study or
522:
3155:
2457:
2438:
1716:
1622:
but which are rarely taught prescriptively. The standardized "
1536:
1330:
1069:
2049:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 45.
784:
676:
666:
656:
1419:
of usage which are developed by repeated documentation and
758:
grammar, is mostly dated to before the 5th century AD. The
933:
Las introduciones Latinas contrapuesto el romance al Latin
2110:
Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen
2083:
The Early Karaite Tradition of Hebrew Grammatical Thought
899:, grammar was taught as a core discipline throughout the
1926:(2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Longman. pp. 73–94.
1086:
762:
also made some early attempts at language description.
987:, the first grammar of German, was published in 1578.
911:. Treatment of vernaculars began gradually during the
2019:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 15–16.
769:
from the 3rd century BC forward with authors such as
1496:
use syntax to convey information that is encoded by
3453:
3381:
3254:
3245:
3193:
3088:
2978:
2882:
2875:
2670:
2579:
2572:
2491:
612:others, either absolutely or in the framework of a
2309:
1899:. Harlow, Essex: Longman. pp. 4–7, 464–539.
1749:emerged from the standardized chancellery use of
1618:, which may be the objects of study in academic,
608:, a plan to marginalize some constructions while
588:describing the grammar of a language is called a
2950:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
2113:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press.
1641:Cherokee language instruction at Kituwah Academy
1626:" taught in primary education may be subject to
1478:). Each of these languages has its own grammar.
596:. A fully revealed grammar, which describes the
3167:
2469:
482:
8:
3395:(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)
2218:Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike (2005).
845:in the 7th century. The first treatises on
777:. The oldest known grammar handbook is the
554:
19:For the rules of the English language, see
3251:
3174:
3160:
3152:
2879:
2576:
2476:
2462:
2454:
1039:Syntax § Theoretical syntactic models
903:, following the influence of authors from
731:(6th–5th century BC) and his commentators
489:
475:
31:
2284:
1896:Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction
1741:, the choice between which is subject to
1583:Learn how and when to remove this message
1377:Learn how and when to remove this message
1157:Other frameworks are based on an innate "
2224:(2nd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold.
1885:
1645:Recently, efforts have begun to update
43:
2267:Graham, Steve; Perin, Dolores (2007).
1017:was first published in the 1810s. The
994:from the 16th century onward, such as
665:), which means "art of letters", from
577:shared by smaller groups of speakers.
2905:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
2352:from the original on 12 November 2021
919:, but became influential only in the
7:
2172:from the original on 22 January 2020
2155:. John Benjamins. pp. 121–124.
1565:adding citations to reliable sources
1359:adding citations to reliable sources
1232:Head-driven phrase structure grammar
1226:Generalised phrase structure grammar
765:Grammar appeared as a discipline in
379:Conservative and innovative language
2818:Quantificational variability effect
2485:Formal semantics (natural language)
2238:from the original on 19 August 2021
2063:from the original on 24 August 2021
1923:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
1403:. Historically, with the advent of
1296:Affix grammar over a finite lattice
973:Venice 1525). The first grammar of
945:, in 1492. During the 16th-century
833:originated in the 7th century with
3288:(commands, requests, requirements)
1990:from the original on 5 August 2017
1126:(structural–functional analysis):
915:, with isolated works such as the
14:
2316:Journal of Educational Psychology
2273:Journal of Educational Psychology
2127:from the original on 28 July 2017
1986:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013.
1962:from the original on 9 March 2013
1661:Gramática de la lengua castellana
1051:: the sentence is divided into a
942:Gramática de la lengua castellana
2412:
2398:
1541:
1335:
1073:
715:The first systematic grammar of
459:
3425:Inferential/renarrative/oblique
2437:Sayce, Archibald Henry (1911).
2146:Butler, Christopher S. (2003).
1552:needs additional citations for
1346:needs additional citations for
1025:, the starting point of modern
2900:Combinatory categorial grammar
2046:Libraries in the Ancient World
1956:Online Etymological Dictionary
1444:use, particularly as they are
509:is the set of rules for how a
16:Structural rules of a language
1:
2678:Antecedent-contained deletion
2403:The dictionary definition of
1242:Government and binding theory
984:Grammatica Germanicae Linguae
884:Islamic grammatical tradition
798:
794:
736:
2017:Linguistics: An Introduction
1430:standard language employment
1135:Functional Discourse Grammar
319:Functional discourse grammar
185:Ethnography of communication
1983:Ashtadhyayi, Work by Panini
1395:History of English grammars
1145:Systemic functional grammar
1004:Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás
439:Second-language acquisition
3521:
2559:Syntax–semantics interface
2433:(archived 18 January 2014)
2295:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.445
1777:vernacular written Chinese
1388:
1252:Lexical functional grammar
1184:Fluid Construction Grammar
1140:Role and reference grammar
1036:
917:First Grammatical Treatise
785:
708:
677:
667:
657:
117:Syntax–semantics interface
18:
3051:Question under discussion
3001:Conversational scoreboard
2778:Intersective modification
2763:Homogeneity (linguistics)
2430:Oxford English Dictionary
1474:, and the highly logical
1238:Principles and parameters
971:Prose della volgar lingua
775:Aristarchus of Samothrace
675:), "letter", itself from
429:Philosophy of linguistics
329:Interactional linguistics
3106:Distributional semantics
1827:Constraint-based grammar
1399:Grammars evolve through
1220:Phrase structure grammar
1204:Transformational grammar
1161:", an idea developed by
865:tradition originated in
560:Fluency in a particular
25:Grammar (disambiguation)
3505:Linguistics terminology
3454:Dependent circumstances
3101:Computational semantics
2843:Subsective modification
2647:Propositional attitudes
2446:Encyclopædia Britannica
2221:Understanding Phonology
1620:descriptive linguistics
1425:grammatical correctness
1405:written representations
1109:: dependency relation (
1065:theoretical linguistics
1027:comparative linguistics
977:was written in 1583 by
606:linguistic prescription
3358:(hopes, wishes, fears)
3308:Hortative (+ subtypes)
3207:Indicative/declarative
3131:Philosophy of language
2773:Inalienable possession
2753:Free choice inferences
2748:Faultless disagreement
2519:Generalized quantifier
2342:"National Grammar Day"
1920:Holmes, Janet (2001).
1789:, the language of the
1783:Modern Standard Arabic
1713:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1682:two official standards
1642:
1607:
1448:in intent rather than
1391:Historical linguistics
1327:Development of grammar
1316:Tree-adjoining grammar
1060:
1033:Theoretical frameworks
952:Questione della lingua
843:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
816:Marcus Valerius Probus
711:History of linguistics
602:linguistic description
266:Theoretical frameworks
220:Philosophy of language
200:History of linguistics
23:. For other uses, see
3183:Linguistic modalities
3031:Plural quantification
2925:Inquisitive semantics
2890:Alternative semantics
2377:Grammar in Philosophy
2205:10.1093/applin/amu080
2081:G. Khan, J. B. Noah,
1785:is directly based on
1769:Republic of Singapore
1703:is likewise divided;
1640:
1605:
1456:Constructed languages
1407:, formal rules about
1269:-based grammar (1993)
1174:Cognitive linguistics
1046:
1037:Further information:
962:de vulgari eloquentia
709:Further information:
160:Conversation analysis
3016:Function application
2823:Responsive predicate
2813:Privative adjectives
2421:at Wikimedia Commons
2346:Quick and Dirty Tips
2013:McGregor, William B.
1865:(slip of the tongue)
1842:Higher order grammar
1810:National Grammar Day
1757:are nearly extinct.
1686:Brazilian Portuguese
1561:improve this article
1355:improve this article
1210:Generative semantics
1179:Construction grammar
1130:Danish Functionalism
1087:adding missing items
1029:, came out in 1833.
853:, in the context of
404:Internet linguistics
314:Construction grammar
3278:(promises, threats)
3096:Cognitive semantics
3011:Existential closure
2955:Situation semantics
2858:Temperature paradox
2828:Rising declaratives
2793:Modal subordination
2768:Hurford disjunction
2728:Discourse relations
2193:Applied Linguistics
1853:Linguistic typology
1797:has two standards,
1795:Hindustani language
1729:has two standards,
1690:European Portuguese
1674:Rioplatense Spanish
1653:The preeminence of
1647:grammar instruction
1616:vernacular dialects
1502:synthetic languages
1019:Comparative Grammar
947:Italian Renaissance
835:Auraicept na n-Éces
555:theoretical grammar
551:traditional grammar
339:Systemic functional
134:Applied linguistics
76:General linguistics
3141:Semantics of logic
3066:Strict conditional
3041:Quantifier raising
3006:Downward entailing
2986:Autonomy of syntax
2915:Generative grammar
2895:Categorial grammar
2833:Scalar implicature
2738:Epistemic modality
2713:De dicto and de re
1643:
1608:
1513:, which is highly
1494:Analytic languages
1306:Constraint grammar
1275:Stochastic grammar
1267:Minimalist program
1257:Categorial grammar
1198:Generative grammar
1124:Functional grammar
1107:Dependency grammar
1085:; you can help by
1061:
1011:Deutsche Grammatik
929:Antonio de Nebrija
927:periods. In 1486,
750:(2nd century BC).
727:(6th century BC),
634:prescriptive norms
444:Theory of language
414:Origin of language
369:Autonomy of syntax
324:Grammaticalization
170:Discourse analysis
165:Corpus linguistics
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3187:grammatical moods
3149:
3148:
3121:Logic translation
3084:
3083:
3076:Universal grinder
3061:Squiggle operator
3021:Meaning postulate
2960:Supervaluationism
2930:Intensional logic
2910:Dynamic semantics
2871:
2870:
2703:Crossover effects
2652:Tense–aspect–mood
2632:Lexical semantics
2417:Media related to
2231:978-0-340-80735-4
2162:978-1-58811-358-0
2120:978-1-5375-0495-7
2056:978-0-300-09721-4
2026:978-0-567-58352-9
1933:978-0-582-32861-7
1906:978-0-582-24691-1
1822:Ambiguous grammar
1765:Republic of China
1612:standard language
1593:
1592:
1585:
1460:planned languages
1387:
1386:
1379:
1170:Cognitive grammar
1159:universal grammar
1103:
1102:
1055:(subject), and a
992:Bible translation
889:Belonging to the
857:(exegesis of the
808:Orbilius Pupillus
663:grammatikḕ téchnē
614:standard language
590:reference grammar
499:
498:
287:Distributionalism
230:Psycholinguistics
3512:
3260:(what should be)
3252:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3126:Linguistics wars
3056:Semantic parsing
2945:Montague grammar
2880:
2723:Deontic modality
2577:
2564:Truth conditions
2499:Compositionality
2492:Central concepts
2478:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2450:
2449:(11th ed.).
2442:
2416:
2402:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:10.1037/a0029185
2313:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1869:Usage (language)
1848:Linguistic error
1837:Harmonic Grammar
1787:Classical Arabic
1773:Mandarin Chinese
1761:Standard Chinese
1709:Republika Srpska
1588:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1545:
1537:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1339:
1331:
1301:Backus–Naur form
1281:Operator grammar
1277:: probabilistic
1152:Montague grammar
1098:
1095:
1077:
1076:
1070:
935:, and the first
913:High Middle Ages
851:High Middle Ages
849:appeared in the
812:Remmius Palaemon
800:
796:
788:
787:
786:Τέχνη Γραμματική
741:
738:
680:
679:
670:
669:
660:
659:
658:γραμματικὴ τέχνη
652:is derived from
626:written language
562:language variety
537:, together with
511:natural language
491:
484:
477:
463:
409:LGBT linguistics
399:Internationalism
374:Compositionality
235:Sociolinguistics
210:Neurolinguistics
205:Interlinguistics
190:Ethnomethodology
32:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3474:
3457:(what would be)
3455:
3449:
3385:
3377:
3258:
3241:
3197:
3189:
3180:
3150:
3145:
3080:
2974:
2935:Lambda calculus
2867:
2838:Sloppy identity
2798:Opaque contexts
2733:Donkey anaphora
2698:Counterfactuals
2666:
2568:
2487:
2482:
2440:"Grammar"
2436:
2395:
2390:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2286:10.1.1.462.2356
2266:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2121:
2105:Schäfer, Roland
2103:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1948:Harper, Douglas
1946:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1818:
1767:(ROC), and the
1755:German dialects
1747:Standard German
1655:Parisian French
1589:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1558:
1546:
1535:
1413:Formal grammars
1397:
1389:Main articles:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1352:
1340:
1329:
1311:Lambda calculus
1261:lambda calculus
1214:Semantic Syntax
1111:Lucien Tesnière
1099:
1093:
1090:
1074:
1041:
1035:
937:Spanish grammar
829:The grammar of
820:Verrius Flaccus
791:Dionysius Thrax
754:, the earliest
739:
713:
707:
646:
624:conventions of
604:contrasts with
495:
454:
453:
364:
356:
355:
267:
259:
258:
254:Writing systems
145:Anthropological
135:
127:
126:
77:
69:
28:
21:English grammar
17:
12:
11:
5:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3232:Generic/gnomic
3229:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Inferentialism
3113:
3111:Formal grammar
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Possible world
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Glue semantics
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2883:Formal systems
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Polarity items
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Conservativity
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2657:Quantification
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:Presupposition
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2394:
2393:External links
2391:
2389:
2388:
2375:Rundle, Bede.
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2333:
2322:(4): 879–896.
2300:
2279:(3): 445–476.
2259:
2249:
2230:
2210:
2183:
2161:
2138:
2119:
2096:
2087:
2074:
2055:
2041:Casson, Lionel
2032:
2025:
2004:
1973:
1939:
1932:
1912:
1905:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:Paragrammatism
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1701:Serbo-Croatian
1680:has, for now,
1624:first language
1591:
1590:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1490:compound words
1409:language usage
1385:
1384:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1217:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1078:
1034:
1031:
905:Late Antiquity
847:Hebrew grammar
839:Arabic grammar
824:Aemilius Asper
780:Art of Grammar
721:Iron Age India
719:originated in
706:
703:
645:
642:
586:reference work
497:
496:
494:
493:
486:
479:
471:
468:
467:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
434:Prescriptivism
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
362:
361:
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348:
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217:
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136:
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119:
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109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
75:
74:
71:
70:
68:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3517:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Interrogative
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3387:(what may be)
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Necessitative
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Performatives
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Logophoricity
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Evidentiality
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2409:at Wiktionary
2408:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2351:
2347:
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2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
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1859:
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1811:
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1600:
1597:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1573:December 2021
1566:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1550:This section
1548:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:(also called
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1428:advice about
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:codifications
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1081:This list is
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1047:A generative
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3298:Deliberative
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3259:
3198:
3071:Type shifter
3046:Quantization
2996:Continuation
2863:Veridicality
2743:Exhaustivity
2708:Cumulativity
2627:Indexicality
2607:Definiteness
2602:Conditionals
2529:Logical form
2444:
2428:
2405:
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2354:. Retrieved
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2065:. Retrieved
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2016:
2007:
1999:
1992:. Retrieved
1982:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
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1863:Speech error
1807:
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1596:Prescriptive
1594:
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1570:
1559:Please help
1554:verification
1551:
1480:
1470:, schematic
1463:
1459:
1454:
1446:prescriptive
1435:
1429:
1398:
1373:
1364:
1353:Please help
1348:verification
1345:
1321:X-bar theory
1287:
1212:(1970s) and
1191:Word grammar
1163:Noam Chomsky
1156:
1117:Link grammar
1091:
1062:
1018:
1010:
1008:
995:
989:
982:
979:Adam Bohorič
970:
967:Pietro Bembo
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950:
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897:liberal arts
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859:Hebrew Bible
828:
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662:
649:
647:
622:orthographic
617:
593:
592:or simply a
589:
582:grammar book
579:
573:
559:
506:
500:
297:Glossematics
277:Constituency
249:interpreting
87:Lexicography
29:
3465:Conditional
3445:Subjunctive
3440:Speculative
3368:Imprecative
3348:Propositive
3343:Prohibitive
3268:Benedictive
2991:Context set
2965:Type theory
2848:Subtrigging
2612:Disjunction
2539:Proposition
2356:12 November
2242:11 November
2067:11 November
1751:High German
1743:controversy
1721:Montenegrin
1699:variant of
1523:inflections
1468:Interlingua
1450:descriptive
1421:observation
1289:Parse trees
1057:verb phrase
1053:noun phrase
1015:Jacob Grimm
1002:grammar by
921:Renaissance
901:Middle Ages
760:Babylonians
752:Tolkāppiyam
630:conventions
616:. The word
598:grammatical
570:instruction
503:linguistics
449:Terminology
424:Orthography
344:Usage-based
245:Translating
140:Acquisition
45:Linguistics
3489:Categories
3415:Dubitative
3405:Assumptive
3333:Permissive
3318:Injunctive
3313:Imperative
3274:Commissive
3222:Evidential
3212:Aggressive
3136:Pragmatics
2788:Mirativity
2554:Speech act
2509:Entailment
2504:Denotation
2385:0198246129
2369:References
2257:Education.
2176:19 January
2131:17 January
1994:23 October
1678:Portuguese
1498:inflection
1486:intonation
1094:March 2018
1083:incomplete
1049:parse tree
1023:Franz Bopp
998:(1560), a
931:published
907:, such as
699:photograph
547:pragmatics
531:morphology
419:Orismology
304:Functional
292:Generative
282:Dependency
102:Pragmatics
92:Morphology
82:Diachronic
3435:Potential
3410:Deductive
3383:Epistemic
3338:Precative
3284:Directive
3217:Energetic
3199:(what is)
2940:Mereology
2876:Formalism
2758:Givenness
2683:Cataphora
2671:Phenomena
2662:Vagueness
2592:Ambiguity
2544:Reference
2524:Intension
2514:Extension
2427:from the
2281:CiteSeerX
1952:"Grammar"
1812:in 2008.
1727:Norwegian
1666:Argentina
1632:ethnicity
1628:political
1533:Education
1515:synthetic
1506:Afrikaans
1472:Esperanto
1442:linguists
1367:June 2020
1244:) (1980s)
1240:grammar (
880:Ibn Barun
767:Hellenism
748:Patanjali
744:Katyayana
648:The word
644:Etymology
610:codifying
543:semantics
539:phonetics
527:phonology
394:Iconicity
389:Etymology
309:Cognitive
272:Formalist
225:Phonetics
215:Philology
107:Semantics
97:Phonology
3470:Eventive
3373:Optative
3354:Volitive
3293:Debitive
3247:Irrealis
3237:Mirative
3089:See also
2979:Concepts
2853:Telicity
2688:Coercion
2642:Negation
2637:Modality
2587:Anaphora
2350:Archived
2236:Archived
2199:: 1–20.
2167:Archived
2125:Archived
2107:(2016).
2061:Archived
2043:(2001).
2015:(2015).
1988:Archived
1960:Archived
1832:Grammeme
1816:See also
1707:and the
1527:sentence
1464:conlangs
1438:learning
909:Priscian
717:Sanskrit
694:grapheme
688:graphics
683:gráphein
566:acquired
195:Forensic
175:Distance
122:Typology
37:a series
35:Part of
3500:Writing
3495:Grammar
3400:Alethic
3323:Jussive
3303:Dynamic
3256:Deontic
3226:Sensory
2597:Binding
2425:Grammar
2419:Grammar
2406:grammar
1966:8 April
1738:Nynorsk
1697:Serbian
1670:Uruguay
1519:affixes
1517:, uses
1216:(1990s)
1206:(1960s)
1000:Quechua
975:Slovene
925:Baroque
892:trivium
870:Baghdad
867:Abbasid
863:Karaite
861:). The
855:Midrash
771:Rhyanus
733:Pingala
723:, with
705:History
678:γράφειν
650:grammar
618:grammar
594:grammar
574:grammar
519:phrases
515:clauses
507:grammar
150:Applied
60:History
55:Outline
3195:Realis
3026:Monads
2573:Topics
2383:
2283:
2228:
2159:
2117:
2085:(2000)
2053:
2023:
1930:
1903:
1793:. The
1791:Qur'an
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1482:Syntax
1476:Lojban
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981:, and
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875:Diqduq
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729:Pāṇini
697:, and
673:grámma
668:γράμμα
638:change
545:, and
535:syntax
533:, and
521:, and
465:Portal
363:Topics
112:Syntax
2718:De se
2622:Focus
2580:Areas
2549:Scope
2170:(PDF)
2153:(PDF)
1880:Notes
1844:(HOG)
1799:Hindi
1511:Latin
1401:usage
957:Dante
831:Irish
756:Tamil
725:Yaska
654:Greek
523:words
65:Index
3185:and
2381:ISBN
2358:2021
2244:2020
2226:ISBN
2178:2020
2157:ISBN
2133:2020
2115:ISBN
2069:2020
2051:ISBN
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1968:2010
1928:ISBN
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1803:Urdu
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1735:and
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