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individuals undertake them. Research done in Quebec suggests a postbreeding migration into the forest occurs in June. These adult salamanders may move over 100 m from the stream. The second migration is that of the newly metamorphosed juveniles leaving the stream, but they tend to remain closer to it. About 75% of individuals dispersing over 100 m into the forest did not return, and they were believed to have been consumed by predators. The majority of above-ground movements are made after dark and in wet weather. The diets of the adults are more wide-ranging than the larvae because of the amount of habitat that can be exploited, both terrestrial and aquatic. The movements of juveniles and adults usually occurs in the first hour after dark, when they emerge from under their retreats and forage along the stream bank or forest floor. Food items recorded include wood roaches, arachnids, worms, isopods, millipedes, centipedes, beetles, snails, springtails, flies, hymenopterans, sowbugs, mayflies, annelids, stonefly nymphs, and thrips and rarely trout fry. Adult population densities are variable by habitat quality. Adults are also territorial, so if resources are scarce, the population is less dense. In some populations, densities are as low as 0.02-0.04 animals/m. In other areas, localized densities can be as high as 11 individuals /m. Adults overwinter up to 80 cm deep into the soil of the stream bank in cold climates, but may remain somewhat active in southern regions, and may continue feeding during this period.
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and a summary of these observations are: the male becomes restless, as if searching for a female. Upon finding the female, he will lift her by pushing his snout under her cloacal region or chest. The male adopts a distinct posture, bending his body laterally around her snout. The pair may remain in this position for an hour or more. The female eventually slips out of this posture and begins to straddle the male's tail with her fore limbs, while pressing her chin against the base of the male's tail. The male may undulate his tail from side to side in a slow and exaggerated manner, and the female moves her head from side to side, alternately from the male's tail. This tail-straddling walk may last for over an hour, at which point the male deposits a spermatophore, leading the female to walk over it, at which time she may either accept or reject the male's sperm. The spermatophore of this species is described as conical, 2.5 mm in height and with a colorless stalk that tapers towards the tip.
340:, indicate that 65% of nests found were under cobbles (2.5 to 30 cm), 16% were under boulders (greater that 30 cm), and 19% were under slate tiles (30x30x1 cm), which were added to the stream experimentally. To deposit eggs on the under surface of a rock, the female must flip on her back to make cloacal contact with the substrate. Three minutes is required to lay each egg in this manner, and up to several hours to lay an entire clutch. The eggs, when freshly laid appear white or pale yellowish, and each egg is 2.5–3 mm in diameter and is surrounded by two distinct membranes. Communal nesting in northern two-lined salamanders has been documented on several occasions and localities; New York, in Ontario, and likely in Ohio.
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invertebrates by prowling the bottom of the stream. Typical prey items for northern two-lined salamander larvae include chironomid larvae and other dipteran larvae, stonefly larvae, cladocera, and copepods. Predators of the larvae are many, such as fish, crayfish, and other salamander larvae, such as the larger northern spring salamander (
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mental gland, found on the chin, into her circulatory system, which stimulates her to mate. Prior to egg laying, the female searches for a suitable oviposition site in the stream. Nest sites are frequently under rocks, sometimes logs, and perhaps vegetation. Research done in the
Georgia Piedmont on the closely related
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The northern two-lined salamander is a small salamander, with adults ranging from 65–120 mm in total length. This salamander is yellow or yellowish-brown, with two black stripes running down the back which tends to break up after the base of the tail. The flanks are mottled grayish or brown. The
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This species exhibits sexual dimorphism in the shape of the premaxillary teeth. The teeth of breeding males are unicuspid and elongated when compared to the shorter bicuspid teeth of the females. These enlarged teeth are used to help abrade the female's skin and introduce the secretions on the males
314:
This species prefers small rocky streams or seeps in forests, but may occur in moist areas far from running water. Also, some data suggest this species may be found on stony shores of small lakes and rivers. Northern two-lined salamanders are found throughout northeastern North
America, ranging from
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Upon hatching, the gilled larvae are about 10 mm long, and remain in slow-moving pools, or less frequently, hiding in crevices between rocks and boulders in swift-flowing streams. The larvae do not begin feeding until their yolk sacs are reabsorbed, at which point they begin to feed on benthic
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is variable depending on latitude. In the southern portion of their range, such as New York, metamorphosis occurs at 50 mm total length or two years old, while further north, such as in Quebec and likely
Ontario, metamorphosis takes place at nearly 70 mm total length, or three years old.
331:
The reproductive strategy of the northern two-lined salamander begins with an elaborate courtship. It may take place from
September (in the southern parts of its range) to May (in the north). Observations of courtship in the species were made based on individuals held in captivity by Noble (1929),
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Once the larvae reach their maximum size, metamorphosis occurs. Sexual maturity is reached in this species at three to four years old. The adults and juveniles tend to be restricted to the stream edges, hiding under rocks and other debris during the day. Seasonal migration does occur, but not all
419:. Some individuals, when confronted with a garter snake, will remain motionless when contacted by the head of the snake, but would engage in a protean flip, where the tail is held over the body when contacted by the snake's tongue.
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central and southern Quebec, New
Brunswick, northeastern Ontario, and the northeastern United States, from central Virginia and Ohio northwards to the Great Lakes. Compared to many other species in the genus
427:, as a result of a struggle with a predator. Losing part of the tail increases the likelihood of surviving the encounter with a predator. In some populations, up to 32% of animals had autotomized tails.
297:, and can often be found in and around water such as rain puddles, streams, swamps, and damp stream beds, whereas the northern redback tends to be found in damp ground, but usually not near open water.
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Because of its small size and localized distribution around streams, the northern two-lined salamander is preyed upon by a variety of animals. Predators include birds, such as the
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belly is pale yellowish, nearly transparent. There are four toes on the fore feet and five toes on the hind feet. On the side of the body are 14–16 costal grooves.
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MacCulloch, R.D. (2002). The ROM field guide to amphibians and reptiles of
Ontario. Royal Ontario Museum, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, Ontario. pp.168.
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Ducey, P.K. and E.D. Brodie. (1983). Salamanders respond selectively to contacts with snakes: survival advantages of alternative antipredator strategies.
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Organ, J.A. and L.A. Lowenthal. (1963). Comparative studies of macroscopic and microscopic features of spermatophores of some plethodontid salamanders.
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399:). Other important predators of the northern two-lined salamander larvae are other salamanders, such as the large, stream-dwelling larvae of the
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Barr, G.E. and K.J. Babbitt (2002). Effects of biotic and abiotic factors of the distribution and abundance of larval two-lined salamanders (
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species complex, with comments on the evolution on the evolution of the mental gland and pheromone delivery behavior in the
Plethodontidae.
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Crocker,J.B., M.S. Bank, C.S. Loftin, R.E. Jung Brown (2007). Influence of observers and stream flow on northern two-lined salamander (
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MacCulloch, R.D. and J.R. Bider. (1975). Phenology, migrations, circadian rhythm and the effect of precipitation on the activity of (
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Burton, T.M. and G.E. Likens (1975). Salamander populations and biomass in the
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire.
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Noble, G.K. (1929). The relationship of courtship to the secondary sexual characteristic of the two-lined salamander.
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Holomuzki, J.R. (1980). Synchronous foraging and dietary overlap of three species of
Plethodontid salamanders.
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Harding, J.H. (1997). Amphibians and reptiles of the great lakes region. University of
Michigan Press. pp. 327.
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Wood, J. T., and N. H. McCutcheon (1954). Ovarian egg complements and the nests of the Two-lined Salamander
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Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 587.
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Guy,C.J., R.E. Ratajczak, G.D. Grossman. 2004. Nest-site selection by southern two-lined salamanders (
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Kozak, K.H. (2003). Sexual isolation and courtship behavior in salamanders of the
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LeGros, D.L. (2012). Communal Oviposition in the Northern Two-lined Salamander (
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Baumann, Walter L.; Huels, Michael (1982). "Nests of the two-lined salamander (
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777:) relative abundance estimates in Acadia and Shenandoah National Parks, USA.
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Introduction aux amphibiens et reptiles du Canada. Musee Nationaux du Canada
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Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
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The larvae over-winter in deeper pools not prone to freezing.
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809:"Eurycea bislineata (Northern Two-lined Salamander)"
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756:Trapido, H. and R.T. Clausen (1940). The larvae of
261:found in Canada and the United States. Its natural
1213:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
853:Stewart, M.M. (1968). Population dynamics of
696:Bishop, S. C. 1941. Salamanders of New York.
293:. It is more water-oriented than the related
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468:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59261A11907793.en
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726:) in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario.
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1228:Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
501:. American Museum of Natural History
1193:IUCN Red List least concern species
454:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
277:, intermittent rivers, freshwater
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711:Eurycea b. bislineata × cirrigera
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1208:Amphibians of the United States
887:Northern two-lined salamander (
698:New York State Museum Bulletin
35:Northern two-lined salamander
1:
1144:northern-two-lined-salamander
792:Eurycea bislineata bislineata
775:Eurycea bislineata bislineata
728:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
660:Eurycea bislineata bislineata
245:northern two-lined salamander
18:Northern Two-lined Salamander
1233:Amphibians described in 1818
413:Desmognathus quadramaculatus
641:) in the Georgia Piedmont.
443:Geoffrey Hammerson (2004).
295:northern redback salamander
1249:
900:, Natural Resources Canada
405:Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
401:northern spring salamander
351:Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
743:) across spatial scales.
596:American Museum Novitates
489:Frost, Darrel R. (2014).
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81:Scientific classification
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758:Eurycea bislineata major
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310:Habitat and distribution
643:Southeastern Naturalist
626:Southeastern Naturalist
859:Journal of Herpetology
779:Journal of Herpetology
664:Journal of Herpetology
383:), snakes such as the
461:: e.T59261A11907793.
409:blackbelly salamander
385:eastern garter snakes
371:Predators and defense
233:Salamandra bislineata
1203:Amphibians of Canada
814:Animal Diversity Web
27:Species of amphibian
397:Diadophis punctatus
389:Thamnophis sirtalis
377:eastern screech owl
51:Conservation status
988:Eurycea-bislineata
962:Eurycea_bislineata
948:Eurycea bislineata
918:Eurycea bislineata
896:2010-05-28 at the
889:Eurycea bislineata
855:Eurycea bislineata
741:Eurycea bislineata
724:Eurycea bislineata
622:Eurycea bislineata
493:Eurycea bislineata
447:Eurycea bislineata
253:) is a species of
250:Eurycea bislineata
190:Eurycea bislineata
172:E. bislineata
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910:Taxon identifiers
639:Eurycea cirrigera
585:. Ottawa. pp. 211
581:Cook, F. (1984).
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747:133:176-185
730:125:363-365
474:16 November
301:Description
291:urban areas
287:arable land
235:Green, 1818
1187:Categories
861:2:176-177.
745:Oecologica
645:. 3:75-88.
431:References
407:) and the
255:salamander
628:2:281-292
381:Otus asio
271:shrubland
215:Range of
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1105:2.105466
1066:10200399
933:Q2213183
927:Wikidata
894:Archived
598:362:1-5.
263:habitats
224:Synonyms
144:Family:
128:Amphibia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1198:Eurycea
1040:5218376
1027:1018896
844:975:54.
684:1563908
505:1 March
317:Eurycea
283:springs
279:marshes
267:forests
200:, 1818)
159:Eurycea
154:Genus:
138:Urodela
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1157:541564
1131:202644
1118:134758
1079:173685
872:Copeia
842:Copeia
762:Copeia
682:
609:Copeia
391:) and
289:, and
275:rivers
1170:61424
1092:59261
1061:IRMNG
1053:27120
1014:3D3GS
1001:27357
680:JSTOR
198:Green
1139:ODNR
1113:NCBI
1087:IUCN
1074:ITIS
1035:GBIF
996:BOLD
975:4049
662:)".
507:2015
476:2021
459:2004
243:The
1022:EoL
1009:CoL
983:ASW
957:ADW
672:doi
463:doi
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