469:
in size and are not arranged near the nostrils (i.e. nares) in the same fashion as plethodontids. Due to the fact that plethodontids cannot generate air pressure via expulsion of air from the lungs and through the nares, they are presented with the challenge of removing water and debris from the nasal passages which has the potential to significantly limit olfactory processes. As such, the nasolabial grooves are structured in a way that maximizes drainage from the nose. The groove is deeper and more narrow directly around the nares and the orifices of the glands are slightly elevated both of which aid in the gravitational flow of fluid from the nares and nasal depression. Additionally, the nasolabial glands around the margins of the nares secrete a fatty film which further encourages the removal of water from the nasal passages due to differences in polarity between water and the lipid secretions.
327:
offspring hatch as fully-formed, miniature adults. Direct development is correlated with changes in the developmental characteristics of plethodontids compared to other families of salamanders including increases in egg size and duration of embryonic development. Additionally, the evolutionary loss of the aquatic larval stage is related to a diminishing dependence on aquatic habitats for reproduction. The lift of this constraint allowed widespread colonization and diversification within a broad number of terrestrial habitats which is a testament to the high success and proliferation of
Plethodontidae.
441:
109:
254:
134:
311:
2246:
468:
which is correlated with a higher degree of olfactory lobe and nasal mucous membrane development in plethodontids. The presence of this specialized structure is likely related to the absence of lungs in these salamanders. Though some lunged salamanders do exhibit similar structures, they are reduced
388:
In scientific literature discussing the variations between the mental glands of plethodontid salamanders, it was discovered that male plethodontids had minor variations in height and diameter of the simple tubular glands, and major variation was found in the diameter of the secretory granules.
364:
Plethodontids exhibit highly stereotyped and complex mating behaviors and courtship rituals that are not present in any other salamander family. Mating behavior tends to be uniform among all plethodontids and typically involves a tail-straddle walk in which the female orients her head at the base of
326:
Adult lungless salamanders have four limbs, with four toes on the fore limbs, and usually with five on the hind limbs. Within many species, mating and reproduction occur solely on land. Accordingly, many species also lack an aquatic larval stage, a phenomenon known as direct development in which the
376:
during the tail-straddling walk. During the breeding period, males will grow enlarged anterior teeth used to scratch the female's skin on her head as a part of the courtship ritual. Subsequently, the male will rub pheromones onto the abraded spot which are secreted from a pad of tissue called the
384:
Courtship pheromones greatly increase male mating success for a variety of reasons. Overall, the pheromone secretions increase female receptivity to courtship and sperm transfer. This not only increases the likelihood of successful mating with a specific female, but also shortens the duration of
417:
Plethodontids are constantly exposed to air or water, which allows for constant gas exchange that is not limited by ventilation. Oxygen uptake is identical in water and air, assuming the partial pressure of oxygen is the same. Oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood are mixed together in the venous
365:
the male's tail while also straddling the tail with her body. The male will twist his body around and deposit a sperm capsule, known as the spermatophore, on the substrate in front of the female's snout. As the male leads the female over the spermatophore with his tail, the female lowers her
455:
gene, which is expressed exclusively in the lungs in other vertebrates, is in lungless salamanders expressed in the larval integument instead. When going through metamorphosis, it disappears from the integument and appears in the buccopharynx in adults. It is suggested the gene facilitate
2049:; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. F. B.; De SĂĄ, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006).
405:
are neotenic, and keep their larval gills even as adults. Gills are absent in all other adult plethodontids. Plethodontids possess costal grooves on the trunk of their bodies. These help keep the skin moist via water transport over the surface of the body.
432:
Plethodontids have been observed to develop rudimentary lungs as embryos. The lung rudiment develops similarly to that of non-plethodontid salamanders for the first three weeks of development and then begins to regress through
409:
Plethodontid salamanders are almost entirely reliant on cutaneous respiration. Approximately 83%â93% of oxygen uptake is through this method. Plethodontid salamander respiration rates are constrained by their
464:
Another distinctive feature is the presence of a vertical slit between the nostril and upper lip, known as the "nasolabial groove". The groove is lined with glands, and enhances the salamander's
344:
Measured in individual numbers, they are very successful animals where they occur. In some places, they make up the dominant biomass of vertebrates. An estimated 1.88 billion individuals of the
2486:
1515:
2525:
356:, which are usually too small for other terrestrial vertebrates. This gives them access to a whole ecological niche with minimal competition from other groups.
1770:"Macroevolution of desiccationârelated morphology in plethodontid salamanders as inferred from a novel surface area to volume ratio estimation approach"
278:. With over 500 species, lungless salamanders are by far the largest family of salamanders in terms of their diversity. Most species are native to the
2617:
2460:
2622:
2499:
489:. The origin region of the family is North America, with oldest of the European members of the family known from the Middle Miocene of Slovakia.
1442:
429:
for prolonged periods by reducing their metabolic rate instead of by relying on anaerobic cutaneous respiration, as initially theorized.
1974:"Enlarged Multilocus Data set Provides Surprisingly Younger Time of Origin for the Plethodontidae, the Largest Family of Salamanders"
1641:
482:
2166:
1343:
2574:
338:
1605:
Houck, Lynne D.; Reagan, Nancy L. (1990). "Male courtship pheromones increase female receptivity in a plethodontid salamander".
2382:
1923:
Expression of a novel surfactant protein gene is associated with sites of extrapulmonary respiration in a lungless salamander
1651:
345:
2504:
2512:
1937:
Brown, Charles E.; Martof, Bernard S. (1966-10-01). "The
Function of the Naso-Labial Groove of Plethodontid Salamanders".
116:
389:
This is attributed to the fact that males can mate throughout all months of the year, while females oviposit seasonally.
133:
1566:"Histology of mental and caudal courtship glands in three genera of plethodontid salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)"
411:
352:
alone, about 1,400 tons of biomass. Due to their modest size and low metabolism, they are able to feed on prey such as
2612:
2395:
315:
385:
courtship which is important because it minimizes the chance of the male being interrupted by other competing males.
2439:
369:
onto the spermatophore and lodges the sperm mass inside while leaving the base of the spermatophore on the ground.
349:
1391:
2530:
2452:
2091:
298:
440:
2067:
2050:
2120:
2607:
2602:
2322:
1565:
1402:
Hairston, N.G., Sr. 1987. Community ecology and salamander guilds. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
397:
A number of features distinguish the plethodontids from other salamanders. Most significantly, they lack
2551:
2387:
2159:
1509:
1265:
891:
1972:
Shen, Xing-Xing; Liang, Dan; Chen, Meng-Yun; Mao, Rong-Li; Wake, David B.; Zhang, Peng (January 2016).
330:
Despite the absence of lungs, some can grow rather large. The largest species of lungless salamanders,
108:
2579:
2400:
2421:
2369:
1879:
452:
372:
Within many species of plethodontidae, the courtship ritual is often accompanied by transfer of male
2360:
445:
401:, conducting respiration through their skin, and the tissues lining their mouths. Some species of
253:
2282:
2235:
1954:
1799:
1622:
1412:
283:
279:
128:
2015:"A fossil plethodontid salamander from the Middle Miocene of Slovakia (Caudata, Plethodontidae)"
2014:
1922:
2556:
1466:
Sever, David M.; Dustin S. Siegel; Michael S. Taylor; Christopher K. Beachy1 (March 17, 2016).
2538:
2408:
2222:
1995:
1905:
1845:
1791:
1723:
1647:
1497:
1448:
1438:
1339:
426:
2491:
2543:
2230:
2152:
2072:
2062:
2026:
1985:
1946:
1895:
1887:
1837:
1781:
1750:
1715:
1614:
1580:
1546:
1530:
1487:
1479:
1372:
1273:
612:
419:
210:
2566:
456:
extrapulmonary respiration through the production of pulmonary surfactant-like secretions.
1156:
1147:
402:
331:
235:
226:
2139:
1741:
Whitford, Walter G. (1973). "The effects of temperature on respiration in the
Amphibia".
2245:
1883:
2447:
2434:
2374:
2262:
2254:
1900:
1867:
1492:
1467:
465:
243:
195:
20:
1821:
1699:
1618:
1413:"Salamanders a more abundant food source in forest ecosystems than previously thought"
2596:
2287:
1841:
1803:
1719:
1138:
851:
712:
533:
66:
19:"Lungless salamander" redirects here. For the lungless salamanders of East Asia, see
1958:
1626:
1303:
2413:
2046:
1950:
1102:
1062:
982:
871:
692:
652:
632:
572:
552:
378:
310:
288:
497:
The family
Plethodontidae consists of two extant subfamilies and about 516 to 520
2517:
2473:
2354:
1377:
1360:
1022:
931:
751:
592:
478:
41:
2144:
2031:
2175:
831:
791:
771:
353:
275:
185:
86:
51:
2345:
1700:"Respiratory properties of the blood of a lungless and gill-less salamander,
1452:
1334:
Lanza, B.; Vanni, S.; Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).
501:
divided among 29 genera, making up the majority of known salamander species:
2305:
2297:
2277:
2212:
2096:
gen. n., sp. n. (Amphibia: Caudata), a fossil salamander from the
Caribbean"
1990:
1973:
1160:
1082:
486:
434:
373:
175:
145:
91:
2121:
https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=101246&searchType=species
1999:
1909:
1891:
1868:"Developmental basis of evolutionary lung loss in plethodontid salamanders"
1795:
1754:
1501:
1849:
1727:
341:, which they can fire almost a body length at high speed to capture prey.
2339:
2267:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2134:
1042:
1002:
811:
732:
293:
165:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
1277:
1152:
1128:
962:
911:
672:
498:
282:, from British Columbia to Brazil. Only two extant genera occur in the
96:
71:
1820:
Gatz, Randall N.; Crawford, Eugene C.; Piiper, Johannes (1974-02-01).
1786:
1769:
1698:
Gatz, Randall N.; Crawford, Eugene C.; Piiper, Johannes (1974-02-01).
1584:
1550:
1483:
2478:
2188:
2076:
366:
155:
2465:
2316:
477:
Plethodontidae are estimated to have split from their sister group
1822:"Metabolic and heart rate response of the plethodontid salamander
1668:
1531:"Ultrastructure of the mental gland of the Red-Backed Salamander,
439:
320:
309:
1270:
Amphibian
Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.2
398:
2320:
2148:
1768:
Baken, Erica K.; Mellenthin, Lauren E.; Adams, Dean C. (2020).
414:, and higher SA:Vs are correlated to warmer, wetter climates.
2426:
1866:
Lewis, Zachary R.; Kerney, Ryan; Hanken, James (2022-08-19).
2068:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2
1359:
Lewis, Zachary R.; Kerney, Ryan; Hanken, James (2011).
936:
Camp, Peterman, Milanovich, Lamb, Maerz, and Wake, 2009
2119:
IUCN RedList, (2020). Plethodontidae. Retrieved from
1437:. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. pp. 383â424.
1564:
Ariana E. Rupp; David M. Sever (February 14, 2017).
1047:
Min, Yang, Bonett, Vieites, Brandon & Wake, 2005
422:
of oxygen within cardiac blood to typically be low.
231:
2329:
2296:
2253:
2221:
2055:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2140:Caudata Culture Species Database - Plethodontidae
334:, can reach lengths of 36 cm (14 in).
1392:Bell's False Brook Salamander - World Land Trust
1159:, marking the only record of salamanders in the
261:Native distribution of plethodontids (in green)
1122:Following a major revision in 2006, the genus
2160:
1435:Reproductive biology and phylogeny of Urodela
1338:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 74â75.
1298:
1296:
1294:
8:
1514:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1361:"Lung development in lungless salamanders!"
538:Rovito, Parra-Olea, Recuero, and Wake, 2015
296:and mainland Europe south of the Alps) and
2317:
2167:
2153:
2145:
1310:. University of California, Berkeley. 2024
252:
107:
27:
2066:
2030:
1989:
1899:
1785:
1491:
1376:
2013:SanchĂz, Borja; Venczel, MĂĄrton (2005).
1170:
2090:Poinar Jr., G.; Wake, David B. (2015).
1468:"Phylogeny of Mental Glands, Revisited"
1336:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
1259:
1257:
1253:
1815:
1813:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1507:
1272:. American Museum of Natural History.
1932:
1930:
1861:
1859:
1329:
1327:
1325:
485:, and to have diversified during the
339:projectile tongue and hyoid apparatus
7:
2453:e432af3d-3398-4367-b8c4-b1c0790f04f6
1428:
1426:
381:located underneath the male's chin.
1643:Fossil Salamanders of North America
1529:David M. Sever (January 18, 2016).
577:Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
510:Genus, scientific name, and author
14:
1176:According to IUCN Redlist (2020)
2618:Extant Miocene first appearances
2244:
681:North American brook salamanders
132:
2623:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1951:10.1086/physzool.39.4.30152358
1091:Slimy and mountain salamanders
1:
1619:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80384-7
1126:was found to be a synonym of
637:GarcĂa-ParĂs & Wake, 2000
581:Tropical climbing salamanders
348:inhabit just one district of
332:Bell's false brook salamander
117:California slender salamander
2135:Tree of Life: Plethodontidae
2051:"The amphibian tree of life"
1842:10.1016/0034-5687(74)90017-6
1720:10.1016/0034-5687(74)90016-4
1646:. Indiana University Press.
1155:fossil remains preserved in
2094:Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae
1535:(Amphibia: Plethodontidae)"
1378:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.560
1266:"Plethodontidae Gray, 1850"
444:The nasiolabal groove of a
425:Plethodontids can tolerate
346:southern redback salamander
316:Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae
2641:
2032:10.1163/156853805774408586
1051:Korean crevice salamanders
840:Tropical dwarf salamanders
737:Dubois and Raffaelli, 2012
520:
350:Mark Twain National Forest
18:
2242:
2183:
1264:Frost, Darrel R. (2024).
1145:A single hemidactyliine (
1111:European cave salamanders
949:
418:system, which causes the
302:(native to South Korea).
260:
251:
223:
218:
129:Scientific classification
127:
115:
106:
30:
1640:Holman, J. Alan (2006).
1433:Sever, David M. (2003).
601:Finca Chiblac salamander
1172:Conservation Status of
940:Patch-nosed salamanders
880:Mud and red salamanders
860:False brook salamanders
800:Long-limbed salamanders
121:Batrachoseps attenuatus
1892:10.1126/sciadv.abo6108
1830:Respiration Physiology
1708:Respiration Physiology
1221:Critically Endangered
1136:were made synonyms of
900:Many-lined salamanders
796:Elias & Wake, 1983
776:Wake & Elias, 1983
756:Wake and Johnson, 1989
657:Wake & Elias, 1983
621:Splay-foot salamanders
597:Wake & Elias, 1983
493:Subfamilies and genera
448:
323:
2552:Paleobiology Database
1991:10.1093/sysbio/syv061
1939:Physiological Zoology
1365:Developmental Biology
1071:Red Hills salamanders
721:Four-toed salamanders
661:Bromeliad salamanders
443:
313:
2448:Fauna Europaea (new)
2178:families by suborder
1755:10.1093/icb/13.2.505
1031:Web-toed salamanders
971:Climbing salamanders
473:Evolutionary history
360:Courtship and mating
337:Many species have a
272:lungless salamanders
16:Family of amphibians
1884:2022SciA....8O6108L
1824:Desmognathus fuscus
1702:Desmognathus fuscus
1419:. 18 November 2014.
1177:
1167:Conservation status
760:Jumping salamanders
561:Slender salamanders
451:A paralogue of the
31:Lungless salamander
2613:Amphibian families
1978:Systematic Biology
1743:American Zoologist
1533:Plethodon cinereus
1278:10.5531/db.vz.0001
1184:Number of Species
1171:
1132:, while the genus
920:Minute salamanders
701:Spring salamanders
641:Hidden salamanders
449:
324:
284:Eastern Hemisphere
280:Western Hemisphere
274:, are a family of
2590:
2589:
2539:Open Tree of Life
2323:Taxon identifiers
2314:
2313:
2223:Cryptobranchoidea
2019:Amphibia-Reptilia
1787:10.1111/evo.13898
1585:10.1111/azo.12188
1551:10.1111/azo.12158
1484:10.1643/CH-14-210
1444:978-1-57808-645-0
1244:
1243:
1120:
1119:
991:Dusky salamanders
265:
264:
214:
37:OligoceneâPresent
2630:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2518:NBNSYS0000164599
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2318:
2283:Rhyacotritonidae
2248:
2231:Cryptobranchidae
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1934:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1878:(33): eabo6108.
1872:Science Advances
1863:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1607:Animal Behaviour
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1495:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1304:"Plethodontidae"
1300:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1261:
1197:Near Threatened
1178:
1151:) is known from
1108:
1088:
1068:
1048:
1028:
1008:
988:
968:
956:
937:
917:
897:
877:
857:
837:
820:Worm salamanders
817:
816:Keferstein, 1868
797:
780:Moss salamanders
777:
757:
738:
718:
698:
678:
677:Rafinesque, 1822
658:
638:
618:
613:Chiropterotriton
598:
578:
558:
539:
527:
504:
503:
446:dusky salamander
420:partial pressure
403:cave salamanders
256:
233:
209:
137:
136:
111:
101:
38:
34:Temporal range:
28:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2325:
2315:
2310:
2292:
2249:
2240:
2217:
2179:
2173:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2103:Palaeodiversity
2098:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1506:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1237:Data Deficient
1169:
1157:Dominican amber
1148:Palaeoplethodon
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
966:
954:
953:
945:
935:
925:
915:
905:
895:
885:
875:
865:
855:
845:
835:
825:
815:
805:
795:
785:
775:
765:
755:
745:
736:
726:
716:
706:
696:
686:
676:
666:
656:
646:
636:
626:
616:
606:
596:
586:
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2129:External links
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319:preserved in
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93:
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78:
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63:
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53:
48:
43:
29:
26:
22:
2330:
2272:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2085:
2058:
2054:
2047:Frost, D. R.
2041:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1984:(1): 66â81.
1981:
1977:
1967:
1942:
1938:
1918:
1875:
1871:
1836:(1): 43â49.
1833:
1829:
1823:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1714:(1): 33â41.
1711:
1707:
1701:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1642:
1635:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1576:
1572:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1510:cite journal
1478:(1): 83â93.
1475:
1471:
1461:
1434:
1417:ScienceDaily
1416:
1407:
1398:
1387:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1335:
1312:. Retrieved
1307:
1281:. Retrieved
1269:
1245:
1173:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:Haideotriton
1123:
1121:
1107:Dubois, 1984
1103:Speleomantes
1101:
1081:
1063:Phaeognathus
1061:
1041:
1027:Gistel, 1848
1021:
1001:
983:Desmognathus
981:
961:
950:
930:
910:
892:Stereochilus
890:
872:Pseudotriton
870:
856:Taylor, 1944
850:
836:Taylor, 1944
830:
810:
790:
770:
750:
731:
711:
693:Gyrinophilus
691:
671:
653:Dendrotriton
651:
633:Cryptotriton
631:
617:Taylor, 1944
611:
591:
573:Bolitoglossa
571:
553:Batrachoseps
551:
532:
521:
496:
476:
463:
450:
431:
424:
416:
408:
396:
387:
383:
379:mental gland
371:
363:
343:
336:
329:
325:
314:
297:
289:Speleomantes
287:
271:
267:
266:
234:
205:
120:
25:
2474:iNaturalist
2355:Wikispecies
2268:Amphiumidae
2205:Superclass
1826:to hypoxia"
1667:Doring, M.
1308:AmphibiaWeb
1213:Endangered
1205:Vulnerable
1134:Lineatriton
1023:Hydromantes
987:Baird, 1850
967:Baird, 1851
932:Urspelerpes
752:Ixalotriton
593:Bradytriton
513:Common name
481:around the
479:Amphiumidae
393:Respiration
354:springtails
292:(native to
276:salamanders
2597:Categories
2298:Sirenoidea
2236:Hynobiidae
2199:Subphylum
1653:0253347327
1249:References
1007:Gray, 1850
955:Gray, 1850
916:Cope, 1869
896:Cope, 1869
832:Parvimolge
792:Nyctanolis
772:Nototriton
697:Cope, 1869
374:pheromones
219:Subgroups
192:Suborder:
2306:Sirenidae
2278:Proteidae
2207:Tetrapoda
2077:2246/5781
2061:: 1â291.
1804:209407983
1774:Evolution
1453:427511083
1161:Caribbean
1083:Plethodon
1011:Ensatinas
585:139 - 140
507:Subfamily
487:Paleogene
435:apoptosis
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
2340:Wikidata
2213:Amphibia
2201:Craniata
2195:Chordata
2189:Animalia
2187:Kingdom
2109:: 21â29.
2000:26385618
1959:87787255
1910:35977024
1796:31849047
1678:26 April
1673:gbif.org
1627:53185123
1502:30034038
1229:Extinct
1043:Karsenia
1003:Ensatina
812:Oedipina
733:Isthmura
516:Species
299:Karsenia
294:Sardinia
202:Family:
176:Amphibia
166:Chordata
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
2580:1369389
2346:Q100340
2193:Phylum
2176:Caudate
1901:9385146
1880:Bibcode
1850:4821656
1728:4821655
1590:July 5,
1493:6054469
1314:4 March
1283:4 March
1181:Status
1153:Miocene
1129:Eurycea
963:Aneides
912:Thorius
673:Eurycea
499:species
427:hypoxia
306:Biology
186:Urodela
182:Order:
172:Class:
2564:uBio:
2544:515329
2505:173631
2492:103655
2211:Class
1998:
1957:
1908:
1898:
1848:
1802:
1794:
1726:
1650:
1625:
1500:
1490:
1472:Copeia
1451:
1441:
1342:
367:cloaca
213:, 1850
2575:WoRMS
2567:31669
2557:37385
2487:IRMNG
2479:26909
2440:15533
2414:625RT
2099:(PDF)
1955:S2CID
1800:S2CID
1623:S2CID
1569:(PDF)
884:2 - 4
545:6 - 7
453:SFTPC
399:lungs
321:amber
270:, or
2531:8332
2526:NCBI
2500:ITIS
2466:6748
2461:GBIF
2427:7524
2396:BOLD
1996:PMID
1906:PMID
1846:PMID
1792:PMID
1724:PMID
1680:2024
1648:ISBN
1592:2022
1516:link
1498:PMID
1449:OCLC
1439:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1316:2024
1285:2024
412:SA:V
211:Gray
42:Preê
2513:NBN
2422:EoL
2409:CoL
2401:499
2383:ASW
2370:ADW
2073:hdl
2063:doi
2059:297
2027:doi
1986:doi
1947:doi
1896:PMC
1888:doi
1838:doi
1782:doi
1751:doi
1716:doi
1615:doi
1581:doi
1547:doi
1488:PMC
1480:doi
1476:104
1373:doi
1369:356
1274:doi
1240:40
1224:68
1216:88
1208:60
1200:39
1192:94
1142:.
2599::
2577::
2554::
2541::
2528::
2515::
2502::
2489::
2476::
2463::
2450::
2437::
2424::
2411::
2398::
2385::
2372::
2357::
2342::
2105:.
2101:.
2071:.
2057:.
2053:.
2023:26
2021:.
2017:.
1994:.
1982:65
1980:.
1976:.
1953:.
1943:39
1941:.
1929:^
1904:.
1894:.
1886:.
1874:.
1870:.
1858:^
1844:.
1834:20
1832:.
1828:.
1812:^
1798:.
1790:.
1778:74
1776:.
1772:.
1747:13
1745:.
1722:.
1712:20
1710:.
1706:.
1688:^
1671:.
1621:.
1611:39
1609:.
1577:98
1575:.
1571:.
1543:98
1541:.
1537:.
1512:}}
1508:{{
1496:.
1486:.
1474:.
1470:.
1447:.
1425:^
1415:.
1367:.
1363:.
1324:^
1306:.
1293:^
1268:.
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