755:
that reported for fish, birds or small mammals. The species is carnivorous and consumes a variety of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. Larvae feed predominantly on aquatic invertebrates (such as copepods, other crustaceans and insect larvae), as well as mites, whereas the adult diet consists of 60 to 85% of terrestrial invertebrates, including arthropods (such as crustaceans, spiders, mites, flies and fly larvae, ants, beetles and beetle larvae, centipedes, moths and mayflies), snails, slugs and earthworms. When prey is in excess, the northern dusky salamander does typically have a preference for the larger and fleshier terrestrial invertebrates, such as earthworms. The aquatic portion of the adult's diet is habitat specific and commensurate with the seasonal abundance and diversity of invertebrates.
44:
498:, and a keeled (knife-like) tail that is triangular in cross-section and compressed laterally at the base. The tail is less than half its body length and is normally lighter in colour in comparison to the body. Adults attain lengths of up to 14 cm, with the average length of adult males and females being 9.4 cm and 8.6 cm, respectively. Being from the family Plethodontidae, the northern dusky salamander is lungless. It absorbs oxygen through the skin and membranous tissue located in the mouth and throat. The dusky salamander also has a naso-labial groove, which aids
664:. These microhabitats are also important for foraging and nesting both of which take place on land close to the water's edge. As a result of desiccation and predators, activity of the northern dusky salamander peaks in the morning, and the evening and early night. Alongside the stream, females nest in cryptic microhabitats where soil is saturated with water. Their eggs are often laid in logs, under rocks or moss, or stream-bank cavities. During development while in the
863:
habitat and make it illegal to possess, harm or kill the species. In
Ontario, a dusky salamander recovery team entitled the "Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander and Northern Dusky Salamander Recovery Strategy" has also been established to develop a recovery plan for both species. The Quebec / New Brunswick population of the northern dusky salamander is considered not at risk. Nonetheless, it is currently on a list of species likely to be designated as
88:
506:
220:
614:
63:
690:
433:, and muddy places along upland streams. They are most common where water is running or trickling. They hide under various objects, such as leaves or rocks, either in or near water. Alternatively, they may enter burrows for protection. The dusky salamander lays its eggs close to water under moss or rocks, in logs, or in stream-bank cavities. The
862:
In the province of
Ontario, where the status of the Carolinian population of the northern dusky salamander is listed as Endangered, the northern dusky salamander is protected under the Ontario Endangered Species Act of 2007 and by the Ontario Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act. These acts protect its
579:
located in high elevation, low-order streams. There are two separate units (DU), the Quebec/New
Brunswick DU and the Carolinian DU in Ontario. A comprehensive review of Ohio populations was published in "Amphibians of Ohio" (2013). An isolated breeding population exists in eastern Michigan; however,
429:. The size of the species' total population is unknown, but is assumed to easily exceed 100,000. The species' habitat differs somewhat geographically; dusky salamanders in the northern part of the range prefer rocky woodland streams, seepages, and springs, while those in the south favor floodplains,
754:
The northern dusky salamander is considered to be a feeding generalist, with its diet varying based on food availability. Stream salamanders are known to be significant predators. This is because they are dominant vertebrates within headwater riparian forest ecosystems, with a biomass greater than
668:
stage, the northern dusky salamander is strictly aquatic, its habitat the interstitial spaces between rocks of the streambed. In winter, they remain in shallow running water, whereas adults overwinter in subterranean retreats or in streams, often remaining active throughout winter if the substrate
600:
quality is optimal in undisturbed watersheds and where water is running or trickling and there is an abundance of forest cover The forest cover serves to keep the water cool and well oxygenated, and maintains moisture and temperature at levels necessary for salamander survival. In the south, the
485:
stripe or two dark stripes that continue on to the first part of the tail. Juvenile colouring consists of five to eight pairs of dorsal spots or blotches located between the front and hind legs. Older individuals tend to be uniformly dark brown or black. As with all dusky salamander species, both
772:
or trends. That said, the total adult population size of the northern dusky salamander is known to exceed 100,000 individuals. There are numerous stable populations throughout the range. The species is widespread in Quebec and New
Brunswick but local densities are usually low. In Ontario, the
871:
by the Quebec provincial government and is also protected by a provincial act that prohibits the collecting or selling of specimens. Likewise, Article 22 of the provincial
Environmental Quality Act offers protection against unregulated degradation of the dusky salamander's environment. In New
680:
The home range of the northern dusky salamander is limited to 1m to 3.6 m. The northern dusky salamander has seasonal variations with its patterns of movement. During warmer months the salamanders have larger home ranges that average around 1.5 m2. This is reduced during the winter and some
709:
gland. These glandular tissues become enlarged when sexually active. Female individuals lack a mental gland and have folded cloacal lips. For reproduction, the male applies the snout, cheeks and mental gland to the snout of the female, who usually responds by picking up the
1228:
Northern Dusky
Salamander, R. D. Davic; Amphibians of Ohio; Editors: Ralph A Pfingsten; Jeffrey G Davis; Timothy O Matson; Gregory J Lipps, Jr; Douglas E Wynn; Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio: Bulletin (Ohio Biological Survey), new ser., v. 17, no. 1.,
1218:
Northern Dusky
Salamander, R. D. Davic; Amphibians of Ohio, Editors: Ralph A Pfingsten; Jeffrey G Davis; Timothy O Matson; Gregory J Lipps, Jr; Douglas E Wynn; Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio: Bulletin (Ohio Biological Survey), new ser., v. 17, no. 1.,
858:
The northern dusky salamander is listed as endangered in
Ontario and is declining in many parts of the United States yet some populations remain stable. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists its global status as Least Concern.
832:
of streams, or the microhabitat conditions of the forest floor undergoing alterations. Siltation is of particular consequence to the northern dusky salamander because the interstitial spaces that they use for foraging, nesting and
845:
is further heightened when the species relies on a single watershed. Such is the case of the
Ontario population of the northern dusky salamander. The species is also threatened through the introduction of predatory fish, such as
700:
Due to their lack of mobility, some populations of dusky salamander are genetically distinct. Breeding is terrestrial and occurs annually in spring or fall and includes elaborate courtship rituals. Adult males have papillose
1753:
Bank, Michael S.; Crocker, Jeffrey B.; Davis, Shirley; Brotherton, David K.; Cook, Robert; Behler, John; Connery, Bruce (2006). "Population decline of northern dusky salamanders at Acadia
National Park, Maine, USA".
530:-shaped and its tail rounded at the base rather than laterally compressed. Additionally, hybridization has been known to occur between the Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander and the northern dusky salamander.
729:
period of six to ten weeks (45 to 60 days) in order to protect them from desiccation and predation . The larvae are predominantly aquatic and approximately 1.5 cm in length upon hatching. The larvae then
676:
along any point of its tail, but lacks chemical defense mechanisms against its main predators which include larger salamanders, birds, fish, snakes, crayfish, and small mammals. known as maybe rodents or mice
648:
Northern Dusky Salamanders are an important food source for many species. They are preyed on by among others, the Eastern Garter Snake. Tail autonomy is a defense against predation The species uses
465:) were described in the 1950s but were later thought to be synonymous with the northern dusky salamander, but further studies have found all of them to be distinct species from one another.
2206:
477:, the upper body of the northern dusky salamander varies in colour from reddish-brown to gray or olive, with a white or grey underside. The body is sparsely covered with dark spots or
812:
Changes to stream flow or the groundwater supply, can have significant impacts on local salamander genetics and populations vis-Ă -vis loss of suitable aquatic or terrestrial habitat,
820:, or simply changes to the moisture in the terrestrial habitat. Such changes can be naturally occurring or artificially induced (e.g. discharged water volumes). The activities of
1438:
Royal Ontario Museum and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2008). "Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander". Ontario's Biodiversity. Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
2251:
872:
Brunswick, the species is designated as Sensitive under the General Status of Species in Canada. Protection is offered the species by the New Brunswick Fish and Wildlife Act.
2216:
2211:
545:. They have a distinguishing pale-coloured line that runs from behind their eyes to the rear of the jaw, and heavier set bodies with longer hind legs than front legs.
2031:
962:
575:. The Canadian distribution accounts for approximately 5% of the global range. Within its Canadian range, the northern dusky salamander usually occurs in forested
486:
juveniles and adults have a pale single stripe outlined in black that extends from the eye and runs diagonally to the rear of the jaw. Additionally, both have 14
1314:"Dusky salamanders (Desmognathus, Plethodontidae) from the Coastal Plain: Multiple independent lineages and their bearing on the molecular phylogeny of the genus"
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2083:
2186:
1239:
1945:
1483:
Payette, WI (June 2019). "The effect of predator kairomones on caudal regeneration by Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamanders (Desmognathus ochrophaeus)".
1448:
2201:
1992:
1265:"Systematics of dusky salamanders, Desmognathus (Caudata: Plethodontidae), in the mountain and Piedmont regions of Virginia and North Carolina, USA"
588:
In the northern extent of their range, the northern dusky salamander inhabits saturated soil near springs, seepages, and small tributaries of small
2044:
1518:
Barbour, Roger W.; Hardin, James W.; Schafer, James P.; Harvey, Michael J. (1969). "Home range, movements, and activity of the dusky salamander,
1864:
738:
life cycle includes an aquatic state of seven to 16 months, followed by a semi-terrestrial adult stage. The northern dusky salamander attains
2246:
519:
449:
does not exist; Rafinesque (1820) described the type locality to be in the northern parts of the state of New York in small brooks. The
2241:
828:
and watershed urbanization reduce water supply, water quality and microhabitat availability. Aquatic habitat can be degraded through
553:
This species is native to North America, and occurs throughout central-eastern regions of Canada and the United States, from southern
403:
to distinguish it from populations in the southern United States which form several distinct species, the southern dusky salamanders (
1788:
State of Connecticut. (2016, October 11). dusky Salamander. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
341:
725:
has been known to vary geographically and can be as large as forty-five, or as few as eight. Females remain with their eggs for an
1606:) in Ontario. Recovery Strategy Series. Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. pp. vi + 30
2158:
2005:
721:
Females normally deposit between 10 and 30 eggs under logs, moss or rocks located streamside where soil is saturated with water.
672:
As a relatively small amphibian, the northern dusky salamander spends most of its life in hiding. If predated it is capable of
1940:
2049:
2196:
538:
413:). The northern dusky salamander is the most widespread representative of its genus in Canada. It can be found in eastern
209:
43:
87:
1953:
2088:
1400:
Moore, Cindy Marcum; Sievert, Lynnette M (2001). "Temperature-mediated characteristics of the dusky salamander (
656:
near the streams edge as well as leaf litter, logs, rocks and moss as a source of protective cover for avoiding
802:
450:
405:
1918:
1598:
Markle, T.M., A.R. Yagi and D.M. Green. 2013. Recovery Strategy for the Allegheny Mountain dusky Salamander (
569:. Populations south of this range are now thought to belong to other, previously-synonymized species such as
1615:
Virginia Herpetology Society northern dusky Salamander. Virginia Herpetology Society. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
649:
409:
1880:
706:
601:
northern dusky salamander can be found in upland streams as well as floodplains, sloughs and muddy sites.
458:
526:). Distinguishing characteristics are that the dorsal spots of the Mountain dusky salamander are usually
2191:
2122:
1958:
806:
694:
534:
192:
533:
The northern dusky salamander can also be differentiated from other lungless salamanders including the
2163:
1313:
1162:
Ontario Nature. Northern Dusky Salamander Desmognathus fuscus. Ontario Nature. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
1979:
1763:
1696:
1413:
1325:
798:
571:
542:
734:
into semi-terrestrial adults, with juvenile salamanders being 2.8 to 4.4 cm in length. Their
52:
2075:
2140:
1800:"Conservation genetics of extremely isolated urban populations of the northern dusky salamander (
1735:
1646:
1578:
1539:
1500:
1294:
1198:
933:
868:
864:
838:
813:
527:
235:
82:
2127:
1679:
1387:
Edwards H. (2009). "Desmognathus fuscus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 10 June 2018
370:
349:
2036:
2109:
1966:
1835:
1675:
1349:
1341:
1286:
2150:
1471:
2114:
1825:
1815:
1771:
1727:
1691:
1638:
1570:
1531:
1492:
1421:
1333:
1276:
1190:
928:
842:
482:
329:
2062:
505:
2096:
958:
769:
743:
739:
689:
17:
1767:
1417:
1329:
219:
1830:
1799:
817:
726:
566:
426:
392:
345:
308:
159:
149:
1425:
801:
in Maine is believed to be the result of heavy metal contamination. Freshwater stream
797:, can be catastrophic to local populations. The disappearance of the species from the
613:
2180:
2057:
1625:
Verrell, Paul A. (1994). "Males may choose larger females as mates in the salamander
1281:
1264:
919:
910:
834:
731:
722:
711:
593:
554:
422:
414:
72:
67:
1650:
1504:
1298:
2010:
1971:
256:
169:
518:
The dusky salamander is similar in appearance to and thus often confused with the
1775:
1718:(Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae): An empirical approach to predation theory".
789:. Resultantly, contamination of ground water or waterways through pollution from
2135:
2070:
2018:
1927:
1912:
1852:
Government of Ontario. Northern Dusky Salamander. Ontario. Retrieved 6 June 2018
1666:
Mynatt M and Mi BT. 2002. Feeding habits of seepage-dwelling dusky salamanders (
1557:
Ashton, Ray E. (1975). "A study of movement, home range, and winter behavior of
1337:
847:
794:
782:
773:
species is rare with a population size estimated at fewer than 250 individuals.
657:
249:
790:
474:
139:
1903:
1345:
1290:
829:
825:
735:
715:
661:
499:
388:
129:
99:
1839:
1642:
1353:
837:
are lost. Urbanization has resulted in the disappearance of the species in
2101:
1496:
1897:
1177:
Hom, Carole L. (1988). "Cover object choice by female dusky salamanders,
821:
673:
495:
491:
487:
119:
1997:
1932:
1739:
1714:
Sites, Jack W. (1978). "The foraging strategy of the dusky salamander,
1582:
1543:
1202:
597:
576:
562:
580:
it is not known whether this population is natural or was introduced.
2023:
1820:
1240:"Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958 | Amphibian Species of the World"
786:
702:
653:
589:
558:
478:
418:
109:
1874:
1731:
1574:
1535:
1449:"Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818) | Amphibian Species of the World"
1194:
805:
also poses a significant threat with 40% of streams in the southern
681:
populations move into specific areas for condensed winter retreats.
502:, and thus the ability to search out mates and prey through smell.
841:
National Park in Quebec, as well as other areas. Vulnerability to
688:
665:
504:
434:
430:
1984:
971:
Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
1878:
904:
1263:
Tilley, Stephen G.; Eriksen, Renee L.; Katz, Laura A. (2008).
1100:
Assessment and Status Report on the Northern Dusky Salamander.
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
608:
1395:
1393:
781:
The northern dusky salamander is extremely vulnerable to
624:
1798:
Munshi-South, Jason; Zak, Yana; Pehek, Ellen (2013).
1662:
1660:
1594:
1592:
768:
Current data does not allow an accurate estimate of
1887:
361:A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854
824:can be similarly devastating. Timber harvesting,
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
481:concentrated on the sides. It also has a light
2207:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
1670:) of Short Mountain, Cannon County, Tennessee.
1709:
1707:
742:at approximately three to four years of age.
8:
934:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59249A11906400.en
2252:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1672:Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science
1312:Beamer, David A.; Lamb, Trip (2008-04-01).
1214:
1212:
1875:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1102:Environment Canada. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
218:
61:
42:
31:
1829:
1819:
1280:
1269:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
932:
437:stage which follows is normally aquatic.
1692:"Desmognathus fuscus (Dusky Salamander)"
2217:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
2212:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
1383:
953:
951:
880:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
395:). The species is commonly called the
1602:) and the northern dusky Salamander (
1318:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
242:
7:
2237:Pleistocene animals of North America
2232:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
2227:Cenozoic amphibians of North America
2222:Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
973:. American Museum of Natural History
2187:IUCN Red List least concern species
920:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
520:Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander
509:A northern dusky salamander in mud.
25:
1282:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00336.x
809:showing signs of acidification.
612:
86:
2202:Amphibians of the United States
785:and therefore reliant on clean
693:dusky salamander with eggs in
391:in the family Plethodontidae (
1:
1453:amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org
1426:10.1016/s0306-4565(00)00052-8
1244:amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org
2247:Amphibians described in 1820
1776:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.12.033
777:Threats and limiting factors
685:Reproduction and development
1485:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1404:) of southern Appalachia".
1338:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.015
909:Geoffrey Hammerson (2004).
2268:
1871:, Natural Resources Canada
1472:BioKids - Dusky Salamander
1406:Journal of Thermal Biology
718:increases with body size.
280:Salamandra sinciput-albida
2242:Pleistocene United States
401:northern dusky salamander
241:
234:
226:
217:
198:
191:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
18:Northern dusky salamander
1600:Desmognathus ochrophaeus
524:Desmognathus ochrophaeus
451:spotted dusky salamander
1756:Biological Conservation
592:otherwise known as the
1720:Journal of Herpetology
1643:10.1006/anbe.1994.1195
1563:Journal of Herpetology
1183:Journal of Herpetology
697:
621:This section is empty.
510:
459:flat-headed salamander
2123:Paleobiology Database
1497:10.1139/cjz-2018-0225
927:: e.T59249A11906400.
764:Population and trends
695:Page County, Virginia
692:
508:
417:from extreme eastern
316:Salamandra intermixta
2197:Amphibians of Canada
1697:Animal Diversity Web
839:Mount Saint-Hellaire
799:Acadia National Park
605:Behavior and ecology
393:lungless salamanders
325:Salamandra frontalis
27:Species of amphibian
1946:Desmognathus-fuscus
1919:Desmognathus fuscus
1889:Desmognathus fuscus
1804:) in New York City"
1802:Desmognathus fuscus
1768:2006BCons.130..230B
1716:Desmognathus fuscus
1668:Desmognathus fuscus
1627:Desmognathus fuscus
1604:Desmognathus fuscus
1559:Desmognathus fuscus
1520:Desmognathus fuscus
1418:2001JTBio..26..547M
1402:Desmognathus fuscus
1330:2008MolPE..47..143B
1179:Desmognathus fuscus
967:(Rafinesque, 1820)"
965:Desmognathus fuscus
913:Desmognathus fuscus
854:Conservation status
746:is 10 to 15 years.
473:A small but sturdy
447:Desmognathus fuscus
384:Desmognathus fuscus
202:Desmognathus fuscus
53:Conservation status
36:Desmognathus fuscus
1867:Demognathus fuscus
1865:Dusky Salamander (
1674:77(4): pp. 88-90.
698:
539:northern two-lined
535:eastern red-backed
511:
299:Rafinesque, 1820
2174:
2173:
2110:Open Tree of Life
1881:Taxon identifiers
1098:COSEWIC. (2012).
787:headwater streams
705:lips and a small
641:
640:
590:headwater streams
445:The holotype for
380:
379:
374:
362:
353:
333:
321:
312:
300:
291:
276:
261:
76:
16:(Redirected from
2259:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1935:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1876:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1821:10.7717/peerj.64
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1688:
1682:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1637:(6): 1465–1467.
1631:Animal Behaviour
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1358:
1357:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1103:
1096:
983:
982:
980:
978:
959:Frost, Darrel R.
955:
946:
945:
943:
941:
936:
906:
814:bank instability
669:doesn't freeze.
636:
633:
623:You can help by
616:
609:
397:dusky salamander
387:is a species of
368:
366:Salamandra phoca
359:
339:
327:
318:
306:
304:Salamandra picta
297:
282:
267:
265:Salamandra nigra
247:
245:Salamandra fusca
222:
204:
91:
90:
70:
65:
64:
46:
32:
21:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2097:Observation.org
2095:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1883:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1732:10.2307/1563619
1713:
1712:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1665:
1658:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1597:
1590:
1575:10.2307/1562694
1561:(Rafinesque)".
1556:
1555:
1551:
1536:10.2307/1442077
1517:
1516:
1512:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1361:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1195:10.2307/1564009
1176:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1106:
1097:
986:
976:
974:
957:
956:
949:
939:
937:
908:
907:
882:
878:
856:
816:from excessive
793:, industry, or
779:
770:population size
766:
761:
752:
744:Life expectancy
740:sexual maturity
687:
646:
637:
631:
628:
607:
586:
557:, southeastern
551:
516:
514:Similar species
471:
443:
369:
360:
340:
328:
319:
307:
298:
295:Triturus fuscus
285:
283:
270:
268:
253:
248:
213:
206:
200:
187:
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2155:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2028:
2015:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1950:
1937:
1924:
1909:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1859:External links
1857:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1790:
1781:
1762:(2): 230–238.
1745:
1726:(3): 373–383.
1703:
1683:
1656:
1617:
1608:
1588:
1549:
1530:(2): 293–297.
1510:
1491:(6): 502–509.
1475:
1464:
1440:
1431:
1412:(6): 547–554.
1389:
1359:
1324:(1): 143–153.
1304:
1275:(1): 115–130.
1255:
1231:
1221:
1208:
1189:(2): 247–249.
1164:
1104:
984:
947:
879:
877:
874:
855:
852:
778:
775:
765:
762:
760:
757:
751:
748:
686:
683:
645:
642:
639:
638:
619:
617:
606:
603:
585:
582:
567:South Carolina
550:
547:
515:
512:
488:costal grooves
470:
467:
442:
439:
427:South Carolina
406:D. auriculatus
378:
377:
376:
375:
363:
357:Molge arenatus
354:
350:A.H.A. Duméril
342:A.M.C. Duméril
334:
322:
313:
301:
292:
277:
262:
239:
238:
232:
231:
224:
223:
215:
214:
207:
196:
195:
189:
188:
184:D. fuscus
181:
179:
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
160:Plethodontinae
157:
153:
152:
150:Plethodontidae
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
79:
78:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
985:
972:
968:
966:
960:
954:
952:
948:
935:
930:
926:
922:
921:
916:
914:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
881:
875:
873:
870:
866:
860:
853:
851:
849:
844:
840:
836:
835:overwintering
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
803:acidification
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
774:
771:
763:
758:
756:
749:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
712:spermatophore
708:
704:
696:
691:
684:
682:
678:
675:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
635:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
610:
604:
602:
599:
595:
594:riparian zone
591:
583:
581:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
561:and southern
560:
556:
555:New Brunswick
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
513:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:New Brunswick
420:
416:
415:North America
412:
411:
410:D. valentinei
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
372:
367:
364:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
337:Molge brunnea
335:
331:
326:
323:
320:Green, 1825
317:
314:
310:
305:
302:
296:
293:
289:
281:
278:
274:
266:
263:
259:
258:
251:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
225:
221:
216:
211:
205:
203:
197:
194:
193:Binomial name
190:
186:
185:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2192:Desmognathus
1888:
1866:
1848:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1695:
1686:
1671:
1667:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1569:(1): 85–91.
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1224:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1099:
975:. Retrieved
970:
964:
938:. Retrieved
924:
918:
912:
861:
857:
811:
807:Appalachians
780:
767:
759:Conservation
753:
732:metamorphose
720:
699:
679:
671:
652:retreats or
650:subterranean
647:
632:January 2024
629:
625:adding to it
620:
587:
570:
552:
532:
523:
517:
472:
463:D. planiceps
462:
454:
446:
444:
404:
400:
396:
383:
382:
381:
365:
356:
336:
324:
315:
303:
294:
288:nomen dubium
287:
284:Green, 1818
279:
273:nomen dubium
272:
269:Green, 1818
264:
257:nomen dubium
255:
244:
228:
201:
199:
183:
182:
171:Desmognathus
170:
35:
29:
2136:SeaLifeBase
2071:NatureServe
2019:iNaturalist
1928:AmphibiaWeb
1913:Wikispecies
940:16 November
848:Brook Trout
843:extirpation
795:agriculture
791:urban areas
783:desiccation
723:Clutch size
658:desiccation
469:Description
156:Subfamily:
2181:Categories
1458:2021-12-22
1249:2021-12-22
876:References
869:vulnerable
865:threatened
826:wind farms
727:incubation
572:D. conanti
492:hind limbs
475:salamander
457:) and the
455:D. conanti
210:Rafinesque
1680:0040-313X
1346:1055-7903
1291:1096-3642
830:siltation
716:Fecundity
662:predators
644:Predation
565:south to
543:four-toed
500:olfaction
496:forelimbs
490:, larger
425:south to
389:amphibian
229:D. fuscus
227:Range of
178:Species:
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
2076:2.859647
2037:10585513
1898:Wikidata
1840:23646283
1651:53166258
1505:91605652
1354:18337126
1299:11305161
961:(2018).
822:forestry
736:biphasic
674:autotomy
541:and the
479:mottling
441:Taxonomy
352:, 1854
332:, 1831
311:, 1825
236:Synonyms
146:Family:
130:Amphibia
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
2164:1369392
2151:4781665
1998:2431224
1985:1025387
1904:Q733067
1831:3642699
1814:: e64.
1764:Bibcode
1740:1563619
1583:1562694
1544:1442077
1414:Bibcode
1326:Bibcode
1203:1564009
977:19 June
750:Feeding
703:cloacal
654:burrows
598:Habitat
584:Habitat
577:habitat
563:Ontario
528:chevron
431:sloughs
373:, 1855
371:Matthes
252:, 1818
212:, 1820)
166:Genus:
140:Urodela
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
2148:uBio:
2128:393918
2115:964106
2102:202576
2050:173633
1838:
1828:
1738:
1678:
1649:
1581:
1542:
1524:Copeia
1503:
1352:
1344:
1297:
1289:
1201:
818:runoff
707:mental
666:larval
559:Quebec
537:, the
483:dorsal
435:larval
419:Canada
348:&
346:Bibron
309:Harlan
2159:WoRMS
2141:61510
2089:52100
2063:59249
2032:IRMNG
2024:27420
1972:353MK
1959:27368
1808:PeerJ
1736:JSTOR
1647:S2CID
1579:JSTOR
1540:JSTOR
1501:S2CID
1295:S2CID
1199:JSTOR
549:Range
494:than
250:Green
2084:NCBI
2058:IUCN
2045:ITIS
2011:1955
2006:GISD
1993:GBIF
1954:BOLD
1933:3921
1836:PMID
1676:ISSN
1528:1969
1350:PMID
1342:ISSN
1287:ISSN
1229:2013
1219:2013
979:2018
942:2021
925:2004
660:and
330:Gray
1980:EoL
1967:CoL
1941:ASW
1826:PMC
1816:doi
1772:doi
1760:130
1728:doi
1639:doi
1629:".
1571:doi
1532:doi
1522:".
1493:doi
1422:doi
1334:doi
1277:doi
1273:152
1191:doi
1181:".
929:doi
867:or
627:.
421:in
399:or
290:)
275:)
260:)
2183::
2161::
2138::
2125::
2112::
2099::
2086::
2073::
2060::
2047::
2034::
2021::
2008::
1995::
1982::
1969::
1956::
1943::
1930::
1915::
1900::
1834:.
1824:.
1810:.
1806:.
1770:.
1758:.
1734:.
1724:12
1722:.
1706:^
1694:.
1659:^
1645:.
1635:47
1633:.
1591:^
1577:.
1565:.
1538:.
1526:.
1499:.
1489:97
1487:.
1451:.
1420:.
1410:26
1408:.
1392:^
1362:^
1348:.
1340:.
1332:.
1322:47
1320:.
1316:.
1293:.
1285:.
1271:.
1267:.
1242:.
1211:^
1197:.
1187:22
1185:.
1167:^
1107:^
987:^
969:.
950:^
923:.
917:.
883:^
850:.
714:.
596:.
408:,
344:,
1869:)
1842:.
1818::
1812:1
1778:.
1774::
1766::
1742:.
1730::
1700:.
1653:.
1641::
1585:.
1573::
1567:9
1546:.
1534::
1507:.
1495::
1461:.
1428:.
1424::
1416::
1356:.
1336::
1328::
1301:.
1279::
1252:.
1205:.
1193::
981:.
963:"
944:.
931::
915:"
911:"
634:)
630:(
522:(
461:(
453:(
286:(
271:(
254:(
208:(
75:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
