108:
469:
30:
399:
583:
The main geological hazard in
Northland is the potential for landslides, particularly in mudstones and sandstones of the Northland Allochthon. Northland has the least incidence of earthquakes of anywhere in New Zealand. Volcanic activity is dormant rather than extinct. However,
369:
and Albany areas. The rocks came from the northeast (perhaps beyond the Vening
Meinesz Fracture Zone), and were emplaced in reverse order, but the right way up. The original rocks are of Cretaceous to Oligocene age (90â25 Ma), and include mudstone, limestone and basalt
191:
Hunua
Terrane rocks (part of the Waipapa Composite Terrane) crop out throughout much of eastern Northland, south of Whangaroa. The rocks are generally fine grained and highly deformed. The Hunua Terrane was formed in Triassic to Jurassic times (250â145 Ma).
423:
An eastern volcanic belt formed mainly andesitic volcanoes around
Karikari (22.3â19.8 Ma), Whangaroa (20.5â17.5 Ma), Whangarei Heads (21.5â16.1 Ma), Bream Head, and created the Hen and Chicken Islands (19.5â16.5 Ma).
719:, pp. 3â10 in Smith, V. and Grenfell, H.R. (editors) (2002): Fieldtrip Guides, Geological Society of New Zealand Annual Conference âNorthland 2002â, Geological Society of NZ Miscellaneous Publication 112B, 116 pp.
180:
rocks pass NNW-SSE through the centre of the
Northland Region, separating the Murihiku Terrane from the more easterly terranes, and produce a detectable Junction Magnetic Anomaly (JMA), but do not crop out.
863:, in Smith, V. and Grenfell, H.R. (editors) (2002): Fieldtrip Guides, Geological Society of New Zealand Annual Conference âNorthland 2002â, Geological Society of NZ Miscellaneous Publication 112B, 116 pp.
440:
By middle
Miocene, Northland was uplifted above sea level, with a slight westward tilt, exposing basement rocks on the eastern side, and resulting in a tendency for rivers to flow in a westerly direction.
382:
onto
Northland to form high standing massifs, such as the Reinga, Ahipara, Warawara, Mangakahia, and Maungataniwha massifs. Isolated bodies of serpentine occur at North Cape, and south of Maungaturoto.
263:
Map of selected surface volcanic features of
Northland Region. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcano name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the
453:
times. The
Kerikeri volcanic group covered the area from Kaikohe, Kerikeri, to WhangÄrei. Activity began about 9 Ma, and the youngest cones are probably only tens of thousands of years old.
620:
Geological maps of New
Zealand are now freely accessible on line from the New Zealand Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science (GNS Science), a New Zealand Government Research Institute.
600:
Hunua Terrane can be seen along much of the coast between the Bay of Islands and WhangÄrei. Mount Camel Terrane can be seen at Parerake Bay, Karikari Peninsula.
219:, although they have often been eroded or covered. Rocks containing coal were formed from swampland in Late Eocene times (37â34 Ma). The land sank, the sea
409:
A subduction-related volcanic belt became active to the west of the current land in Northland in Miocene times (23 Ma), and gradually moved south down to
432:
Miocene volcanoes and the Northland Allochthon eroded to form the Waitemata sandstone, between WhangÄrei and Auckland, on the eastern side of Northland.
754:
1087:
609:
Maungaraho, north of Tokatoka, gives a good example of a remnant of an early Miocene andesitic volcano. Whangarei Heads represents another example.
420:. Most of these volcanoes have been eroded, but remnants form the Waipoua Plateau (basaltic, 19â18 Ma), and WaitÄkere Ranges (andesitic, 22â16 Ma).
884:
761:. Special Paper. Vol. 433 (Proce R.A., Sears J.W. Harms T.A. & Evenchick C.A. ed.). Geological Society of America. pp. 331â348.
659:"Torlesse, Waipapa and Caples suspect terranes of New Zealand: Integrated studies of their geological history in relation to neighbouring terranes"
931:
1057:
856:
712:
165:
Murihiku Terrane rocks lies beneath the Northland Region on the western side, but do not crop out. The Murihiku Terrane was formed in Late
983:
755:"A stratigraphic unit converted to fault rocks in the Northland Allochthon of New Zealand: Response of a siliceous claystone to obduction"
946:"Thermobarometry of Whangarei volcanic field lavas, New Zealand: Constraints on plumbing systems of small monogenetic basalt volcanoes"
1013:"Geology of the Whangarei Urban Area, White, P.J., Perrin, N.D., GNS Science, 2003. (1 : 25 000 map of the Whangarei Urban Area)"
1071:
868:
835:
797:
766:
724:
378:
includes displaced Te Kuiti group rocks. The basalt lava of the Tangihua Complex is believed to represent sea floor, that has been
882:
Compound trace fossils formed by plant and animal interactions: Quaternary of northern New Zealand and Sapelo Island, Georgia (USA)
488:, are essentially consolidated sand dunes, built up over the last few million years. Similar dunes have formed in the north from
390:, that have later separated, due to the clockwise rotation of the eastern part of the North Island, relative to the western part.
1012:
603:
Kamo coal measures can be seen near Kamo. Whangarei Limestone can be seen at Waro Rocks Scenic Reserve, north of Hikurangi.
184:
Caples Terrane rocks crop out to form the Waipapa Horst (Omahuta and Puketi forest area). The Caples Terrane was formed in
1042:
250:
365:
In Early Miocene times (24â21 Ma), a series of thrust sheets was emplaced over Northland, extending as far south as the
177:
759:
Whence the mountains?: inquiries into the evolution of orogenic systems : a volume in honor of Raymond A. Price
283:
1064:
Out of the Ocean, into the Fire: History in the rocks, fossils and landforms of Auckland, Northland and Coromandel
1092:
999:
195:
Mount Camel Terrane rocks crop out near Mount Camel and the Karikari Peninsula. They were formed in the early
533:
220:
632:
881:
374:. These rocks outcrop around Silverdale, Warkworth, and Wellsford, reaching as far south as Albany. The
155:
606:
Many of the hills in Northland are formed from the Tangihua Complex rocks of the Northland Allochthon.
84:
to develop on either side of the peninsula. Intra-plate basaltic volcanic activity has occurred around
945:
294:
107:
525:
38:
554:
The Northland Basin, to the west of the Northland Peninsula is considered as having potential for
853:
709:
239:
50:
468:
120:
As with most of New Zealand, the basement rocks of the Northland Region are mainly composed of
1067:
1053:
996:
Geological Maps of New Zealand from Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS Science)
965:
864:
831:
793:
762:
720:
638:
Geological Maps of New Zealand from Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS Science)
544:
Copper has been mined at Kaeo, silver, gold and mercury at Puhipuhi, and antimony at Russell.
473:
243:
97:
658:
957:
922:, Te Ara â the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 20 November 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
743:, Te Ara â the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 20 November 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
673:
46:
34:
888:
860:
716:
678:
529:
485:
366:
29:
810:
460:-rhyodacitic stratovolcano, formed through two eruptive periods (3 Ma, and 1.6â1.2 Ma).
513:
89:
1081:
1016:
961:
417:
140:
125:
81:
919:
740:
623:
There is also a 1 : 25 000 map of the Whangarei Urban Area, published in 2003.
612:
Sand dunes can be seen on either side of the coast between Kaitaia and Cape Reinga.
17:
905:
811:
Marine seismic reflection profiles from the Waitemata-Whangaparaoa region, Auckland
386:
The Northland and East Cape Allochthons are assumed to constitute part of a single
264:
216:
207:
The Te Kuiti Group Rocks overlie the basement rocks, and are present in Northland,
62:
80:
times, causing the Northland Allochthon to thrust over much of the peninsula and
559:
497:
493:
477:
147:
96:
sourced from volcanoes further south occupy much of the western coast, and the
589:
565:
450:
449:
Intra-plate basaltic volcanism has occurred in Northland from late Miocene to
402:
387:
375:
348:
196:
73:
969:
504:. Sand on the eastern coast tends to be more pure quartz, and appears white.
555:
398:
379:
228:
132:
128:
121:
93:
66:
54:
1050:
A continent on the move : New Zealand geoscience into the 21st century
1052:. The Geological Society of New Zealand in association with GNS Science.
548:
516:, with temperatures around 40â50 °C. There are also hot springs at
414:
410:
344:
327:
249:
Limestone crops out around WhangÄrei, with an interesting display at the
235:
224:
208:
170:
166:
76:
zone is believed to have existed to the northeast of Northland in early
57:
rocks, which are exposed on the eastern side of the peninsula. In-place
585:
521:
517:
501:
489:
212:
185:
151:
101:
85:
77:
405:
is a remnant of one of the many Miocene volcanoes in the Northland Arc
572:
457:
317:
273:
144:
58:
154:, that are believed to have been combined together by subduction or
995:
637:
467:
397:
136:
106:
100:
joins previously separate islands to the mainland to form a large
28:
1043:
Mineral resource assessment of the Northland Region, New Zealand
371:
159:
657:
Adams, C.J.; Campbell H.J.; Graham I.J.; Mortimer N. (1998).
293: undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in
735:
733:
484:
The coastal barriers north and south of the entry to the
880:
Gregory, M.R.; Martin, A.J.; and Campbell, K.A. (2004).
500:
to the rest of the North Island, thus creating a large
982:
Emily Lane; Roy Walters; Jade Arnold; Helen Roulston.
456:
Little Barrier Island is the emergent part of a large
547:
Coal has been mined at Kawakawa, Hikurangi, Kamo and
984:
Northland Regional Council Tsunami Modelling Study 1
848:
846:
844:
234:Eocene coal measures crop out in the east, between
150:. The basement rocks are divided into a number of
986:, NIWA Client Report: CHC2007-109, September 2007.
69:limestone crops out at Hikurangi, near WhangÄrei.
592:around the Pacific can occur on the east coast.
575:sand is dredged from near Parengarenga Harbour.
536:is also used for the generation of electricity.
1045:. GNS Science science report 2007/06, May 2007.
950:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
854:Field trip 9: Geological gems of the Far North
231:were deposited in Oligocene times (34â24 Ma).
906:"Ngawha generator secured in local ownership"
815:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
360:. White shading is selected caldera features.
8:
852:Black, Philippa and Gregory, Murray (2002).
934:, New Zealand Minerals Industry Association
568:clay is mined at Matauri Bay and Mahimahi.
498:connecting what used to be isolated islands
476:, which connects former islands including
92:, and WhangÄrei since late Miocene times.
677:
1041:Christie, A.B. and Barker, R.G. (2007).
708:Spörli, K.B. and Hayward, B.W. (2002).
649:
920:Northland places â Hikurangi coal mine
1066:. Geoscience Society of New Zealand.
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
61:coal measures crop out at Kamo, near
7:
532:. All are used for hot pools. The
944:Shane, Phil; Coote, Alisha (2018).
111:For context New Zealand geology map
830:, p. 39. Lower Hutt: GNS Science.
826:Edbrooke, S.W. (compiler) (2001).
788:Edbrooke, S.W. (compiler) (2001).
37:comprises the northern 80% of the
25:
480:with the rest of the North Island
203:Te Kuiti group coal and limestone
1088:Geology of New Zealand by region
962:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.02.013
710:Geological overview of Northland
267:that are shown with panning is:
188:to Triassic times (300â200 Ma).
679:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i4/004
158:, by mid Cretaceous times (100
1048:Graham, Ian J. et al. (2008).
524:, in the southern part of the
242:. Coal has been mined around
1:
351:is lighter shades of violet),
828:Geology of the Auckland Area
790:Geology of the Auckland Area
596:Geological sites of interest
223:, and calcareous sandstone,
998:- a New Zealand government
932:Case study: Halloysite clay
792:. Lower Hutt: GNS Science.
178:Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane
1109:
1062:Hayward, Bruce W. (2017).
277:(shades of brown/orange),
445:Recent basaltic volcanism
251:Waro Rocks Scenic Reserve
1000:Crown Research Institute
871:. Accessed 23 May 2010.
741:Northland places â Kamo
727:. Accessed 23 May 2010.
534:Ngawha geothermal field
472:Satellite photo of the
394:Early Miocene volcanism
336: basaltic andesite
633:Geology of New Zealand
481:
413:. It produced mainly
406:
309: arc ring basalts
253:, north of Hikurangi.
246:, north of WhangÄrei.
112:
42:
753:Spörli, K.B. (2007).
512:Hot springs exist at
471:
401:
156:strike-slip processes
110:
53:consisting mainly of
32:
809:Davy, Bryan (2008).
540:Geological resources
295:Northland Allochthon
257:Northland Allochthon
173:times (220â145 Ma).
18:Northland Allochthon
887:9 June 2010 at the
859:22 May 2010 at the
715:22 May 2010 at the
526:Northland Peninsula
428:Waitemata sandstone
39:Northland Peninsula
893:Fossils and Strata
817:, 51 (3), 161â173.
579:Geological hazards
482:
407:
303: arc basalts,
113:
43:
1058:978-1-877480-00-3
1019:on 8 October 2009
474:Aupouri Peninsula
331:(shades of red),
98:Aupouri Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
1100:
1093:Northland Region
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1015:. Archived from
1009:
1003:
993:
987:
980:
974:
973:
941:
935:
929:
923:
918:Claudia Orange.
916:
910:
909:
902:
896:
878:
872:
850:
839:
824:
818:
807:
801:
786:
780:
779:
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775:
750:
744:
739:Claudia Orange.
737:
728:
706:
691:
690:
688:
686:
681:
663:
654:
508:Geothermal areas
359:
357:
342:
337:
335:
330:
325:
315:
310:
308:
304:
302:
292:
287:
281:
276:
271:
139:, together with
49:is built upon a
47:Northland Region
35:Northland Region
21:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1078:
1077:
1038:
1036:Further reading
1033:
1032:
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1011:
1010:
1006:
994:
990:
981:
977:
943:
942:
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904:
903:
899:
889:Wayback Machine
879:
875:
861:Wayback Machine
851:
842:
825:
821:
808:
804:
787:
783:
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771:
769:
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747:
738:
731:
717:Wayback Machine
707:
694:
684:
682:
661:
656:
655:
651:
646:
629:
618:
598:
581:
542:
530:Auckland Region
510:
486:Kaipara Harbour
466:
447:
438:
430:
418:stratovolcanoes
396:
367:Kaipara Harbour
363:
362:
361:
355:
354:
352:
340:
333:
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322:
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313:
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205:
118:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1034:
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975:
936:
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897:
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819:
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781:
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745:
729:
692:
672:(4): 235â240.
648:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
635:
628:
625:
617:
614:
597:
594:
580:
577:
541:
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514:Ngawha Springs
509:
506:
465:
462:
446:
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437:
434:
429:
426:
395:
392:
358: plutonic
339:
312:
289:
262:
261:
260:
258:
255:
204:
201:
199:(131â104 Ma).
141:volcanic rocks
117:
116:Basement rocks
114:
90:Bay of Islands
82:volcanic belts
45:New Zealand's
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1105:
1094:
1091:
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1072:9780473395964
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921:
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877:
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870:
869:0-908678-90-8
866:
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855:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
836:0-478-09714-X
833:
829:
823:
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806:
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799:
798:0-478-09714-X
795:
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770:
768:9780813724331
764:
760:
756:
749:
746:
742:
736:
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725:0-908678-90-8
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591:
588:generated by
587:
578:
576:
574:
571:High quality
569:
567:
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561:
557:
552:
550:
545:
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531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
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479:
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470:
464:Coastal dunes
463:
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64:
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40:
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31:
27:
19:
1063:
1049:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:the original
1007:
991:
978:
953:
949:
939:
927:
914:
900:
892:
876:
827:
822:
814:
805:
789:
784:
772:. Retrieved
758:
748:
683:. Retrieved
669:
665:
652:
622:
619:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
582:
570:
564:
553:
546:
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511:
483:
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408:
385:
364:
248:
233:
221:transgressed
217:King Country
206:
194:
190:
183:
175:
164:
119:
71:
44:
26:
956:: 130â139.
895:51, 88â105.
590:earthquakes
494:Cape Reinga
478:Cape Reinga
284:monogenetic
148:pillow lava
1082:Categories
644:References
566:Halloysite
451:Quaternary
403:Bream Head
388:allochthon
376:allochthon
349:ignimbrite
197:Cretaceous
176:A line of
143:, such as
94:Sand dunes
74:subduction
970:0377-0273
528:, in the
415:andesitic
265:volcanics
229:limestone
133:argillite
129:sandstone
126:indurated
122:greywacke
67:Oligocene
63:WhangÄrei
55:greywacke
908:. Scoop.
885:Archived
857:Archived
713:Archived
666:Episodes
627:See also
586:tsunamis
549:Kiripaka
411:Taranaki
380:obducted
345:rhyolite
328:andesite
236:Kerikeri
225:mudstone
209:Auckland
171:Jurassic
169:to Late
167:Triassic
152:terranes
51:basement
522:Parakai
518:Waiwera
502:tombolo
490:Ahipara
458:dacitic
286:basalts
213:Waikato
186:Permian
102:tombolo
86:Kaikohe
78:Miocene
1070:
1056:
1023:22 May
968:
867:
834:
796:
774:31 May
765:
723:
685:31 May
573:quartz
436:Uplift
356:
343:
341:
334:
326:
324:
318:dacite
316:
314:
307:
301:
291:
282:
280:
274:basalt
272:
270:
227:, and
215:, and
211:, the
145:basalt
135:, and
88:, the
65:, and
59:Eocene
662:(PDF)
240:Waipu
137:chert
1068:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1025:2010
966:ISSN
865:ISBN
832:ISBN
794:ISBN
776:2010
763:ISBN
721:ISBN
687:2010
616:Maps
558:and
520:and
372:lava
353:and
244:Kamo
238:and
33:The
958:doi
954:354
674:doi
560:gas
556:oil
492:to
347:, (
162:).
131:),
1084::
964:.
952:.
948:.
891:,
843:^
813:,
757:.
732:^
695:^
670:21
668:.
664:.
562:.
551:.
496:,
338:,
311:,
288:,
160:Ma
104:.
72:A
1074:.
1027:.
1002:.
972:.
960::
838:.
800:.
778:.
689:.
676::
320:,
297:,
124:(
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
