475:
487:
463:
757:
20:
36:
474:
159:
and cause mixed-sediment slurries, in which the resulting deposits may exhibit a variety of sedimentary features. Supporting the turbidity origin theory is the fact that deposits of greywacke are found on the edges of the
416:
was founded in 1807, and excited much public interest in geology. Greywacke was interesting because it was found in many places in
Britain and its occurrence in particular places was evidence of the pattern of
179:, but organic remains may be common in the finer beds associated with them. Their component particles are usually not very rounded or polished, and the rocks have often been considerably
440:. Its wide use in sculpture and vessels is thought to have been due to its fine grain size and resistance to fracturing, making it suitable for fine detail and intricate shapes.
651:
666:
In 1839, when
Roderick Murchison published The Silurian System, a plump and ponderous study of a type of rock called greywacke, it was an instant best seller...
451:, because due to its unusually mixed nature, it remains looking natural when portraying a wide range of miniature scale ratios, from 1:1 to as high as 1:600.
781:
238:
The term "greywacke" can be confusing, since it can refer to either the immature (rock fragment) aspect of the rock or its fine-grained (clay) component.
429:
Greywacke stone has been used as a building material and a sculptural material across many eras and societies. Its oldest known uses date to the early
772:
486:
828:
576:"Modal composition and tectonic provenance of the sandstones of Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa"
241:
Greywackes are mostly grey, brown, yellow, or black, dull-colored sandy rocks that may occur in thick or thin beds along with
705:
796:
191:. In some districts, the greywackes are cleaved, but they show phenomena of this kind much less perfectly than the slates.
437:
194:
Although the group is so diverse that it is difficult to characterize mineralogically, it has a well-established place in
413:
378:
184:
1830:
108:
89:
549:
462:
881:
861:
821:
721:
1306:
768:
626:
218:
strata. Their essential features are their gritty character and their complex composition. By increasing
1271:
448:
350:
28:
24:
587:
281:
and graphitic, carbonaceous matters, together with (in the coarser kinds) fragments of such rocks as
1556:
1825:
1102:
814:
698:
The greywacke: how a priest, a soldier and a schoolteacher uncovered 300 million years of history
684:
Martin J. S. Rudwick's excellent and somber account of the issue, The Great
Devonian Controversy.
512:
77:
801:
493:
1057:
701:
605:
444:
430:
161:
124:
1754:
1466:
1253:
1122:
595:
168:, and at the bases of mountain formational areas. They also occur in association with black
112:
97:
1566:
1326:
1179:
62:
44:
725:
591:
1759:
1601:
1194:
1117:
507:
402:
310:
165:
35:
1819:
1804:
1719:
1684:
1531:
1092:
997:
776:
763:
386:
132:
23:
Photomicrographs of feldspathic (L) and lithic (R) greywacke. The top images are in
1729:
1709:
1581:
1228:
1206:
1147:
1047:
992:
977:
843:
398:
219:
1618:
1509:
1489:
1479:
1406:
1356:
1281:
1127:
1062:
1032:
987:
945:
918:
913:
903:
866:
390:
270:
19:
1784:
1769:
1744:
1739:
1649:
1634:
1551:
1519:
1484:
1474:
1456:
1436:
1381:
1361:
1316:
1238:
1223:
1199:
1159:
1132:
1112:
1082:
1042:
1017:
1007:
1002:
982:
891:
433:
394:
354:
330:
314:
278:
266:
261:, rich in other tiny rock fragments. They can contain a very great variety of
609:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1764:
1734:
1714:
1699:
1694:
1659:
1654:
1613:
1606:
1571:
1541:
1526:
1504:
1446:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1396:
1376:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1296:
1261:
1174:
1142:
1087:
1077:
1052:
1027:
1022:
962:
923:
886:
346:
302:
246:
195:
180:
152:
148:
128:
101:
69:
600:
575:
447:
taken from it) is valuable to practitioners of traditional motion picture
1774:
1749:
1674:
1644:
1639:
1561:
1546:
1514:
1494:
1391:
1366:
1243:
1218:
1211:
1189:
1184:
1137:
1072:
957:
908:
898:
856:
370:
254:
215:
211:
207:
203:
156:
85:
73:
40:
785:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 592.
1794:
1724:
1689:
1664:
1596:
1431:
1371:
1311:
1276:
1169:
1097:
1012:
972:
940:
935:
851:
418:
382:
374:
322:
318:
306:
282:
274:
262:
199:
104:
1704:
1679:
1576:
1536:
1499:
1401:
1266:
1164:
1154:
1107:
1067:
1037:
967:
952:
930:
876:
871:
342:
338:
334:
326:
298:
294:
227:
223:
188:
176:
136:
81:
115:
materials generally constitute more than 15% of the rock by volume.
574:
Baiyegunhi, Christopher; Liu, Kuiwu; Gwavava, Oswald (2017-10-28).
480:
Example of greywacke cliffs, Mangaweka, Nthrn.Manawatu, New
Zealand
412:
They were an early object of geological study in
Britain where the
1669:
1591:
1586:
1451:
1416:
1336:
1291:
1286:
762:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
366:
290:
286:
242:
169:
48:
34:
18:
806:
1441:
1386:
1301:
1233:
406:
393:. Both feldspathic and lithic greywacke have been recognized in
140:
93:
810:
144:
131:
were understood, since, according to the normal laws of
727:
Worldbuilding a "Bigature" for Wētā Workshop
Unleashed!
443:
Aside from its structural uses, greywacke stone (or
1627:
1465:
1252:
842:
532:
530:
528:
16:
Sandstone with angular grains in a clay-fine matrix
155:or strong turbidity currents. These actions churn
68:, signifying a grey, earthy rock) is a variety of
555:. The County Longford Geological Heritage Project
198:classifications because these peculiar composite
627:"Ancient Egyptian Materials: Greywacke (schist)"
43:'s greywacke statue, 25th century BCE, from the
822:
8:
550:"The Geological Heritage of County Longford"
401:. Greywackes are also found in parts of the
187:, such as the introduction of interstitial
829:
815:
807:
123:The origin of greywacke was unknown until
96:-fine matrix. It is a texturally immature
599:
305:. Among other minerals found in them are
151:now attribute its formation to submarine
385:; they compose the majority of the main
88:, and small rock fragments or sand-size
524:
458:
222:, greywackes frequently pass into mica-
682:(Kindle ed.). Crown. p. 85.
536:
175:As a rule, greywackes do not contain
7:
656:(Kindle ed.). Crown. p. 80
653:A Short History of Nearly Everything
621:
619:
226:, chloritic schists and sedimentary
802:National Park Service site Presidio
265:, the principal ones being quartz,
680:Short History of Nearly Everything
147:should not be laid down together.
111:can be sand- to gravel-sized, and
14:
650:Bryson, Bill (October 27, 2009).
202:deposits are very frequent among
755:
485:
473:
461:
345:. The cementing material may be
72:generally characterized by its
31:. Cements fill the pore spaces.
373:, the Longford-Down Massif in
210:rocks, and are less common in
1:
389:that make up the backbone of
797:Franciscan Greywacke/Shales
379:Lake District National Park
365:Greywackes are abundant in
27:; the bottom images are in
1849:
700:. London: Profile Books.
421:that had been laid down.
249:. Some varieties include
361:In geology and geography
882:Basaltic trachyandesite
862:Alkali feldspar granite
782:Encyclopædia Britannica
696:Davidson, Nick (2021).
51:
32:
1272:Banded iron formation
601:10.1515/geo-2017-0038
492:Wall of greywacke at
449:miniature photography
438:early dynastic period
251:feldspathic greywacke
38:
29:cross-polarized light
25:plane-polarized light
22:
722:Adam Savage's Tested
172:of deep-sea origin.
164:, at the bottoms of
592:2017OGeo....9...38B
162:continental shelves
100:generally found in
39:Closeup of Pharaoh
1628:Specific varieties
631:www.hallofmaat.com
513:Torlesse Greywacke
414:Geological Society
125:turbidity currents
92:set in a compact,
80:angular grains of
76:, dark color, and
52:
33:
1831:Sedimentary rocks
1813:
1812:
1058:Nepheline syenite
769:Flett, John Smith
749:Other works cited
419:geological strata
353:and is sometimes
185:recrystallization
1838:
1755:Rapakivi granite
1467:Metamorphic rock
1254:Sedimentary rock
1123:Quartz monzonite
831:
824:
817:
808:
786:
761:
759:
758:
742:
741:
739:
738:
718:
712:
711:
693:
687:
686:
675:
669:
668:
663:
661:
647:
641:
640:
638:
637:
623:
614:
613:
603:
580:Open Geosciences
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
554:
546:
540:
534:
489:
477:
468:A greywacke rock
465:
431:third millennium
259:lithic greywacke
166:oceanic trenches
98:sedimentary rock
90:lithic fragments
1848:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1623:
1567:Pseudotachylite
1461:
1248:
1180:Tephriphonolite
838:
835:
793:
767:
756:
754:
751:
746:
745:
736:
734:
720:
719:
715:
708:
695:
694:
690:
677:
676:
672:
659:
657:
649:
648:
644:
635:
633:
625:
624:
617:
573:
572:
568:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:
543:
535:
526:
521:
504:
497:
494:Möhne Reservoir
490:
481:
478:
469:
466:
457:
427:
369:, the south of
363:
236:
121:
45:Egyptian Museum
17:
12:
11:
5:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Rhomb porphyry
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1602:Talc carbonate
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1195:Trachyandesite
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1118:Quartz diorite
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
949:
948:
938:
933:
928:
927:
926:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
895:
894:
889:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
848:
846:
840:
839:
837:Types of rocks
836:
834:
833:
826:
819:
811:
805:
804:
799:
792:
791:External links
789:
788:
787:
777:Chisholm, Hugh
750:
747:
744:
743:
724:(2022-07-19).
713:
706:
688:
678:Bryson, Bill.
670:
642:
615:
586:(1): 491–508.
566:
541:
523:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
510:
508:Greywacke zone
503:
500:
499:
498:
491:
484:
482:
479:
472:
470:
467:
460:
456:
453:
426:
423:
403:Eastern Desert
362:
359:
235:
232:
196:petrographical
120:
117:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Litchfieldite
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Hyaloclastite
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:Litchfieldite
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Phonotephrite
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Hyaloclastite
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
845:
841:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
812:
809:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
765:
764:public domain
753:
752:
748:
733:
729:
728:
723:
717:
714:
709:
703:
699:
692:
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
667:
655:
654:
646:
643:
632:
628:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:
567:
551:
545:
542:
538:
533:
531:
529:
525:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
495:
488:
483:
476:
471:
464:
459:
454:
452:
450:
446:
441:
439:
436:, in Egypt's
435:
432:
424:
422:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Southern Alps
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:sedimentation
130:
126:
118:
116:
114:
110:
107:. The larger
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:poorly sorted
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
26:
21:
1730:Luxullianite
1710:Lapis lazuli
1655:Blue Granite
1582:Serpentinite
1557:Metapsammite
1346:
1307:Conglomerate
1229:Trondhjemite
1207:Trachybasalt
1148:Pantellerite
1048:Monzogranite
993:Hornblendite
978:Granodiorite
844:Igneous rock
780:
735:. Retrieved
731:
726:
716:
697:
691:
683:
679:
673:
665:
658:. Retrieved
652:
645:
634:. Retrieved
630:
583:
579:
569:
557:. Retrieved
544:
496:dam, Germany
442:
428:
411:
405:east of the
399:South Africa
364:
351:argillaceous
258:
250:
240:
237:
220:metamorphism
193:
174:
122:
65:
58:
54:
53:
1619:Whiteschist
1510:Greenschist
1490:Cataclasite
1480:Amphibolite
1407:Phosphorite
1357:Itacolumite
1282:Calcarenite
1128:Quartzolite
1063:Nephelinite
1033:Lamprophyre
988:Harzburgite
946:Napoleonite
919:Charnockite
914:Carbonatite
904:Blairmorite
867:Anorthosite
732:youtube.com
391:New Zealand
279:iron oxides
273:feldspars,
271:plagioclase
1820:Categories
1785:Teschenite
1770:Shonkinite
1745:Pietersite
1740:Novaculite
1650:Borolanite
1635:Adamellite
1552:Metapelite
1520:Calcflinta
1485:Blueschist
1475:Anthracite
1457:Wackestone
1437:Travertine
1382:Lumachelle
1362:Jaspillite
1317:Diamictite
1239:Websterite
1224:Troctolite
1200:Benmoreite
1160:Shonkinite
1133:Rhyodacite
1113:Pyroxenite
1083:Peridotite
1043:Lherzolite
1018:Kimberlite
1008:Ignimbrite
1003:Icelandite
983:Granophyre
892:Shoshonite
737:2023-03-27
707:1788163788
636:2023-09-01
559:25 October
537:Flett 1911
519:References
395:Ecca Group
355:calcareous
331:hornblende
315:tourmaline
297:, various
267:orthoclase
253:, rich in
247:limestones
200:arenaceous
153:avalanches
149:Geologists
129:turbidites
1826:Sandstone
1800:Variolite
1790:Theralite
1780:Tachylite
1765:Rodingite
1735:Mangerite
1715:Larvikite
1700:Jasperoid
1695:Jadeitite
1660:Epidosite
1614:Tectonite
1607:Soapstone
1572:Quartzite
1542:Migmatite
1527:Itabirite
1505:Granulite
1447:Turbidite
1427:Sylvinite
1422:Siltstone
1412:Sandstone
1397:Oil shale
1377:Limestone
1352:Gritstone
1347:Greywacke
1342:Geyserite
1332:Evaporite
1322:Diatomite
1297:Claystone
1262:Argillite
1175:Tachylyte
1143:Comendite
1088:Phonolite
1078:Pegmatite
1053:Monzonite
1028:Lamproite
1023:Komatiite
963:Foidolite
924:Enderbite
887:Mugearite
773:Greywacke
771:(1911). "
610:2391-5447
347:siliceous
303:quartzite
234:Varieties
181:indurated
119:Formation
102:Paleozoic
70:sandstone
66:grauwacke
59:graywacke
55:Greywacke
1775:Taconite
1750:Pyrolite
1675:Ganister
1645:Aphanite
1640:Appinite
1562:Phyllite
1547:Mylonite
1515:Hornfels
1495:Eclogite
1392:Mudstone
1367:Laterite
1327:Dolomite
1244:Wehrlite
1219:Trachyte
1212:Hawaiite
1190:Tonalite
1185:Tephrite
1138:Rhyolite
1103:Porphyry
1073:Obsidian
958:Essexite
909:Boninite
899:Basanite
857:Andesite
660:July 24,
502:See also
377:and the
371:Scotland
311:chlorite
263:minerals
255:feldspar
228:gneisses
216:Cenozoic
212:Mesozoic
208:Cambrian
204:Silurian
157:sediment
86:feldspar
74:hardness
41:Menkaure
1795:Unakite
1725:Llanite
1690:Ijolite
1665:Felsite
1597:Suevite
1432:Tillite
1372:Lignite
1312:Coquina
1277:Breccia
1170:Syenite
1098:Picrite
1013:Ijolite
973:Granite
941:Diorite
936:Diabase
852:Adakite
779:(ed.).
766::
588:Bibcode
455:Gallery
383:England
375:Ireland
343:pyrites
323:apatite
319:epidote
307:biotite
299:schists
283:felsite
275:calcite
224:schists
177:fossils
1705:Kenyte
1680:Gossan
1577:Schist
1537:Marble
1500:Gneiss
1402:Oolite
1267:Arkose
1165:Sovite
1155:Scoria
1108:Pumice
1068:Norite
1038:Latite
968:Gabbro
953:Dunite
931:Dacite
877:Basalt
872:Aplite
775:". In
760:
704:
608:
339:sphene
335:augite
327:garnet
301:, and
295:gneiss
257:, and
243:shales
189:silica
170:shales
137:gravel
113:matrix
109:grains
105:strata
82:quartz
63:German
1670:Flint
1592:Slate
1587:Skarn
1452:Varve
1417:Shale
1337:Flint
1292:Chert
1287:Chalk
553:(PDF)
445:molds
367:Wales
291:slate
287:chert
49:Cairo
1442:Tufa
1387:Marl
1302:Coal
1234:Tuff
702:ISBN
662:2022
606:ISSN
561:2022
425:Uses
407:Nile
341:and
269:and
245:and
206:and
143:and
141:sand
127:and
94:clay
1805:Wad
596:doi
434:BCE
397:in
381:of
349:or
214:or
183:by
145:mud
57:or
47:in
1822::
730:.
664:.
629:.
618:^
604:.
594:.
582:.
578:.
527:^
409:.
357:.
337:,
333:,
329:,
325:,
321:,
317:,
313:,
309:,
293:,
289:,
285:,
277:,
230:.
139:,
135:,
84:,
830:e
823:t
816:v
740:.
710:.
639:.
612:.
598::
590::
584:9
563:.
539:.
61:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
