1389:, vol 48, no 4. Page 845: ", a 'linear' vowel system, is described by Trubetzkoy (1958:87). He attributes such systems to Caucasian languages ... Abkhaz and Adyge... and with some hesitation Ubykh... The phonetic realizations of these vowels exhibit rich consonant-determined variation." page 857: "These observations bear to mind the phonological systems of Caucasian languages such as Kabardia whose underlying vowel segments are confined to /a/ and /a/ but whose consonant system is extreme".
244:
552:
2285:
43:
900:. It has been a literary language from the beginning of the 20th century. Abkhaz and Abaza may be said to be dialects of the same language, but each preserves phonemes which the other has lost. Abkhaz is characterised by unusual consonant clusters and one of the world's smallest vowel inventories: It has only two distinctive vowels, an open vowel /a/ and a mid vowel /ə/. Next to
793:
947:. It is a literary language, but nowhere official. It shares with Abkhaz the distinction of having just two phonemic vowels. Abaza is phonologically more complex than Abkhaz, and is characterised by large consonant clusters, similar to those that can be found in
788:
spoken by the last speakers of Ubykh in Turkey. Adyghe has many consonants: between 50 and 60 consonants in the various Adyghe dialects but it has only three phonemic vowels. Its consonants and consonant clusters are less complex than the Abkhaz–Abaza dialects.
798:
797:
794:
799:
796:
513:, with dynamic verbs having an especially complex morphology. A verb's morphemes indicate the subject's and object's person, place, time, manner of action, negative, and other types of grammatical categories.
5323:
1040:
For these reasons, Proto–Northwest
Caucasian is widely accepted as being one of the most difficult proto-languages to deal with, and it is therefore more difficult than most to relate to other families.
1168:, who present a set of phonological correspondences and shared morphological structure. However, there is no consensus that the relationship has been demonstrated. (See the article on
1686:
321:
795:
1800:
978:, but the divergent form he described in 1965 was never investigated further. With eighty-one consonants, Ubykh had perhaps the largest inventory in the world aside from the
378:
suggest that both the richness of the consonantal systems and the poverty of the vocalic systems may be the result of a historical process, whereby vowel features such as
970:
forms a third branch, with parallels to both Adyghe and Abkhaz. The population switched to speaking Adyghe, and Ubykh became extinct on 7 October 1992, with the death of
358:
The
Northwest Caucasian languages possess highly complex sets of consonant distinctions paired with a lack of vowel distinctions, often providing archetypical cases of
838:
and a small number of vowels. Kabardian itself has several dialects, including Terek, the literary standard, and
Besleney, which is intelligible with both Terek and
4521:
60:
4656:
5373:
2623:
1679:
1306:
493:
verbal systems that can contain almost the entire syntactic structure of the sentence. All finite verbs are marked for agreement with three arguments:
5313:
1100:, a kingdom centered in eastern Georgia which existed from the 4th century BCE to the 5th century CE; it is not related to the Iberian Peninsula.)
1793:
1160:, which is thought to be unrelated, albeit heavily influenced by their northern neighbours). This hypothesis has perhaps been best illustrated by
1277:
5518:
1672:
1138:
There does at least appear to have been extensive contact between the two proto-languages, and the resemblances may be due to this influence.
1561:
4146:
107:
4036:
3617:
79:
3118:
1786:
1626:
1534:
1490:
1471:
1243:
619:
454:
194:
4303:
1616:
86:
1331:
126:
5396:
4279:
543:
non-finite verb forms, though Abkhaz appears to be developing limited subordinate clauses, perhaps under the influence of
Russian.
5523:
4649:
3518:
1385:
Liljencrafts, Johan and
Lindblom, Björn. 1972. "Numerical Simulation of Vowel Quality Systems: The Role of Perceptual Contrast".
5238:
5226:
527:
Northwest
Caucasian languages do not generally permit more than one finite verb in a sentence, which precludes the existence of
3437:
3373:
2616:
93:
4050:
3801:
3292:
2585:
1321:
489:
Northwest
Caucasian languages have rather simple noun systems, with only a handful of cases at the most, coupled with highly
64:
5303:
4163:
3298:
5453:
5443:
5438:
5131:
4910:
4516:
3123:
2903:
2827:
2530:
1896:
1248:
1147:
1097:
75:
5283:
4210:
3498:
5528:
5458:
5428:
4526:
4511:
3511:
3269:
3230:
450:
5308:
4285:
3143:
5406:
4747:
4642:
4506:
4500:
3558:
3476:
3449:
3153:
2060:
831:. Kabardian has the fewest consonants of any North-Western Caucasian language, with 48, including some rather unusual
4072:
3530:
3188:
3148:
3138:
1461:
469:
vowels (two or three, depending upon the analysis) coupled with rich consonantal systems that include many forms of
5533:
5075:
3733:
3328:
3158:
2844:
2609:
901:
721:(Cherkess) is a cover term for the series of dialects that include the literary languages of Adyghe and Kabardian.
446:
383:
4291:
4267:
4242:
4215:
4198:
3106:
2677:
1513:
Colarusso, John (2003). "Further
Etymologies between Indo-European and Northwest Caucasian". In Holisky, Dee Ann;
53:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5331:
5253:
5248:
4904:
4890:
4665:
4484:
3208:
3163:
3133:
2632:
1820:
1809:
1253:
1191:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1152:
843:
713:
375:
5014:
3963:
3795:
2850:
2666:
1907:
5298:
5243:
4844:
4733:
4531:
4338:
3975:
2857:
2520:
1131:
family, at a time depth of perhaps 12,000 years before the present. This hypothesised proto-language is called
828:
317:
5112:
5007:
4957:
4936:
4927:
4809:
4726:
4686:
3536:
3461:
2864:
2814:
2580:
2348:
2293:
1483:
Common West
Caucasian. The Reconstruction of its Phonological System and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology
1223:
1128:
1070:
532:
517:
100:
5268:
5263:
5028:
5000:
4991:
4950:
4550:
4398:
4193:
4188:
3969:
3922:
3552:
3469:
3128:
3112:
2920:
2821:
2684:
2660:
1953:
1207:
851:
847:
732:
is one of the more widely spoken
Northwest Caucasian languages. It has 500,000 speakers spread throughout
470:
439:
435:
431:
427:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
5021:
2886:
1521:
Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics, Papers in Honor of Howard Aronson
1284:
1211:
351:, became extinct in 1992, while all of the other languages are in some form of endangerment, with UNESCO
5420:
5293:
5273:
4816:
4754:
4596:
4494:
4183:
3986:
3776:
3765:
3727:
3334:
3308:
3213:
3203:
2802:
2653:
2563:
867:
359:
4297:
4022:
1049:
Some scholars have seen affinities between the Northwest Caucasian (Circassian) family and the extinct
243:
5401:
5391:
5381:
5231:
5085:
4898:
4782:
4571:
4456:
4328:
4136:
4109:
4092:
4060:
3958:
3672:
3597:
3524:
3303:
3280:
3252:
3183:
3094:
2875:
2575:
2480:
2251:
1833:
1723:
1219:
1089:
211:
1500:
Colarusso, John (1997). "Phyletic Links between Proto-Indo-European and Proto–Northwest Caucasian".
1466:. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Era. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
5448:
5221:
5206:
5141:
4943:
4865:
4775:
4768:
4719:
4677:
4348:
4252:
4152:
4141:
4103:
4082:
3980:
3939:
3714:
3696:
3690:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3564:
3547:
3286:
2952:
2939:
2833:
2783:
2640:
2590:
1877:
1843:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1017:
are often intricate, and the numerous consonants and sibilant contrasts provide further complexity;
1006:
A number of factors make the reconstruction of the Northwest Caucasian proto-language problematic:
835:
718:
709:
674:
551:
352:
1647:
1187:
1127:
It has been conjectured that the North-West Caucasian languages may be genetically related to the
5182:
5136:
5051:
5046:
5041:
4262:
4257:
4247:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4204:
4173:
4168:
4121:
4115:
4066:
4011:
3934:
3818:
3782:
3743:
3685:
3492:
3487:
3198:
2957:
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2892:
2880:
2839:
2714:
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2049:
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832:
824:
812:
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685:
633:
569:
528:
313:
309:
4359:
4322:
1642:
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477:, for example, had two vowels and probably the largest inventory of consonants outside Southern
1553:
1545:
5386:
5363:
5358:
5336:
5278:
5056:
4979:
4872:
4364:
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2515:
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2180:
2127:
1948:
1943:
1930:
1848:
1622:
1557:
1530:
1526:
1525:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp.
1486:
1467:
1327:
1300:
991:
979:
948:
893:
506:
422:
has further postulated that some instances of this may also be due to the levelling of an old
329:
1552:. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. p.
1010:
most roots in Northwest Caucasian languages are monosyllabic, and many are single consonants;
956:
5348:
5341:
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3993:
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2312:
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2163:
2139:
2100:
2044:
2020:
2005:
1970:
1939:
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1706:
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31:
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839:
729:
679:
666:
637:
625:
589:
579:
502:
494:
344:
297:
184:
178:
971:
1107:) family names have prefixes like "Hath" or "Hatti", and one Adyghe tribe has the name "
5353:
5121:
4586:
4446:
4415:
4386:
4017:
3903:
3886:
3836:
3831:
3702:
3639:
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983:
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2416:
2210:
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2054:
1872:
1859:
1659:
1648:
Atlas of the Caucasian Languages with detailed Language Guide (by Yuri B. Koryakov)
1132:
1014:
917:
17:
2284:
1485:. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies.
1361:
1066:
1664:
1514:
737:
337:
42:
4634:
842:. Unlike the Adyghe, Kabardian lost many of the consonants that existed in the
5433:
5152:
5102:
4968:
3014:
1653:
998:. It was the only Northwest Caucasian language never to have a literary form.
540:
423:
1571:
Nichols, Johanna (March 1986). "Head-Marking and Dependent-Marking Grammar".
2601:
2353:
1778:
1033:
908:
consonants, /a/ is realized as or , and /ə/ as or . There are three major
228:
896:), where it is the official language, and an unknown number of speakers in
1584:
520:, so that the verb comes at the end of the sentence and modifiers such as
2317:
1812:
1108:
1093:
1054:
1026:
995:
921:
881:
781:
777:
773:
769:
325:
301:
445:. This same process is claimed by some to lie behind the development of
4669:
2133:
1186:
A few linguists have proposed even broader relationships, of which the
1119:) (From Хьаты ("Hatti") + Кхъуэ ("male or son"); meaning "HattiSon").
1062:
909:
624:
There are five recognized languages in the Northwest Caucasian family:
466:
1592:
4761:
4591:
4489:
1058:
1020:
944:
940:
913:
897:
863:
820:
816:
761:
749:
741:
733:
478:
333:
305:
355:
all as either "vulnerable", "endangered", or "severely endangered".
2525:
1214:
families. However, this is an even more tentative hypothesis than
791:
753:
550:
1190:
hypothesis is perhaps the most popular. Dene–Caucasian links the
535:
sense. Equivalent functions are performed by extensive arrays of
1023:
was extensive and still plays some part in the modern languages;
925:
757:
536:
510:
4638:
4610:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
2605:
1782:
1668:
461:
Lack of distinctive vowels and wealth of distinctive consonants
386:
were reassigned to adjacent consonants. For example, ancestral
562:
Percentage of total Northwest Caucasian speakers, by language
36:
1234:, etc., and which is widely considered to be undemonstrated.
1156:
family, sometimes simply called Kavkazian (in opposition to
986:
families of southern Africa with their extensive system of
1652:
A Comparative Dictionary of North Caucasian Languages:
1398:
Halle, M. 1970. "Is Kabardian a vowel-less language?".
823:, where it is an official language of the republics of
1069:), until about 1800 BCE, when it was replaced by the
974:. A dialectal division within Ubykh was suspected by
336:, with smaller communities scattered throughout the
5419:
5372:
5322:
5195:
5150:
5110:
5101:
5065:
4990:
4926:
4889:
4799:
4676:
4564:
4541:
4469:
4313:
4035:
4003:
3921:
3810:
3616:
3583:
3436:
3344:
3088:
3002:
2779:
2730:
2639:
2503:
2471:
2438:
2429:
2387:
2364:
2303:
2292:
2223:
2198:
2162:
2113:
2019:
1969:
1906:
1895:
1832:
1819:
1172:for details, as well as the external links below).
509:. There is a split between "dynamic" and "stative"
465:The entire family is characterised by a paucity of
227:
200:
190:
177:
161:
143:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1362:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
1092:languages, Hattic and other languages of ancient
744:; 125,000 in Russia, where it is official in the
959:. Some are partially intelligible with Abkhaz.
815:has just over one million speakers: 550,000 in
1029:between languages of the family were frequent;
4650:
2617:
1794:
1680:
8:
5494:Families with more than 30 languages are in
4620:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1579:(1). Linguistic Society of America: 56–119.
1656:by Sergei Starostin & Sergein Nikolayev
1508:(1–2). Chicago Linguistic Society: 119–151.
1326:. Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
1088:for a superfamily comprising the North and
5199:
5107:
4657:
4643:
4635:
4477:
4043:
3927:
3624:
3442:
3099:
2794:
2645:
2624:
2610:
2602:
2435:
2300:
1903:
1829:
1801:
1787:
1779:
1746:
1687:
1673:
1665:
1660:Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet
1618:A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary
764:. There is even a small community in the
347:is uncertain and unproven. One language,
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
362:, also known as "linear" vowel systems.
1269:
1096:. (The "Iberian" in the name refers to
1002:Relationship to other language families
858:Abkhaz–Abaza (Abazgi) dialect continuum
1305:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1298:
1146:Many linguists join the Northwest and
516:All Northwest Caucasian languages are
343:The group's relationship to any other
140:
1463:Historical dictionary of the Hittites
1084:) was proposed by Georgian historian
784:, as well as many minor ones such as
768:. Four main dialects are recognised:
505:, and there are also a wide range of
199:
7:
1502:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
1347:
1345:
1343:
994:and a four-way place contrast among
939:has some 45,000 speakers, 35,000 in
803:Yinal speaking Adyghe and Kabardian.
434:), on the basis of pairs like Ubykh
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1420:Chirikba, Viacheslav (1996); p. 452
2562:Languages between parentheses are
1643:CIA linguistic map of the Caucasus
1244:Proto-Northwest Caucasian language
644:. They are classified as follows:
620:Proto-Northwest Caucasian language
25:
1194:(including Northwest Caucasian),
2283:
951:. There are two major dialects,
242:
41:
1615:Starostin, S. A., ed. (2008) .
1036:occurs in the modern languages.
555:Northwest Caucasian family tree
410:but gaining the new consonants
76:"Northwest Caucasian languages"
52:needs additional citations for
2566:of the language on their left.
1544:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
1429:Burney, Charles (2004); p. 106
1135:, but is not widely accepted.
1061:), in the area around ancient
846:, for example, the consonants
1:
5519:Northwest Caucasian languages
1696:Northwest Caucasian languages
1481:Chirikba, Viacheslav (1996).
1249:Northeast Caucasian languages
1148:Northeast Caucasian languages
274:Northwest Caucasian languages
1546:"Abkhazo-Adyghian languages"
1158:Kartvelian (South Caucasian)
1123:Connections to Indo-European
888:independent republic, but a
704:Circassian dialect continuum
1218:, which attempts to relate
300:spoken in the northwestern
183:One of the world's primary
5550:
5314:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1179:
1116:
1103:Many Northwest Caucasian (
861:
707:
650:Northwest Caucasian family
617:
376:Linguistic reconstructions
29:
5482:
5202:
4605:
4480:
4046:
3930:
3627:
3445:
3102:
2797:
2648:
2633:Primary language families
2548:
2281:
1763:
1702:
1254:North Caucasian languages
1182:Languages of the Caucasus
1170:North Caucasian languages
992:pharyngealised consonants
892:autonomous entity within
844:Proto-Circassian language
714:Proto-Circassian language
507:applicative constructions
453:, which once neighboured
438:vs. Kabardian and Abkhaz
304:region, chiefly in three
241:
195:Proto-Northwest Caucasian
179:Linguistic classification
148:
3450:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2521:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
1460:Burney, Charles (2004).
1320:Matthews, W. K. (2013).
1176:Higher-level connections
880:has 100,000 speakers in
640:or West Circassian, and
402:, losing the old vowels
5524:Agglutinative languages
5491:have no living members.
5374:East and Southeast Asia
4617:have no living members.
2581:Languages of Azerbaijan
1550:Encyclopedia Britannica
1411:Nichols, Johanna (1986)
1400:Foundations of Language
1351:Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010)
1053:. Hattic was spoken in
848:/ʃʷʼ,ʐʷ,ʂʷ,ʐ,ʂ,tsʷ,dzʷ/
4597:Unclassified languages
4551:list of sign languages
3519:Northeastern Tasmanian
1447:Colarusso, John (1997)
1438:Colarusso, John (2003)
1142:North Caucasian family
804:
556:
471:secondary articulation
360:vertical vowel systems
4572:Constructed languages
1585:10.1353/lan.1986.0014
1323:Languages of the USSR
1045:Connections to Hattic
868:Proto-Abazgi language
802:
554:
264: Ubykh (extinct)
3119:Binanderean–Goilalan
2586:Languages of Georgia
2576:Languages of Armenia
636:or East Circassian,
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
5529:Languages of Russia
5132:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4916:Northwest Caucasian
4911:Northeast Caucasian
4401:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4304:Tequiraca–Canichana
4147:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2910:Northwest Caucasian
2904:Northeast Caucasian
2828:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2591:Languages of Russia
1162:Sergei A. Starostin
829:Karachay–Cherkessia
710:Circassian language
529:subordinate clauses
451:Proto-Indo-European
318:Karachay–Cherkessia
298:family of languages
144:Northwest Caucasian
18:Northwest Caucasian
5397:Austronesian–Ongan
5196:Proposed groupings
4023:Tarascan/Purépecha
3512:Northern Tasmanian
3270:South Bougainville
3231:North Bougainville
2061:Caucasian Albanian
825:Kabardino-Balkaria
805:
746:Republic of Adygea
669:(190,110 speakers)
557:
426:prefix system (so
322:disputed territory
314:Kabardino-Balkaria
286:Abkhazo-Circassian
151:Abkhazo–Circassian
5534:Language families
5506:
5505:
5415:
5414:
5407:Sino-Austronesian
5191:
5190:
4666:Language families
4632:
4631:
4582:Language isolates
4560:
4559:
4465:
4464:
4031:
4030:
3917:
3916:
3612:
3611:
3559:Western Tasmanian
3477:Eastern Tasmanian
3432:
3431:
3154:East Geelvink Bay
3084:
3083:
2775:
2774:
2599:
2598:
2558:extinct languages
2499:
2498:
2425:
2424:
2279:
2278:
2219:
2218:
1776:
1775:
1770:extinct languages
1621:. Caravan Books.
1563:978-1-59339-837-8
1287:on 13 August 2017
800:
663:(49,800 speakers)
424:grammatical class
270:
269:
185:language families
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
5541:
5474:Proto-Euphratean
5200:
5108:
5076:Great Andamanese
4659:
4652:
4645:
4636:
4478:
4432:Huaorani/Waorani
4316:(extant in 2000)
4280:Esmeralda–Yaruro
4051:Andoque–Urequena
4044:
3928:
3734:Plateau Penutian
3625:
3600:(Northern Daly?)
3443:
3329:Northwest Papuan
3293:Trans–New Guinea
3159:East New Britain
3134:Central Solomons
3100:
2845:Great Andamanese
2795:
2646:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2436:
2301:
2287:
1904:
1830:
1810:Languages of the
1803:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1632:
1604:
1567:
1540:
1524:
1509:
1496:
1477:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:6: pages 95–103.
1396:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1283:. Archived from
1282:
1274:
1166:Sergei Nikolayev
1118:
1098:Caucasian Iberia
1074:Hittite language
853:
852:/fʼ,v,f,ʑ,ɕ,f,v/
849:
801:
607:
597:
587:
577:
567:
524:precede a noun.
522:relative clauses
441:
437:
433:
430:may have become
429:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:may have become
397:
393:
390:may have become
389:
294:Pontic languages
282:Abkhazo-Adyghean
263:
257:
252: Circassian
251:
246:
237:
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
32:Pontic languages
21:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5501:
5478:
5469:Paleo-Laplandic
5464:Pre-Finno-Ugric
5411:
5368:
5332:Greater Siangic
5318:
5304:Uralic–Yukaghir
5254:Ibero-Caucasian
5249:Elamo-Dravidian
5187:
5146:
5097:
5061:
4986:
4922:
4905:North Caucasian
4885:
4795:
4734:Paleo-Sardinian
4672:
4663:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4601:
4587:Mixed languages
4556:
4537:
4472:
4461:
4315:
4309:
4164:Katembri–Taruma
4038:
4027:
3999:
3913:
3806:
3619:
3608:
3579:
3428:
3340:
3299:Turama–Kikorian
3209:Lower Mamberamo
3164:East Strickland
3092:
3080:
2998:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2726:
2635:
2630:
2600:
2595:
2569:
2544:
2539:Shirvani Arabic
2495:
2467:
2448:Karachay-Balkar
2421:
2383:
2360:
2295:
2288:
2275:
2227:
2215:
2194:
2158:
2109:
2015:
1965:
1899:
1891:
1854:Judaeo-Georgian
1836:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1777:
1772:
1759:
1698:
1693:
1639:
1629:
1614:
1611:
1609:Further reading
1570:
1564:
1543:
1537:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1480:
1474:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1341:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1278:"Archived copy"
1276:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1240:
1192:North Caucasian
1184:
1178:
1153:North Caucasian
1144:
1125:
1090:South Caucasian
1051:Hattic language
1047:
1004:
976:Georges Dumézil
965:
934:
875:
870:
860:
819:and 450,000 in
810:
792:
760:, and 4,000 in
727:
716:
706:
701:
622:
616:
615:
614:
613:
605:
603:
595:
593:
585:
583:
575:
573:
565:
549:
503:indirect object
487:
463:
418:. The linguist
373:
368:
345:language family
292:, or sometimes
266:
265:
261:
259:
255:
253:
249:
233:
163:
156:
154:
153:Abkhaz–Adyghean
152:
150:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
27:Language family
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5547:
5545:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5511:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5299:Uralo-Siberian
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Serbi–Mongolic
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5244:Dravido-Korean
5241:
5239:Dené–Yeniseian
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5227:Dené–Caucasian
5224:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5172:
5165:
5157:
5155:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4845:Hurro-Urartian
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4727:Paleo-Corsican
4723:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Indo-Pakistani
4509:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Piaroa–Saliban
4208:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3976:Tequistlatecan
3973:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3499:Marrku–Wurrugu
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2858:Hurro-Urartian
2854:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1923:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1637:External links
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:978-0882061177
1627:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1568:
1562:
1541:
1536:978-1588114617
1535:
1510:
1497:
1492:978-9073782716
1491:
1478:
1473:978-0810849365
1472:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1391:
1378:
1366:www.unesco.org
1353:
1339:
1332:
1312:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1188:Dene–Caucasian
1180:Main article:
1177:
1174:
1143:
1140:
1124:
1121:
1086:Simon Janashia
1046:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1003:
1000:
964:
961:
943:and 10,000 in
933:
930:
874:
871:
859:
856:
809:
806:
726:
723:
705:
702:
700:
699:
698:
697:
691:
690:
689:
683:
672:
671:
670:
664:
646:
604:
594:
584:
574:
564:
560:
559:
558:
548:
547:Classification
545:
518:left-branching
486:
483:
462:
459:
420:John Colarusso
384:palatalization
372:
369:
367:
364:
278:West Caucasian
276:, also called
268:
267:
260:
254:
248:
247:
239:
238:
231:
225:
224:
223:
222:
214:
209:
202:
198:
197:
192:
191:Proto-language
188:
187:
181:
175:
174:
172:Eastern Europe
165:
159:
158:
149:West Caucasian
146:
145:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5546:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5309:Eskimo–Uralic
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:Paleosiberian
5109:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5008:Austroasiatic
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4958:Austroasiatic
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4937:Indo-European
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:Indo-European
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:Indo-European
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Original Thai
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4286:Hibito–Cholón
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3802:Yuman–Cochimí
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3537:Southern Daly
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:Darwin Region
3459:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Demta–Sentani
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:Indo-European
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:Austroasiatic
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:9781107623552
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:Indo-European
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:Indo-European
1122:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Proto-Iberian
1079:
1078:Hetto-Iberian
1075:
1072:
1071:Indo-European
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:sound changes
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
869:
865:
857:
855:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:United States
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:: 280,000 in
739:
735:
731:
724:
722:
720:
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703:
695:
692:
687:
684:
681:
678:
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631:
627:
621:
611:
601:
591:
581:
571:
563:
553:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
533:Indo-European
530:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:agglutinative
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
425:
421:
385:
381:
380:labialization
377:
370:
366:Main features
365:
363:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
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220:
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210:
208:
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196:
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166:
160:
147:
142:
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131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5495:
5488:
5487:Families in
5444:Pre-Goidelic
5439:Pre-Germanic
5269:Indo-Semitic
5264:Indo-Pacific
5259:Indo-Hittite
5174:
5167:
5160:
5090:
5067:Indian Ocean
5034:
5029:Austronesian
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
5001:Sino-Tibetan
4999:
4978:
4956:
4951:Sino-Tibetan
4949:
4942:
4935:
4915:
4903:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4755:North Picene
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4621:
4614:
4613:Families in
4548:
4499:
4397:
4385:
4235:
4203:
4194:Pano-Tacanan
4151:
4114:
4102:
4073:Arutani–Sape
4065:
4010:
3992:
3985:
3970:Oto-Manguean
3968:
3951:
3944:
3891:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3824:
3817:
3794:
3787:
3775:
3748:
3726:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3638:
3631:
3590:
3557:
3553:Western Daly
3531:Pama–Nyungan
3529:
3517:
3510:
3497:
3475:
3470:Eastern Daly
3468:
3460:
3415:
3291:
3279:
3257:
3240:
3218:
3189:Kaure–Kosare
3149:Doso–Turumsa
3139:Chimbu–Wahgi
3129:Bulaka River
3113:Austronesian
3111:
3072:
3065:
3046:
3033:
3026:
3019:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2921:Sino-Tibetan
2919:
2909:
2902:
2885:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2832:
2822:Austronesian
2820:
2813:
2801:
2747:
2685:Nilo-Saharan
2683:
2676:
2661:Austronesian
2659:
2652:
2553:
2537:
2511:Kalmyk Oirat
2417:Pontic Greek
2339:
2268:
2224:
2132:
2059:
1860:Old Georgian
1858:
1837:(Kartvelian)
1824:
1765:
1752:
1740:
1695:
1617:
1576:
1572:
1549:
1520:
1515:Tuite, Kevin
1505:
1501:
1482:
1462:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1322:
1315:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1272:
1208:Sino-Tibetan
1185:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1133:Proto-Pontic
1126:
1102:
1081:
1077:
1048:
1039:
1005:
990:. There are
972:Tevfik Esenç
966:
935:
889:
885:
876:
811:
756:, 20,000 in
752:, 25,000 in
748:; 45,000 in
728:
717:
655:Abkhaz–Abaza
649:
623:
561:
526:
515:
488:
475:Ubykh (Ubyx)
464:
442:
374:
357:
342:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
258: Abkhaz
216:
201:Subdivisions
164:distribution
155:North Pontic
138:
123:
117:January 2010
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5294:Ural-Altaic
5274:Indo-Uralic
5086:Sentinelese
4817:Afroasiatic
4783:Eteocypriot
4507:Germanosign
4411:Mura-Pirahã
4292:Lule–Vilela
4268:Bora-Witoto
4243:Uru–Chipaya
4216:Ticuna–Yuri
4199:Peba–Yaguan
4184:Nambikwaran
3987:Uto-Aztecan
3923:Mesoamerica
3777:Uto-Aztecan
3766:Tsimshianic
3728:Palaihnihan
3598:Malak-Malak
3335:Papuan Gulf
3309:West Papuan
3214:Lower Sepik
3204:Lakes Plain
3107:Arai–Samaia
3095:the Pacific
2803:Afroasiatic
2678:Niger–Congo
2654:Afroasiatic
2481:Azerbaijani
1076:. The name
928:in Turkey.
902:palatalized
738:Middle East
688:(1,685,000)
541:participial
447:labiovelars
353:classifying
338:Middle East
308:republics (
168:Ciscaucasia
5513:Categories
5434:Pre-Celtic
5402:East Asian
5392:Austro-Tai
5382:Andamanese
5232:Eurasiatic
5153:North Asia
5103:North Asia
5015:Hmong–Mien
4969:Burushaski
4928:South Asia
4899:Kartvelian
4866:Philistine
4776:Eteocretan
4720:Tartessian
4501:Francosign
4349:Chiquitano
4329:Alacalufan
4137:Guaicuruan
4110:Chapacuran
4093:Cahuapanan
4061:Araucanian
3964:Mixe–Zoque
3959:Misumalpan
3673:Comecrudan
3525:Nyulnyulan
3304:Upper Yuat
3281:Torricelli
3253:Senu River
3184:Foja Range
3090:New Guinea
3015:Burushaski
2876:Kartvelian
2851:Hmong–Mien
2667:Khoe–Kwadi
2252:Circassian
1908:Avar–Andic
1878:Mingrelian
1724:Circassian
1260:References
1220:Kartvelian
1200:Burushaski
1117:Хьатыкъуай
1032:extensive
1027:borrowings
906:labialized
862:See also:
836:fricatives
719:Circassian
708:See also:
675:Circassian
618:See also:
495:absolutive
212:Circassian
162:Geographic
87:newspapers
5459:Pre-Vedic
5449:Pre-Greek
5421:Substrata
5324:Arunachal
5222:Nostratic
5207:Alarodian
5142:Yeniseian
4992:East Asia
4944:Dravidian
4801:West Asia
4769:Tyrsenian
4532:Tanzanian
4473:languages
4370:Hodï/Joti
4314:Isolates
4253:Yanomaman
4189:Otomákoan
4153:Jirajaran
4142:Guajiboan
4104:Catacaoan
4083:Barbacoan
4012:Cuitlatec
3981:Totonacan
3940:Jicaquean
3819:Chimariko
3715:Muskogean
3697:Kalapuyan
3691:Iroquoian
3666:Chumashan
3659:Chinookan
3652:Chimakuan
3570:Yangmanic
3565:Worrorran
3548:Wagaydyic
3438:Australia
3287:Trans-Fly
2953:Yeniseian
2940:Tyrsenian
2834:Dravidian
2564:varieties
2556:indicate
2379:Ukrainian
2354:Judeo-Tat
2262:Kabardian
2225:Northwest
2070:Southern
2050:Tabasaran
1900:(Caspian)
1897:Northeast
1844:Karto-Zan
1821:Caucasian
1768:indicate
1734:Kabardian
1601:144574879
1265:Citations
1216:Nostratic
1204:Yeniseian
1034:homophony
996:sibilants
813:Kabardian
808:Kabardian
686:Kabardian
682:(590,000)
657:(Abazgi)
634:Kabardian
570:Kabardian
455:Proto-NWC
371:Phonetics
290:Circassic
229:Glottolog
5454:Vasconic
5429:Atlantic
5183:Eskaleut
5137:Yukaghir
5052:Koreanic
5047:Tungusic
5042:Mongolic
4980:Harappan
4891:Caucasus
4873:Sumerian
4748:Ligurian
4565:See also
4542:Isolates
4517:Japanese
4457:Yuracaré
4339:Candoshi
4298:Macro-Jê
4263:Zaparoan
4258:Zamucoan
4248:Witotoan
4231:Tucanoan
4226:Tiniguan
4221:Timotean
4205:Quechuan
4174:Matacoan
4169:Mascoian
4159:Jivaroan
4122:Chibchan
4116:Charruan
4067:Arawakan
4004:Isolates
3935:Chibchan
3811:Isolates
3783:Wakashan
3744:Salishan
3686:Eskaleut
3592:Giimbiyu
3584:Isolates
3493:Jarrakan
3488:Iwaidjan
3345:Isolates
3199:Kutubuan
3067:Sumerian
3003:Isolates
2958:Yukaghir
2927:Tungusic
2893:Mongolic
2881:Koreanic
2840:Eskaleut
2731:Isolates
2715:Ubangian
2572:See also
2526:Assyrian
2516:Lomavren
2395:Armenian
2325:Ossetian
2318:Kurmanji
2296:European
2228:(Pontic)
2206:Khinalug
2181:Khwarshi
2166:(Didoic)
2092:Western
2036:Eastern
1949:Chamalal
1944:Godoberi
1931:Bagvalal
1849:Georgian
1813:Caucasus
1747:proposed
1573:Language
1517:(eds.).
1387:Language
1301:cite web
1238:See also
1109:Hatuqwai
1094:Anatolia
1067:Boğazköy
1065:(modern
1055:Anatolia
949:Georgian
922:Abkhazia
910:dialects
886:de facto
882:Abkhazia
833:ejective
782:Bzhedugh
778:Shapsugh
774:Abadzekh
770:Temirgoy
736:and the
499:ergative
467:phonemic
326:Abkhazia
302:Caucasus
235:abkh1242
5489:italics
5387:Austric
5364:Kho-Bwa
5359:Hrusish
5337:Siangic
5279:Karasuk
5179: ?
5092:Kenaboi
5057:Japonic
5022:Kra–Dai
4983: ?
4974:Kusunda
4880:Elamite
4852:Kassite
4838:Kaskian
4741:Camunic
4713:Iberian
4670:Eurasia
4615:italics
4592:Pidgins
4577:Creoles
4527:Swedish
4495:Chinese
4442:Urarina
4427:Puinave
4381:Itonama
4375:Irantxe
4344:Chimane
4274:Chimuan
4179:Nadahup
4098:Cariban
4078:Aymaran
4039:America
3881:Waikuri
3874:Tonkawa
3867:Timucua
3860:Takelma
3853:Siuslaw
3842:Kutenai
3826:Esselen
3789:Wintuan
3750:Shastan
3721:Na-Dene
3709:Maiduan
3646:Caddoan
3620:America
3574:Wagiman
3572:(incl.
3543:Tangkic
3483:Garawan
3456:Bunuban
3417:Tambora
3384:Maybrat
3352:Abinomn
3275:Teberan
3236:Pauwasi
3226:Mairasi
3194:Kiwaian
3074:Tambora
3060:Shompen
3042:Kusunda
3035:Kenaboi
3021:Elamite
2993:Siangic
2975:Kho-Bwa
2969:Hrusish
2887:Kra–Dai
2871:Japonic
2780:Eurasia
2755:Sandawe
2738:Bangime
2703:Songhay
2554:Italics
2491:Turkmen
2486:Turkish
2440:Kipchak
2405:Western
2400:Eastern
2374:Russian
2330:Persian
2313:Kurdish
2305:Iranian
2140:Chechen
2134:Arshtin
2128:Vainakh
2101:Tsakhur
2006:Kubachi
1940:Botlikh
1926:Akhvakh
1825:(areal)
1766:Italics
1654:Preface
1454:Sources
1212:Na–Dene
1150:into a
1105:Adygean
1063:Hattusa
957:Ashkhar
894:Georgia
890:de jure
850:became
786:Hakuchi
582:(23.5%)
572:(67.0%)
537:nominal
531:in the
485:Grammar
428:*/w-ka/
330:Georgia
320:), the
306:Russian
296:, is a
101:scholar
5349:Mijiic
5342:Digaro
5289:Pontic
5217:Borean
5212:Altaic
5176:Rouran
5169:Turkic
5162:Uralic
5151:Other
5036:Turkic
4964:Nihali
4859:Gutian
4831:Hattic
4824:Turkic
4790:Minoan
4762:Sicani
4707:Basque
4701:Turkic
4694:Uralic
4678:Europe
4490:BANZSL
4452:Yamana
4437:Trumai
4406:Movima
4360:Fulniô
4323:Aikanã
4237:Tupian
4132:Chonan
4056:Arauan
3994:Xincan
3946:Lencan
3899:Yokuts
3796:Yukian
3761:Tanoan
3756:Siouan
3739:Pomoan
3680:Coosan
3506:Mirndi
3399:Porome
3394:Pawaia
3248:Senagi
3220:Madang
3169:Eleman
3124:Border
3055:Nihali
3048:Minoan
3028:Hattic
3010:Basque
2981:Mijiic
2963:Digaro
2947:Uralic
2933:Turkic
2784:Europe
2641:Africa
2531:Bohtan
2504:Others
2431:Turkic
2412:German
2388:Others
2366:Slavic
2335:Talysh
2257:Adyghe
2245:Abkhaz
2235:Abazgi
2199:Others
2186:Hinukh
2177:Hunzib
2173:Bezhta
2164:Tsezic
2152:Ingush
2074:Budukh
2045:Lezgin
2033:Samur
2021:Lezgic
2011:Mehweb
2001:Kaitag
1996:Itsari
1984:Dargwa
1979:Chirag
1971:Dargin
1954:Karata
1742:Hattic
1729:Adyghe
1717:Abkhaz
1707:Abazgi
1625:
1599:
1593:415601
1591:
1560:
1533:
1489:
1470:
1371:3 June
1330:
1291:20 May
1232:Altaic
1230:, and
1228:Uralic
1210:, and
1196:Basque
1113:Adyghe
1059:Turkey
1021:ablaut
988:clicks
953:Tapant
945:Turkey
941:Russia
914:Abzhuy
898:Turkey
878:Abkhaz
873:Abkhaz
864:Abazgi
840:Adyghe
821:Russia
817:Turkey
762:Israel
750:Jordan
742:Turkey
734:Russia
730:Adyghe
725:Adyghe
680:Adyghe
667:Abkhaz
638:Adyghe
626:Abkhaz
608:
606:
602:(1.9%)
598:
596:
592:(7.6%)
590:Abkhaz
588:
586:
580:Adyghe
578:
576:
568:
566:
501:, and
479:Africa
334:Turkey
332:, and
310:Adygea
262:
256:
250:
207:Abkhaz
157:Pontic
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5127:Nivkh
5081:Ongan
4447:Warao
4416:Nukak
4387:Kunza
4365:Guató
4354:Cofán
4334:Camsá
4127:Choco
4088:Boran
4037:South
4018:Huave
3953:Mayan
3904:Yuchi
3887:Washo
3837:Karuk
3832:Haida
3771:Utian
3703:Keres
3640:Alsea
3633:Algic
3618:North
3410:Taiap
3404:Sulka
3259:Sepik
3174:Engan
2915:Ongan
2898:Nivkh
2766:Shabo
2749:Jalaa
2743:Hadza
2697:Mande
2473:Oghuz
2458:Nogai
2453:Kumyk
2341:Kilit
2294:Indo-
2270:Ubykh
2240:Abaza
2096:Rutul
2079:Kryts
2040:Aghul
2029:Archi
1989:Kadar
1935:Tindi
1916:Andic
1834:South
1754:Ubykh
1712:Abaza
1597:S2CID
1589:JSTOR
1529:–60.
1281:(PDF)
968:Ubykh
963:Ubykh
937:Abaza
932:Abaza
754:Syria
694:Ubykh
661:Abaza
642:Ubykh
630:Abaza
610:Ubykh
600:Abaza
511:verbs
443:heart
440:/ɡʷə/
436:/ɡʲə/
432:/kʷa/
400:/kʷə/
396:*/ku/
392:/kʲə/
388:*/ki/
349:Ubykh
218:Ubykh
108:JSTOR
94:books
5496:bold
5354:Miju
5122:Ainu
4622:bold
4549:See
4485:Arab
4471:Sign
4422:Páez
4399:Maku
4393:Leco
3909:Zuni
3893:Yana
3847:Seri
3604:Tiwi
3424:Wiru
3389:Mpur
3379:Kuot
3362:Anêm
3357:Abun
3324:Yuat
3319:Yawa
3265:Skou
3242:Ramu
3093:and
2987:Miju
2809:Ainu
2789:Asia
2787:and
2760:Laal
2721:Kadu
2709:Ijaw
2672:Kx'a
2463:Urum
2190:Tsez
2145:Aukh
2123:Bats
2115:Nakh
1961:Avar
1921:Andi
1887:Svan
1623:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1373:2018
1328:ISBN
1307:link
1293:2017
1164:and
1080:(or
1013:the
982:and
980:Kx'a
955:and
926:Sadz
924:and
918:Bzyp
916:and
866:and
827:and
780:and
758:Iraq
712:and
612:(0%)
539:and
416:/kʷ/
414:and
412:/kʲ/
408:*/u/
406:and
404:*/i/
394:and
382:and
272:The
80:news
5069:rim
4668:of
3374:Kol
3368:Ata
3314:Yam
3179:Fas
2692:Tuu
2349:Tat
2211:Lak
2084:Jek
2055:Udi
1873:Laz
1868:Zan
1581:doi
1111:" (
984:Tuu
920:in
904:or
884:(a
449:in
324:of
170:in
63:by
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1595:.
1587:.
1577:62
1575:.
1556:.
1554:33
1548:.
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1198:,
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628:,
497:,
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316:,
312:,
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34:.
20:)
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