Norway Debate - Knowledge (XXG)

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Government in general and the attack which he has made on them, and upon me in particular, make it graver still. Naturally, as head of the Government, I accept the primary responsibility for the actions of the Government, and my colleagues will not be slow to accept their responsibility too for the actions of the Government. But it is grave, not because of any personal consideration – because none of us would desire to hold on to office for a moment longer than we retained the confidence of this House – but because, as I warned the House yesterday, this is a time of national danger, and we are facing a relentless enemy who must be fought by the united action of this country. It may well be that it is a duty to criticise the Government. I do not seek to evade criticism, but I say this to my friends in the House – and I have friends in the House. No Government can prosecute a war efficiently unless it has public and Parliamentary support. I accept the challenge. I welcome it indeed. At least we shall see who is with us and who is against us, and I call on my friends to support us in the Lobby tonight.

552: 720:. In one of his speeches he recounted what he said. It was this: I said to him, "Your troops are most of them old, decayed serving men and tapsters and such kind of fellows.... You must get men of a spirit that are likely to go as far as they will go, or you will be beaten still". It may not be easy to find these men. They can be found only by trial and by ruthlessly discarding all who fail and have their failings discovered. We are fighting to-day for our life, for our liberty, for our all; we cannot go on being led as we are. I have quoted certain words of Oliver Cromwell. I will quote certain other words. I do it with great reluctance, because I am speaking of those who are old friends and associates of mine, but they are words which, I think, are applicable to the present situation. This is what Cromwell said to the 926:

unintelligently. For three or four years I thought to myself that the facts with regard to Germany were exaggerated by the First Lord, because the then Prime Minister – not this Prime Minister – said that they were not true. The First Lord was right about it. Then came the war. The tempo was hardly speeded up. There was the same leisureliness and inefficiency. Will anybody tell me that he is satisfied with what we have done about aeroplanes, tanks, guns, especially anti-aircraft guns? Is anyone here satisfied with the steps we took to train an Army to use them? Nobody is satisfied. The whole world knows that. And here we are in the worst strategic position in which this country has ever been placed.

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Norwegian ports by treachery were not followed in and destroyed as they were at Narvik. It is not the fault of those for whom I speak that the enemy have been left in undisputable possession of vulnerable ports and aerodromes for nearly a month, have been given time to pour in reinforcements by sea and air, to land tanks, heavy artillery and mechanised transport, and have been given time to develop the air offensive which has had such a devastating effect on the morale of Whitehall. If they had been more courageously and offensively employed they might have done much to prevent these unhappy happenings and much to influence unfriendly neutrals.

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Minister must remember that he has met this formidable foe of ours in peace and in war. He has always been worsted. He is not in a position to appeal on the ground of friendship. He has appealed for sacrifice. The nation is prepared for every sacrifice so long as it has leadership, so long as the Government show clearly what they are aiming at and so long as the nation is confident that those who are leading it are doing their best. I say solemnly that the Prime Minister should give an example of sacrifice, because there is nothing which can contribute more to victory in this war than that he should sacrifice the seals of office.

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the right hon. Gentleman said. He was full of general accusations of failure against the Government. It seemed to me that if he had been in charge of the affairs of the nation at the beginning of the war, rightly or wrongly, he would have considered that the proper action for us to have taken would have been to have gone into Norway and Sweden before Germany did. He may be right or wrong in that view. But if he was right in that view then we would, I presume, be doing right now to go into Holland and Belgium lest Germany should come in there before us.

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Chamberlain had suggested that Allied plans had failed because the Norwegians had not put up the expected resistance to the Germans. Sinclair reported that the servicemen "paid a high tribute to the courage and determination with which the Norwegians fought alongside them. They paid a particular tribute to the Norwegian ski patrols. Norwegians at Lillehammer for seven days held up with rifles only a German force with tanks, armoured cars, bombing aeroplanes and all the paraphernalia of modern war".

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the common enemy. Let party interest be ignored, let all our energies be harnessed, let the whole ability and forces of the nation be hurled into the struggle, and let all the strong horses be pulling on the collar. At no time in the last war were we in greater peril than we are now, and I urge the House strongly to deal with these matters not in a precipitate vote, ill debated and on a widely discursive field, but in grave time and due time in accordance with the dignity of Parliament.

536:, arrived in the chamber and caused a stir because he was resplendent in his uniform with gold braid and six rows of medal ribbons. He squeezed into a bench just behind Nicolson who passed him a piece of paper with Wedgwood's remark scribbled on it. Keyes went to the Speaker and asked to be called next as the honour of the navy was at stake, though he had really come to the House with the intention of criticising the Chamberlain government. 678:. Amery began by criticising the government's planning and execution of the Norway campaign, especially their unpreparedness for it despite intelligence warning of likely German intervention and the clear possibility of some such response to the planned British infraction of Norwegian neutrality by the mining of Norwegian territorial waters. He gave an analogy from his own experience which illustrated the government's lack of initiative: 630:, who was still a serving army officer and was evacuated from France only a month later. Jones, who supported Chamberlain, was unimpressive and was afterwards accused of introducing party politics into the debate. There was a general exodus from the chamber as Jones was speaking. Bellenger, who repeated much of Attlee's earlier message, called "in the public interest" for a government "of a different character and a different nature". 1062: 4826: 76: 874: 666:

when Jones began speaking but, on hearing that Amery had been called, he rushed back to the chamber. Seeing that it was nearly empty, Davies approached Amery and urged him to deliver his full speech both to state his full case against the government and also to give Davies time to collect a large audience. Very soon, even though it was the dinner hour, the House began filling rapidly.

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without any combination at all between the Army and the Navy. There could not have been a more serious condemnation of the whole action of the Government in respect of Norway. ... The right honourable Gentleman spoke about the gallantry of our men, and we are all equally proud of them. It thrills us to read the stories. All the more shame that we should have made fools of them.

229: 781:, the Labour deputy leader. He gave what Jenkins calls "a robust Labour wind-up". In his conclusion, Greenwood called for "an active, vigorous, imaginative direction of the war" which had so far been lacking as the government was passive and on the defensive because "(as) the world must know, we have never taken the initiative in this war". Summing up for the government was 4510: 411: 654:, who had been trying for several hours to gain the Speaker's attention. Amery later remarked that there were "barely a dozen" members present (Nicolson was among them) as he began to speak. Nicolson, who expected a powerfully critical speech from Amery, wrote that the temperature continued to rise as Amery began and his speech soon "raised it far beyond the fever point". 369:

throughout Chamberlain's speech and he reacted with what has been described as "a rather feminine gesture of irritation". He was eventually forced to defend the original usage of the phrase directly, claiming that he would have expected a German attack on the Allies at the outbreak of war when the difference in armed power was at its greatest.

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no outstanding success at home to offset the lack of it abroad. ... Yet it is probable that Neville Chamberlain still retains the confidence of the majority of his fellow country-men and that, if it were possible to obtain an accurate test of the feelings of the electorate, Chamberlain would be found the most popular statesman in the land.

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genuine respect amidst severe criticism of Chamberlain, Hoare, Simon and Stanley in particular. There was some embarrassment for Churchill in that he was late in returning to the House for Alexander's speech and Chamberlain had to excuse his absence. He arrived just in time for Alexander's questions about Norway.

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The Norway debate is regarded as a high point in British parliamentary history, coming as it did at a time when Great Britain faced its gravest danger. The former prime minister, David Lloyd George, said the debate was the most momentous in the history of Parliament. The future prime minister, Harold

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The debate continued into a third day but, with the division having been held at the end of the second day, the final day was really a matter of wrapping up. Starting at 15:18, there were only four speakers and the last of them was Lloyd George who spoke mostly about his own time as prime minister in

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Lloyd George had been prime minister during the last two years of the First World War. He was now 77, and it was to be his last major contribution to debate in the House in which he had sat for 50 years. There was personal animosity between Lloyd George and Chamberlain. The latter's appeal to friends

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That shocked many present who regarded it as divisive to be so explicit in relying on whipped support from his own party. Bob Boothby, a Conservative MP who was a strong critic of Chamberlain, called out: "Not I"; and received a withering glare from Chamberlain. The stress on "friends" was considered

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who was arguably the pre-eminent diarist of British politics in the twentieth century. He took special notice of a comment made by Wedgwood which, in Nicolson's view, transformed "an ordinary debate (into) a tremendous conflict of wills". Wedgwood had asked if the government was preparing any plan to

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They have allowed their loyalty to the Chief Whip to overcome their loyalty to the real needs of the country. I say that the House of Commons must take its full responsibility. I say that there is a widespread feeling in this country, not that we shall lose the war, that we will win the war, but that

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responded as Leader of the Opposition. He quoted some of Chamberlain's and Churchill's recent confident assertions about the likely victory of the British. Ministers' statements and, even more so, the press, guided (or deliberately left uncorrected) by the government, had painted far too optimistic a

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For two-and-a-half years, Neville Chamberlain has been Prime Minister of Great Britain. During this period Great Britain has suffered a series of diplomatic defeats and humiliations, culminating in the outbreak of European war. It is an unbroken record of failure in foreign policy, and there has been

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Churchill was called to speak at 22:11, the first time in eleven years that he had wound up a debate on behalf of the government. Many members believed that it was the most difficult speech of his career because he had to defend a reverse without damaging his own prestige. It was widely felt that he

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Since the Prime Minister made his intervention to-day, I have had more than one contact with representative neutrals in London, who feel that if this matter were to be judged upon the basis of putting personal friendship and personalities before the question of really winning the war, we should do a

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I came to the House of Commons to-day in uniform for the first time because I wish to speak for some officers and men of the fighting, sea-going Navy who are very unhappy. I want to make it perfectly clear that it is not their fault that the German warships and transports which forced their way into

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Chamberlain sarcastically responded that "ministers, of course, must be expected to be blamed for everything". This provoked a heated reaction with several members derisively shouting: "They missed the bus!" The Speaker had to call on members not to interrupt, but they continued to repeat the phrase

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who, in Jenkins' words, "followed example rather than his interest and voted with the government". Colville in his diary said the government were "fairly satisfied" but acknowledged that reconstruction of the Cabinet was necessary. He wrote that "the shock they have received may be a healthy one".

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The government's notional majority was 213, but 41 members who normally supported the government voted with the Opposition while an estimated 60 other Conservatives deliberately abstained. The government still won the vote by 281 to 200, but their majority was reduced to 81. Jenkins says that would

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Let me say that I am not advocating controversy. We have stood it for the last two days, and if I have broken out, it is not because I mean to seek a quarrel with honourable (members). On the contrary, I say, let pre-war feuds die; let personal quarrels be forgotten, and let us keep our hatreds for

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It is generally understood that Labour did not intend a division before the debate began but Attlee, after hearing the speeches by Keyes and Amery, realised that discontent within Tory ranks was far deeper than they had thought. A meeting of the party's Parliamentary Executive was held on Wednesday

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It is easy to talk glibly of Ministers' failure without specifying exactly in what way they have failed; it is easy to throw about charges of ineptitude, inability and procrastination without specifying exactly to what degree those charges are able to be substantiated. I listened to every word that

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thought he was hurling huge stones at the government glasshouse with "the effect of a series of deafening explosions". Amery widened his scope to criticise the government's whole conduct of the war to date. He moved towards his conclusion by calling for the formation of a "real" National Government

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which included some sixty MPs. Davies had been a National Liberal subject to the National Government whip but, in protest against Chamberlain, he had resigned it in December 1939 and crossed the floor of the House to rejoin the Liberals in opposition. Like many other members, Davies had gone to eat

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said Chamberlain's speech left the House in a restive and depressed, though not yet mutinous, state of mind. Amery believed that Chamberlain was "obviously satisfied with things as they stood" and, in the government camp, the mood was actually positive as they believed they were, in John Colville's

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to complete the evacuation of Allied forces from central and southern Norway (the campaign in northern Norway continued). Chamberlain attempted to treat the Allied losses as unimportant and claimed that British soldiers "man for man (were) superior to their foes". He praised the "splendid gallantry

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Attlee then presented Chamberlain with a private notice in which he requested a schedule for next week's Commons business. Chamberlain announced that a debate on the general conduct of the war would commence on Tuesday, 7 May. The debate was keenly anticipated in both Parliament and the country. In

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I was not here when the right honourable Gentleman made the observation, but he definitely appealed on a question which is a great national, imperial and world issue. He said, "I have got my friends". It is not a question of who are the Prime Minister's friends. It is a far bigger issue. The Prime

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Lloyd George went on to say that British prestige had been greatly impaired, especially in America. Before the events in Norway, he claimed, the Americans had been in no doubt that the Allies would win the war, but now they were saying it would be up to them to defend democracy. After dealing with

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It is my contention that this breakdown in organisation occurred because there had been no foresight in the political direction of the war and in the instructions given to the Staffs to prepare for these very difficult operations in due time, and that the Staffs were hastily improvising instead of

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Attlee struck a theme here that would recur throughout the debate – that the government was incompetent but not Churchill himself, even though he was part of it, as he had suffered from what Jenkins calls a misdirection of his talents. Jenkins remarks that Churchill's potential had not been fully

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Chamberlain then said he proposed "to present a picture of the situation" and to "consider certain criticisms of the government". He stated that "no doubt" the withdrawal had created a shock in both the House and the country. At this point, the interruptions began as a Labour member shouted: "All

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Gaining the support of both Labour and the Liberals, Churchill formed a coalition government. His war cabinet at first consisted of himself, Attlee, Greenwood, Chamberlain and Halifax. The coalition lasted until the defeat of Nazi Germany in May 1945. On 23 May 1945, Labour left the coalition to

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As for the lack of action at Trondheim, Churchill said it was not because of any perceived danger, but because it was thought unnecessary. He reminded the House that the campaign continued in northern Norway, at Narvik in particular but he would not be drawn into giving any predictions about it.

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Chamberlain had been heckled during his speech for having "missed the bus" and he made his case worse by desperately trying, and failing, to excuse his use of that expression a month earlier. In doing so, he provided Attlee with an opportunity. During the conclusion of his response, Attlee said:

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asked: "Is the Prime Minister now able to make a statement on the position in Norway?" Chamberlain was reluctant to discuss the military situation because of the security factors involved but did express a hope that he and Churchill would be able to say much more next week. He went on to make an

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I remember that many years ago in East Africa a young friend of mine went lion hunting. He secured a sleeping car on the railway and had it detached from the train at a siding near where he expected to find a certain man-eating lion. He went to rest and dream of hunting his lion in the morning.

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wrote that the debate was "one of the greatest parliamentary moments ever and little about it was inevitable". The plotters against Chamberlain succeeded despite being deprived of their natural leader, since Churchill was in the cabinet and obliged to defend it. Marr notes the irony of Amery's

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Jenkins describes Alexander as someone who tried, despite being completely different in character and personality, to make of himself a "mini-Churchill". On this occasion, he did present Churchill with some awkward questions about Norway but, as with other speakers before him, it was done with

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We did not take any measures that would guarantee success. This vital expedition, which would have made a vast difference to this country's strategical position, and an infinite difference to her prestige in the world, was made dependent upon this half-prepared, half-baked expeditionary force,

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He drew from Chamberlain the admission that whilst troops had been held in readiness to be sent to Norway, no troopships had been retained to send them in. Sinclair gave instances of inadequate and defective equipment and of disorganisation reported to him by servicemen returning from Norway.

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There was silence as Lloyd George sat down and one observer said that all the frustrations of the past eight months had been released. Chamberlain was deeply perturbed and, two days later, told a friend that he had never heard anything like it in Parliament. Churchill was overheard saying to

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The words which the right honourable Gentleman has just uttered make it necessary for me to intervene for a moment or two at this stage. The right honourable Gentleman began his speech by emphasising the gravity of the occasion. What he has said, the challenge which he has thrown out to the

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interim statement of affairs but was not forthcoming about "certain operations (that) are in progress (as) we must do nothing which might jeopardise the lives of those engaged in them". He asked the House to defer comment and question until next week. Attlee agreed and so did Liberal leader

1229:. He concluded by blaming the democracies for not carrying out the pledges made at that time with the result that Nazism had arisen in Germany. When he finished, shortly before 16:00, the question "that this House do now adjourn" was raised and agreed to, thus concluding the Norway Debate. 1006:

It was 18:10 when Lloyd George concluded and some four hours later that Churchill began his summary to wind up the government's case ahead of the division. In the interim, several speakers were called to argue both for and against the government. They included long-serving Liberal National

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Is there anyone in this House who will say that he is satisfied with the speed and efficiency of the preparations in any respect for air, for Army, yea, for Navy? Everybody is disappointed. Everybody knows that whatever was done was done half-heartedly, ineffectively, without drive and

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A picture has been drawn of craven politicians hampering their admirals and generals in their bold designs. Others have suggested that I have personally overruled them, or that they themselves are inept and cowardly. Others again have suggested—for if truth is many-sided, mendacity is

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Churchill then had to deal with interruptions and an intervention by Arthur Greenwood who wanted to know if the war cabinet had delayed action at Trondheim. Churchill denied that and advised Greenwood to dismiss such delusions. Soon afterwards, he reacted to a comment by Labour MP

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It was 19:30 when Keyes sat down to "thunderous applause". Nicolson wrote that Keyes' speech was the most dramatic he had ever heard, and the debate from that point on was no longer an investigation of the Norwegian campaign but "a criticism of the government's whole war effort".

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On 9 and 10 May, Chamberlain attempted to form a coalition government with Labour and Liberal participation. They indicated an unwillingness to serve under him but said they probably would join the government if another Conservative became prime minister. When Germany began its

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But that is the position, and we must face it. I agree with the Prime Minister that we must face it as a people and not as a party, nor as a personal issue. The Prime Minister is not in a position to make his personality in this respect inseparable from the interests of the

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In his biography of Churchill, Roy Jenkins describes the debate as "by a clear head both the most dramatic and the most far-reaching in its consequences of any parliamentary debate of the twentieth century". He compares it with "its nineteenth-century rivals" (e.g., the

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The first part of Churchill's speech was, as he said it would be, about the Norwegian campaign. The second part, concerning the vote of censure which he called a new issue that had been sprung upon the House at five o'clock, he said he would deal with in due course.

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have been perfectly sustainable in most circumstances, but not when Britain was losing the war and it was clear that unity and leadership were so obviously lacking. In these circumstances, the reversal was devastating and Chamberlain left the chamber pale and grim.

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parties. They refused to serve under him, although they were willing to accept another Conservative as prime minister. After Chamberlain resigned as prime minister (he remained Conservative Party leader until October 1940), they agreed to serve under Churchill.

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Churchill proceeded to defend the conduct of the Norwegian campaign with some robustness, although there were several omissions such as his insistence that Narvik be blocked off with a minefield. He explained that even the successful use of the battleship

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Wedgwood denounced Croft for his "facile optimism, that saps the morale of the whole country". Wedgwood warned of the dangers inherent in trying to negotiate with Hitler and urged prosecution of the war by "a government which can take this war seriously".

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It is said that in this war hitherto there has never been any initiative from our side, and it is said also that there is no real planning in anticipation of the possible strokes that will be taken against us. I think we must examine this affair from that

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Norway follows Czechoslovakia and Poland. Everywhere the story is "too late". The Prime Minister talked about missing buses. What about all the buses which he and his associates have missed since 1931? They missed all the peace buses but caught the war

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Although sources are somewhat divided on the point, there is a consensus among them that Chamberlain had arrived back in the chamber to hear Amery's conclusion. Nicolson recorded Chamberlain as sitting on a "glum and anxious front bench". Amery said:

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on the morning of 10 May, Chamberlain seriously considered staying on but, after receiving final confirmation from Labour that they required his resignation, he decided to stand down and advised the King to send for Churchill as his successor.

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Chamberlain had announced additional powers being granted to Churchill which amounted to him having direction of the Chiefs of Staff. Attlee seized on this as an example of government incompetence, though without blaming Churchill, by saying:

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One of the strongest critics of both appeasement and German aggression was Conservative backbencher Winston Churchill who, although he was one of the country's most prominent political figures, had last held government office in 1929. After

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Jenkins calls this "a brilliant metaphor" but wonders if it was spontaneous. It produced laughter throughout the House, except on the government front bench where, with one exception, all the faces were stony. A spectator in the gallery,

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In view of the gravity of the events which we are debating, that the House has a duty and that every Member has a responsibility to record his particular judgment upon them, we feel we must divide the House at the end of our Debate

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Amery's speech is one of the most famous in parliamentary history. As Davies had requested, he played for time until the chamber was nearly full. For much of the speech, the most notable absentee was Chamberlain himself, who was at

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picture of the Norwegian campaign. Given the level of confidence created, the setback had generated widespread disappointment. Attlee now raised the issue of government planning which would be revisited by several later speakers:

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achieved it because, as Nicolson described it, he said not one word against Chamberlain's government and yet, by means of his manner and his skill as an orator, he created the impression of being nothing to do with them.

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I have heard most of the speech of the right honourable Gentleman the Secretary of State for Air, and I should think that the facts which he gave us justify the criticism against the Government and are no defence of the

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Dealing with an intervention at this point, Lloyd George said, in passing, that he did not think that the First Lord was entirely responsible for all the things that happened in Norway. Churchill intervened and said:

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It is against all good rules of organisation that a man who is in charge of major strategy should also be in command of a particular unit. It is like having a man commanding an army in the field and also commanding a

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that it was going to be "damned difficult" for him (Churchill) doing his summary later on. Jenkins says the speech recalled Lloyd George in his prime. It was his best of many years, and his last of any real impact.

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spoke next, commencing at 21:28. Although a Conservative, he began by saying that there was a great deal in Milner's speech with which he was in agreement, but almost nothing in Southby's with which he could agree.

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Afterwards, Lloyd George told Amery that his ending was the most dramatic climax he had heard to any speech. Amery himself said he thought he had helped push the Labour Party into forcing a division next day.

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Jenkins says the Labour decision to divide turned the routine adjournment motion into "the equivalent of a vote of censure". Earlier in his opening address, Morrison had focused his criticism on Chamberlain,

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Emphasising the gravity of the situation, he argued that Britain was in the worst position strategically that it had ever been as a result of foreign policy failures, which he began to review from the 1938

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Unfortunately, the lion was out man-hunting that night. He clambered on to the rear of the car, scrabbled open the sliding door, and ate my friend. That is in brief the story of our initiative over Norway.

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At 23:00, the Speaker rose to put the question "that this House do now adjourn". There was minimal dissent and he announced the division, calling for the Lobby to be cleared. The division was in effect a

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when he thought it was no longer fit to conduct the affairs of the nation: "You have sat too long here for any good you have been doing. Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. In the name of God,

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Sir Archibald Sinclair, the leader of the Liberals, then spoke. He too was critical and began by comparing military and naval staff efficiency, which he considered proven, with political inefficiency:

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wrote that all interest centred on the debate. Obviously, he thought, the government would win through but after facing some very awkward points about Norway. Some of Colville's colleagues including

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or, as Churchill called it in his closing speech, a vote of censure. Of the total 615 members, it has been estimated that more than 550 were present when the division was called but only 481 voted.

336:, made the adjournment motion. The House proceeded to openly discuss "Conduct of the War", specifically the progress of the Norwegian campaign, and Chamberlain rose to make his opening statement. 4695: 1130:

Having defended the conduct of the naval operations in the Norwegian campaign at some length, Churchill now said little about the proposed vote, other than to complain about such short notice:

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many-tongued—that I, personally, proposed to the Prime Minister and the War Cabinet more violent action and that they shrank from it and restrained it. There is not a word of truth in all that.

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at Narvik had put her at risk from many hazards. Had any come to pass, the operation, now hailed as an example of what should have been done elsewhere, would have been condemned as foolhardy:

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who expressed the profound dissatisfaction with recent events of the majority of his constituents in Leeds. He called for "drastic change" to be made if Great Britain was to win the war.

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who wound up for Labour and put forward certain questions that Churchill as First Lord might answer. His final point, however, was to criticise Chamberlain for his appeal to friendship:

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What is the meaning of that observation? I have never represented that my personality On the contrary, I took pains to say that personalities ought to have no place in these matters.

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It is easy when you have no responsibility. If you dare, and forfeit is exacted, it is murder of our sailors; and if you are prudent, you are craven, cowardly, inept and timid.

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He concluded his speech by calling for Parliament to "speak out (and say) we must have done with half-measures (to promote) a policy for the more vigorous conduct of the war".

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said Chamberlain looked "a shattered man" and spoke without his customary self-assurance. When Chamberlain insisted that "the balance of advantage lay on our side", Liberal MP

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Hoare followed Chamberlain and struggled to cope with many of the questions being fired at him about the air force, at one point failing to realise the difference between the

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of the Noes; that gave way to cries of "Go!" as Chamberlain left the Chamber. Amery, Keyes, Macmillan and Boothby were among the rebels voting with Labour. Others were

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gave Lloyd George the opportunity for retribution. First, he attacked the conduct of the campaign and began by dismissing Hoare's entire speech in a single sentence:

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The rest of the first day's debate saw speeches both supporting and criticising the Chamberlain government. Sinclair was followed by two ex-soldiers, Brigadier

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Chamberlain began by reminding the House of his statement on Thursday, 2 May, five days earlier, when it was known that British forces had been withdrawn from

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Instead, he attacked the government's critics by deploring what he called a cataract of unworthy suggestions and actual falsehoods during the last few days:

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The account of the debate in Martin Gilbert's multi-volume biography of Churchill gives Sinclair a markedly different speech, which in fact is that made by

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could not believe what he was hearing and said Chamberlain was denying the fact that Britain had suffered a major defeat. The backbench Conservative MP

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chose Amery's speech in the debate, "Amery, by elevating patriotism above party, showed the backbencher's power to help change the course of history".

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Somehow or other we must get into the Government men who can match our enemies in fighting spirit, in daring, in resolution and in thirst for victory.

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was frozen. He had, however, advised that a major landing in Norway was not realistically within Germany's powers. Apart from the naval victory in the

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in the Chair. There followed some private business matters and numerous oral answers to questions raised, many of those being about the British Army.

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Amery delivered the last six words in a near whisper, pointing at Chamberlain as he did so. He sat down and the government's opponents cheered him.

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The British Navy could perfectly well defend this country if it had not gone to the other end of the Mediterranean to keep itself safe from bombing.

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for Labour. Derided by Labour, Croft made an unconvincing case in support of Chamberlain and described the press as "the biggest dictator of all".

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It seems to me that the House will be absolutely wrong to take such a grave decision in such a precipitate manner, and after such a little notice.

766: 204: 609:". One hundred and forty years ago, Nelson said, "I am of the opinion that the boldest measures are the safest" and that still holds good to-day. 2220: 4562: 3863: 1028: 236:

Once Germany had rapidly overrun Poland in September 1939, there was a sustained period of military inactivity for over six months dubbed the "

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Attlee's closing words were a direct attack on all Conservative members, blaming them for shoring up ministers whom they knew to be failures:

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In parliamentary procedure, a division of the House (or assembly) is a method of taking a vote that physically counts members voting. In the

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on neutral and unprepared Norway after swiftly occupying Denmark. In response, Britain deployed military forces to assist the Norwegians.

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When Wedgwood sat down, the Speaker called Keyes, who began by denouncing Wedgwood's comment as "a damned insult". The House, especially

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Kelly, Bernard (2009). "Drifting Towards War: The British Chiefs of Staff, the USSR and the Winter War, November 1939 – March 1940",

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debate of 1850) and concludes that "even more followed from the 1940 debate" as it transformed the history of the next five years.

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morning and Attlee proposed forcing a division at the end of the debate that day. There were a handful of dissenters, including

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in debates like this, wide-ranging discussions of a variety of topics are allowed, and the motion is not usually put to a vote.

118:. The Opposition forced the vote of no confidence, in which over a quarter of Conservative members voted with the Opposition or 4704: 4603: 4342: 4134: 4006: 3858: 3826: 3796: 3720: 675: 295: 4424: 1330:, the members divide into two lobbies to record their votes in favour (the Ayes lobby) or against (the Noes lobby) the motion. 4684: 4063: 3982: 1433: 825: 3489: 91:. The vote was won by the government but by a drastically reduced majority. That led on 10 May to Chamberlain resigning as 4311: 4084: 1020: 940:

I take complete responsibility for everything that has been done by the Admiralty, and I take my full share of the burden.

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Nicolson, p. 79; others say Harold Macmillan led the singing. Channon wrote that Macmillan began singing after Wedgwood.

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and dash" of the British forces but acknowledged they were "exposed ... to superior forces with superior equipment".

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Churchill, as First Lord of the Admiralty, had direct responsibility for the conduct of naval operations in the

191:, but this was abandoned after Germany abandoned diplomatic means and became more overtly expansionist with the 4885: 4806: 3926: 3559: 1183:" and "Rats" at the rebels, who replied with taunts of "Yes-men". Labour's Josiah Wedgwood led the singing of " 894:

Lloyd George then began his main attack on the government by focusing on the lack of planning and preparation:

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He declared that Amery's speech would "certainly give great satisfaction in Berlin" and he was shouted down.

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Redihan, Erin (2013). "Neville Chamberlain and Norway: The Trouble with 'A Man of Peace' in a Time of War".

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When asked to choose the most historic and memorable speech for a volume commemorating the centenary of

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You will have to listen to it, either now or later on. Hitler does not hold himself answerable to the

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Unless otherwise referenced, quotes in this article are from the full text of the debate as given in

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and Churchill resigned as prime minister. The King asked him to form a new government, known as the

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partisan and divisive, reducing politics at a time of crisis from national level to personal level.

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wrote that a good deal of riot developed, some of it rather stupid, towards the end of the speech.

627: 560: 556: 425: 69: 244:, the German dictator, "had missed the bus". Only six days later, on 9 April, Germany launched an 4657: 4642: 4610: 4382: 4212: 3681: 3613: 3607: 1016: 877: 687:

As tension increased in the House and Amery found himself speaking to a "crescendo of applause",

545: 377: 326: 322: 276: 252: 131: 68:. The debate quickly brought to a head widespread dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war by 65: 61: 79:

The debate was instrumental in the resignation of the then-Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain.

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Churchill sat down but the rowdiness continued with catcalls from both sides of the House and

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It was 20:44 when Amery sat down and the debate continued until 23:30. The next speech was by

705: 671: 604: 520:, interrupted and asked him if he had forgotten the Royal Navy. Wedgwood countered that with: 291: 264: 127: 104: 2962: 4615: 4583: 4195: 3990: 3736: 3676: 3637: 3453: 1353: 1245: 1188: 949: 905: 811: 778: 734: 533: 497: 188: 47: 240:". On 3 April 1940, Chamberlain said in an address to the Conservative National Union that 4499: 4376: 4337: 4279: 3625: 3354: 3141: 1307: 1262: 1212: 1040: 1012: 983:

Lloyd George responded to that intervention with a direct call for Chamberlain to resign:

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All day long we have had abuse, and now honourable members opposite will not even listen.

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some interruptions, Lloyd George criticised the rate of re-armament pre-war and to date:

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to win the war, we want different people at the helm from those who have led us into it.

321:

With these matters completed, the debate on the Norwegian campaign began with a routine

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Lloyd George: "the worst strategic position in which this country has ever been placed"

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British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations

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Macmillan, believed that the debate changed British history, perhaps world history.

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said later that Amery's speech "effectively destroyed the Chamberlain government".

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parties. It was opposed by the Labour and Liberal parties. Since assuming power in

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or the Official Report, Fifth Series, volume 360, columns 1073–1196 and 1251–1366.

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Among the Conservatives, Chips Channon and other Chamberlain supporters shouted "

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must be involved to "reinforce the strength of the national effort from inside".

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The Diaries and Letters of Harold Nicolson. Volume II: The War Years, 1939–1945

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interrupted and said that "it will give greater satisfaction in this country".

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The right honourable Gentleman must not allow himself to be converted into an

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I dare say the honourable member does not like that. He skulks in the corner.

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great deal to alienate the sympathy that remains with us in neutral spheres.

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foreign policy. Chamberlain initially attempted to avert war by a policy of

1436:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, cols 906–913. 2 May 1940 433:

utilised and, most importantly, he was clean of the stain of appeasement.

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This produced a general uproar led by the veteran Scottish Labour member

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Keyes was a hero of the First World War representing a naval town and an

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called it "a tired, defensive speech which impressed nobody". Liberal MP

3012:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1496. 9 May 1940 2889:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1362. 8 May 1940 2867:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1361. 8 May 1940 2842:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1360. 8 May 1940 2820:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1358. 8 May 1940 2798:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1352. 8 May 1940 2776:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1349. 8 May 1940 2737:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1340. 8 May 1940 2683:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1348. 8 May 1940 2627:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1283. 8 May 1940 2564:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1283. 8 May 1940 2537:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1283. 8 May 1940 2515:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1282. 8 May 1940 2493:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1279. 8 May 1940 2471:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1278. 8 May 1940 2434:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1277. 8 May 1940 2385:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1265. 8 May 1940 2351:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1251. 8 May 1940 2314:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1178. 7 May 1940 2292:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1164. 7 May 1940 2270:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1161. 7 May 1940 2248:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1152. 7 May 1940 2164:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1150. 7 May 1940 2127:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1149. 7 May 1940 2090:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1143. 7 May 1940 2029:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1140. 7 May 1940 1918:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1119. 7 May 1940 1878:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1124. 7 May 1940 1856:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1116. 7 May 1940 1834:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1106. 7 May 1940 1754:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1094. 7 May 1940 1732:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1093. 7 May 1940 1698:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1092. 7 May 1940 1676:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1088. 7 May 1940 1624:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1082. 7 May 1940 1561:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1074. 7 May 1940 1536:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1073. 7 May 1940 1492:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 1015. 7 May 1940 1152: 574:). He spoke mostly on the conduct of naval operations, particularly the 3950: 1458:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, col. 914. 2 May 1940 1365:

Cromwell said 'gentlemen' not 'they' but meant the enemy, as did Amery.

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who were the three ministers most readily associated with appeasement.

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There are hundreds of young officers who are waiting eagerly to seize

516:

prevent an invasion of Great Britain. A Conservative MP, Vice Admiral

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Leo Amery said later that Attlee's restraint, in not calling for a

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The Fringes of Power, Volume One: September 1939 to September 1941

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Churchill & The Norway Debate – UK Parliament Living Heritage

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Lloyd George: Chamberlain "should sacrifice the seals of office"

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Chamberlain stood and, leaning over the despatch box, demanded:

865:. He sat down at 17:37 and was succeeded by David Lloyd George. 311:

The Commons sitting on Tuesday, 7 May 1940, began at 14:45 with

270:

When the House of Commons met on Thursday, 2 May, Labour leader

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as an official report of the House of Commons, former Speaker

789:, whose reply to Greenwood has been described as ineffective. 646:

When Bellenger sat down, it was 20:03 and the Deputy Speaker,

232:

The British–German naval battles at Narvik on 10 and 13 April.

2756: 2754: 2752: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2414: 2412: 2331: 2329: 2144: 2142: 2107: 2105: 2058: 2056: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1947: 1945: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1656: 1654: 1604: 1602: 1600: 215:. It was at this point that a government supporter (possibly 4508: 3568: 931:

Churchill and Chamberlain intervene in Lloyd George's speech

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As the House listened in silence, Keyes finished by quoting

1207:

and Edward Spears but not some expected dissidents such as

64:

enabling the Commons to freely discuss the progress of the

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reopened the debate just after 16:00, he announced that:

110:

Chamberlain's government was criticised not only by the

2964:

The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics, 1940–1945

807:, but they were outvoted at a second meeting later on. 4876:

Debates in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom

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The Home Front: The British and the Second World War

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Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 6: Finest Hour, 1939–1941

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European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry

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The Second World War. Volume I: The Gathering Storm

203:on 1 September 1939, the United Kingdom and France 50:. The official title of the debate, as held in the 3266: 952:to keep the splinters from hitting his colleagues. 332:At 15:48, Captain David Margesson, the Government 1900:(3 December 1966). "The Price of Peace Was War". 908:onwards. Interrupted at this point, he retorted: 372:Chamberlain's speech has been widely criticised. 283:his diary entry for Monday, 6 May, Chamberlain's 325:(i.e., "that this house do now adjourn"). Under 207:two days later. Chamberlain thereupon created a 1140: 1132: 1124: 1112: 1098: 1089: 1045: 985: 972: 963: 946: 938: 923: 910: 896: 887: 846: 816: 751: 702: 680: 593: 580: 522: 477: 448: 439: 421: 403: 221: 3383:Robert Boothby: A Portrait of Churchill's Ally 219:, the Government Chief Whip) noted privately: 4470: 3797: 3525: 1289:closing words which were originally directed 8: 622:The next two speakers were National Liberal 511:Attending the debate was National Labour MP 480:working to long and carefully-matured plans. 4787:Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 4663:Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain 4099:Never was so much owed by so many to so few 3090: 3042: 2967:. Manchester University Press. p. 24. 2948: 2936: 2907: 2760: 2721: 2645: 2611: 2599: 2452: 2418: 2369: 2335: 2221:"Conduct of the War. (Hansard, 7 May 1940)" 2207: 2148: 2111: 2074: 2062: 2047: 2013: 1987: 1951: 1936: 1818: 1772: 1660: 1608: 1579: 27:1940 debate in the British House of Commons 4477: 4463: 4455: 4219: 3804: 3790: 3782: 3532: 3518: 3510: 2859: 2857: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2463: 2461: 836:Chamberlain: "I have friends in the House" 259:to Germany during winter months, when the 83:At the end of the second day, there was a 4812:1951 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours 4045:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 3206:. Sevenoaks: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. 1785: 1783: 1781: 1553: 1551: 1534:"Conduct of the War – Adjournment Motion" 1293:Parliament by Cromwell, who was speaking 414:Clement Attlee, Leader of the Opposition. 114:but also by respected members of his own 2996: 2403: 1975: 1591: 1476: 528:Moments later, Admiral of the Fleet Sir 3729:Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years 3105: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3030: 2924: 2704: 2587: 2195: 1963: 1716: 1645: 1420: 1396: 1384: 1377: 1319: 576:abortive operations to retake Trondheim 462: 392: 4881:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 4419:Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill 4168:Schools and higher education (various) 540:Keyes: "I speak for the fighting Navy" 4901:May 1940 events in the United Kingdom 3944:The Story of the Malakand Field Force 3927:Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955 3482:A Daily Chronicle of Churchill's Life 2659:"Conduct of the War – Other speakers" 1057:Churchill winds up for the Government 7: 3129: 3117: 798:Morrison: "We must divide the House" 389:words, "going to get away with it". 4031:"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942) 2562:"Conduct of the War – Lloyd George" 2513:"Conduct of the War – Lloyd George" 2491:"Conduct of the War – Lloyd George" 2469:"Conduct of the War – Lloyd George" 749:, who tried to defend Chamberlain. 211:into which he invited Churchill as 143:In 1937, Neville Chamberlain, then 3922:Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945 3427:King George VI, His Life and Reign 2625:"Conduct of the War – Chamberlain" 2383:"Conduct of the War – Chamberlain" 1622:"Conduct of the War – Chamberlain" 1559:"Conduct of the War – Chamberlain" 771:Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton 599:'s torch, or emulate the deeds of 500:for the Conservatives and Colonel 463:Sinclair's response to Chamberlain 25: 4190:Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel 4173:Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario 4125:Bibliography of Winston Churchill 3905:Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945 3010:"Conduct of the War – Conclusion" 1832:"Conduct of the War – Page Croft" 1265:after Labour's election victory. 765:Southby was followed by Labour's 60:. The debate was initiated by an 46:from 7 to 9 May 1940, during the 4825: 4824: 4633:National Health Service Act 1946 3968:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria 3660:Conservative Research Department 2887:"Conduct of the War – Churchill" 2865:"Conduct of the War – Churchill" 2840:"Conduct of the War – Churchill" 2818:"Conduct of the War – Churchill" 2796:"Conduct of the War – Churchill" 2774:"Conduct of the War – Churchill" 2735:"Conduct of the War – Alexander" 2681:"Conduct of the War – Alexander" 2535:"Conduct of the War – Churchill" 2312:"Conduct of the War – Greenwood" 2290:"Conduct of the War – Winterton" 2027:"Conduct of the War – Bellenger" 1187:", joined by Conservative rebel 880:during his premiership (c. 1919) 634:Amery: "In the name of God, go!" 393:Attlee's response to Chamberlain 4343:1940 British war cabinet crisis 4135:International Churchill Society 4008:Marlborough: His Life and Times 2349:"Conduct of the War – Morrison" 1916:"Conduct of the War – Wedgwood" 1876:"Conduct of the War – Wedgwood" 1854:"Conduct of the War – Wedgwood" 1791:"Conduct of the War – Sinclair" 1225:the First World War and at the 1220:9 May: third day and conclusion 296:Parliamentary Private Secretary 4896:United Kingdom in World War II 4589:1935 party leadership election 4437:Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill 4140:Churchill War Rooms and Museum 4064:A total and unmitigated defeat 3464:New England Journal of History 2246:"Conduct of the War – Boothby" 1269:Place in parliamentary culture 1151:later wrote that it was "like 944:In answer, Lloyd George said: 793:8 May: second day and division 532:, the Conservative Member for 339: 302:7 May: first day of the debate 1: 4085:We shall fight on the beaches 3847:"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939 3689:Declaration of war on Germany 3339:. London: Thames and Hudson. 3273:. Vol. I. London: HMSO. 3162:Norway, The Commandos, Dieppe 2268:"Conduct of the War – Milner" 1752:"Conduct of the War – Attlee" 1730:"Conduct of the War – Attlee" 1696:"Conduct of the War – Attlee" 1674:"Conduct of the War – Attlee" 4599:Wartime coalition government 4151:Churchill College, Cambridge 4071:Blood, toil, tears and sweat 3450:Contemporary British History 3315:The Making of Modern Britain 3151:General and cited references 2432:"Conduct of the War – Hoare" 2162:"Conduct of the War – Amery" 2125:"Conduct of the War – Amery" 2088:"Conduct of the War – Amery" 1259:Churchill caretaker ministry 492:No longer an ordinary debate 340:Chamberlain's opening speech 246:attack in overwhelming force 193:occupation of Czechoslovakia 4648:Tanganyika groundnut scheme 4628:National Insurance Act 1946 4325:Terminological inexactitude 3452:, (2009) 23:3 pp. 267–291, 3295:. London: MacMillan Press. 1227:1919 Paris Peace Conference 916:or the Patronage Secretary. 307:Preamble and other business 285:Assistant Private Secretary 213:First Lord of the Admiralty 159:overwhelmingly composed of 145:Chancellor of the Exchequer 95:and the replacement of his 4917: 4856:1940 in the United Kingdom 4312:St Martin's Church, Bladon 4092:This was their finest hour 1236: 842:Secretary of State for Air 787:Secretary of State for War 87:for the members to hold a 56:parliamentary archive, is 4820: 4713:Edward & Mrs. Simpson 4506: 4353:Honorary U.S. citizenship 4156:Churchill Archives Centre 4145:National Churchill Museum 4047:(1956–1958, four volumes) 4010:(1933–1938, four volumes) 3994:(1923–1931, five volumes) 3566: 3458:10.1080/13619460903080010 1255:general election campaign 674:for an audience with the 570:(though no longer on the 4807:1950 Dissolution Honours 4039:(1948–1953, six volumes) 3837:Liberal Party, 1904–1924 3283:– via Archive.org. 3243:Gilbert, Martin (1991). 2961:Jefferys, Kevin (1995). 1138:He concluded by saying: 578:. Keyes told the House: 294:, who was Chamberlain's 4604:1940 War cabinet crisis 4413:Lord Randolph Churchill 3984:Lord Randolph Churchill 3854:World War II, 1939–1945 3466:(2013) 69#1/2 pp. 1–18. 1456:"Business of the House" 1297:military dictatorship. 205:declared war on Germany 163:but supported by small 34:, sometimes called the 4513: 4431:John Spencer-Churchill 4307:Siege of Sidney Street 3832:In politics, 1900–1939 3573: 3365:. New York: Atheneum. 1239:Churchill war ministry 1145: 1136: 1128: 1116: 1103: 1093: 1068: 1050: 990: 976: 968: 954: 942: 930: 928: 918: 901: 892: 881: 851: 821: 756: 727: 685: 663:All Party Action Group 643: 611: 585: 563: 526: 482: 472: 471:Sir Archibald Sinclair 453: 444: 430: 415: 408: 349: 233: 226: 201:Germany invaded Poland 80: 4512: 4348:Bengal famine of 1943 4296:Operation Unthinkable 4233:Palace of Westminster 4024:Arms and the Covenant 3859:Later life, 1945–1965 3842:Chancellor, 1924–1929 3827:Early life, 1874–1904 3694:Anglo-Polish alliance 3572: 3429:. London: Macmillan. 3423:Wheeler-Bennett, John 3401:Shakespeare, Nicholas 3317:. London: Macmillan. 3247:. London: Heinemann. 1211:, who abstained, and 1064: 876: 777:The next speaker was 747:Sir Archibald Southby 694:Trades Union Congress 657:Amery had an ally in 641: 554: 470: 457:division of the House 413: 347: 231: 85:division of the House 78: 4729:Bertie and Elizabeth 4721:Goodnight Sweetheart 4653:Agriculture Act 1947 4371:Clementine Churchill 4037:The Second World War 4016:Great Contemporaries 3976:Ian Hamilton's March 3745:Heil Honey I'm Home! 3620:Beatrice Chamberlain 3592:Birmingham Edgbaston 3486:The Churchill Centre 3385:. New York: Viking. 3379:Rhodes James, Robert 3158:Buckley, Christopher 1999:Nicolson 1967, p. 77 1356:later in the debate. 1170:no confidence motion 568:Admiral of the Fleet 101:coalition government 89:no confidence motion 4866:Neville Chamberlain 4705:The Gathering Storm 4696:Cultural depictions 4638:Anglo-American loan 4621:Operation Hurricane 4318:Sword of Stalingrad 4207:Cultural depictions 4202:Sutherland portrait 4078:Be ye men of valour 3721:The Gathering Storm 3713:Cultural depictions 3587:Birmingham Ladywood 3541:Neville Chamberlain 3407:. London: Vintage. 3108:, pp. 576–577. 3081:, pp. 798–799. 3057:, pp. 587–588. 3033:, pp. 583–588. 2999:, pp. 138–139. 2648:, pp. 289–290. 2372:, pp. 284–285. 1939:, pp. 266–267. 1719:, pp. 577–578. 1411:, pp. 119–125. 1409:Hinsley et al. 1979 1205:Leslie Hore-Belisha 628:Frederick Bellenger 618:Jones and Bellenger 561:Imperial War Museum 557:Glyn Warren Philpot 555:Sketch of Keyes by 348:Neville Chamberlain 157:National Government 99:by a broadly based 70:Neville Chamberlain 4891:Norwegian campaign 4658:Transport Act 1947 4643:Partition of India 4611:Potsdam Conference 4514: 4395:Marigold Churchill 4383:Randolph Churchill 4302:Political ideology 4213:Churchillian Drift 4147:(Fulton, Missouri) 3682:Peace for our time 3655:Career before 1937 3614:Austen Chamberlain 3608:Joseph Chamberlain 3574: 3405:Six Minutes in May 3186:. London: Cassel. 3180:Churchill, Winston 3045:, p. 361–399. 1512:"Private Business" 1434:"Norway Situation" 1069: 1017:Alfred Duff Cooper 882: 878:David Lloyd George 810:As a result, when 706:Some 300 years ago 661:, chairman of the 644: 564: 546:David Lloyd George 473: 416: 378:Henry Morris-Jones 350: 323:adjournment motion 277:Archibald Sinclair 253:Norwegian campaign 234: 116:Conservative Party 81: 66:Norwegian campaign 62:adjournment motion 58:Conduct of the War 38:, was a momentous 4871:Winston Churchill 4838: 4837: 4520:General elections 4452: 4451: 4407:Winston Churchill 4268: 4267: 4238:Parliament Square 3889:Death and funeral 3864:Electoral history 3813:Winston Churchill 3779: 3778: 3632:Hilda Chamberlain 3414:978-1-78-470100-0 3392:978-0-67-082886-9 3346:978-0-50-027114-8 3324:978-0-33-051099-8 3302:978-0-33-048805-1 3280:978-0-11-630933-4 3254:978-04-34291-83-0 3245:Churchill: A Life 3235:978-0-43-413014-6 3213:978-0-34-040269-6 3171:978-0-11-772194-4 2974:978-07-19025-60-0 2225:api.parliament.uk 1423:, pp. 25–26. 1246:western offensive 1066:Winston Churchill 672:Buckingham Palace 365:over the world". 327:Westminster rules 265:Battles of Narvik 105:Winston Churchill 16:(Redirected from 4908: 4851:1940 in politics 4828: 4827: 4780:Related articles 4616:Gen 75 Committee 4584:Simon Commission 4568:Walthamstow West 4479: 4472: 4465: 4456: 4260:Washington, D.C. 4220: 4196:The Roaring Lion 3992:The World Crisis 3806: 3799: 3792: 3783: 3737:Countdown to War 3677:Munich Agreement 3638:Anne Chamberlain 3534: 3527: 3520: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3488:. Archived from 3438: 3418: 3396: 3374: 3355:Nicolson, Harold 3350: 3328: 3306: 3284: 3272: 3258: 3239: 3217: 3195: 3175: 3164:. 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48:Second World War 44:House of Commons 21: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4886:May 1940 events 4841: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4816: 4775: 4690: 4667: 4572: 4551: 4515: 4504: 4500:Attlee ministry 4488: 4483: 4453: 4448: 4389:Sarah Churchill 4377:Diana Churchill 4357: 4338:Tonypandy riots 4280:Blenheim Palace 4264: 4218: 4163:Memorial Trusts 4117: 4111: 4051: 3931: 3893: 3815: 3810: 3780: 3775: 3708: 3643: 3626:Ida Chamberlain 3596: 3575: 3564: 3543: 3538: 3495: 3493: 3476: 3473: 3445: 3443:Further reading 3421: 3415: 3399: 3393: 3377: 3353: 3347: 3333:Marwick, Arthur 3331: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3287: 3281: 3261: 3255: 3242: 3236: 3222:Gilbert, Martin 3220: 3214: 3198: 3178: 3172: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3142:Betty Boothroyd 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2885: 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V. Alexander 1013:Stafford Cripps 1004: 981: 933: 871: 859:Royal Air Force 838: 800: 795: 743: 722:Long Parliament 714:Oliver Cromwell 636: 620: 542: 513:Harold Nicolson 502:Josiah Wedgwood 494: 465: 395: 342: 309: 304: 217:David Margesson 195:in March 1939. 165:National Labour 149:Stanley Baldwin 141: 124:three-line whip 103:, which, under 72:'s government. 42:in the British 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4861:Clement Attlee 4858: 4853: 4843: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4745:Into the Storm 4741: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4556:Constituencies 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4486:Clement Attlee 4484: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4443:Leonard Jerome 4440: 4434: 4428: 4425:Jack Churchill 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4332:The Other Club 4328: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4217: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4020: 4012: 4004: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3761:Into the Storm 3757: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3616:(half-brother) 3611: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3580:Constituencies 3577: 3576: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3492:on 4 June 2009 3472: 3471:External links 3469: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3419: 3413: 3397: 3391: 3375: 3359:Nigel Nicolson 3351: 3345: 3329: 3323: 3307: 3301: 3285: 3279: 3263:Hinsley, F. H. 3259: 3253: 3240: 3234: 3218: 3212: 3200:Colville, John 3196: 3176: 3170: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3132:, p. 367. 3122: 3120:, p. 366. 3110: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3069:, p. 855. 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3001: 2989: 2980: 2973: 2953: 2951:, p. 308. 2941: 2929: 2927:, p. 582. 2912: 2910:, p. 302. 2900: 2878: 2853: 2831: 2809: 2787: 2765: 2763:, p. 300. 2748: 2726: 2724:, p. 299. 2709: 2707:, p. 581. 2694: 2672: 2650: 2638: 2616: 2614:, p. 289. 2604: 2602:, p. 288. 2592: 2590:, p. 580. 2575: 2548: 2526: 2504: 2482: 2457: 2455:, p. 287. 2445: 2423: 2421:, p. 285. 2408: 2396: 2374: 2362: 2340: 2338:, p. 281. 2325: 2303: 2281: 2259: 2237: 2212: 2210:, p. 278. 2200: 2198:, p. 579. 2175: 2153: 2151:, p. 276. 2138: 2116: 2114:, p. 274. 2101: 2079: 2077:, p. 273. 2067: 2065:, p. 272. 2052: 2050:, p. 271. 2040: 2018: 2016:, p. 270. 2001: 1992: 1990:, p. 269. 1980: 1968: 1966:, p. 578. 1956: 1954:, p. 268. 1941: 1929: 1907: 1889: 1867: 1845: 1823: 1821:, p. 266. 1804: 1777: 1775:, p. 265. 1765: 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Heinemann. 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2997:Colville 1985 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2939:, p. 21. 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2406:, p. 78. 2405: 2404:Nicolson 1967 2400: 2397: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1978:, p. 77. 1977: 1976:Nicolson 1967 1972: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1594:, p. 76. 1593: 1592:Nicolson 1967 1588: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477:Colville 1985 1473: 1470: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1387:, p. 13. 1386: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328:UK Parliament 1323: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209:Duncan Sandys 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149:Chips Channon 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1001: 999: 996: 995:Kingsley Wood 989: 984: 978: 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 959:Baba Metcalfe 953: 951: 945: 941: 937: 927: 922: 917: 915: 909: 907: 900: 895: 891: 886: 879: 875: 868: 866: 864: 863:Fleet Air Arm 860: 855: 850: 845: 843: 835: 833: 831: 827: 820: 815: 813: 808: 806: 797: 792: 790: 788: 784: 780: 775: 772: 768: 763: 761: 755: 750: 748: 740: 738: 736: 730: 726: 723: 719: 715: 711: 710:Prince Rupert 707: 701: 697: 695: 692:in which the 690: 689:Edward Spears 684: 679: 677: 673: 667: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 640: 633: 631: 629: 626:and Labour's 625: 617: 615: 610: 608: 607: 602: 598: 597:Warburton-Lee 592: 590: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 562: 558: 553: 549: 547: 539: 537: 535: 531: 525: 521: 519: 518:Ernest Taylor 514: 509: 505: 503: 499: 491: 489: 486: 481: 476: 469: 460: 458: 452: 447: 443: 438: 434: 429: 427: 420: 412: 407: 402: 399: 390: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 366: 362: 359: 355: 346: 337: 335: 330: 328: 324: 319: 317: 314: 306: 301: 299: 297: 293: 292:Lord Dunglass 289: 288:John Colville 286: 280: 278: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 230: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175:in 1933, the 174: 170: 166: 162: 161:Conservatives 158: 154: 150: 146: 138: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 77: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 36:Narvik Debate 33: 32:Norway Debate 19: 18:Norway debate 4802:Toynbee Hall 4772:(Film, 2018) 4767: 4764:(Film, 2017) 4761:Darkest Hour 4759: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4593: 4289: 4194: 4106:Iron Curtain 4044: 4036: 4023: 4015: 4007: 3999: 3991: 3983: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3954:(1899 novel) 3951: 3943: 3879:Racial views 3869:As a painter 3772:(Film, 2017) 3769:Darkest Hour 3767: 3759: 3751: 3743: 3740:(Film, 1989) 3735: 3727: 3719: 3703: 3548:Premierships 3494:. 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