855:
2987:
270:
1076:
903:, was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation
3151:
1015:
258:
969:. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and some of the common traditional Danish spellings and inflections were admitted back into the standard through the reforms in 1981 and 2005.
785:
803:, Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet
972:
Currently, Riksmål denotes a language form regulated by the non-governmental organisation The
Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. It is based on pre-1938 Bokmål and has been regulated by The Academy as a private alternative to the official Bokmål spelling standard since the 1950s. Over time
957:
In 1938 both written standards were heavily reformed and many common spellings and grammatical endings were made mandatory. This meant the removal of many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms in Bokmål, a decision that was harshly criticised by the Riksmål movement for being too radical and premature.
663:
Bokmål is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of
Southern Norway , with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial
973:
it has accepted widespread "radical" spellings into the Riksmål standard. Since the official
Samnorsk policy was abolished, Riksmål and Bokmål have converged, and The Academy currently edits an online dictionary that covers both. The differences have diminished (now being comparable to
1350:(which is the technical term for the traditional dialects in the Oslofjord area) and written Danish; and subsequently Riksmål and Bokmål, which primarily inherited their non-Oslo elements from Danish. The present-day Oslo dialect is also influenced by other Eastern Norwegian dialects.
754:
Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by urban elites on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with
Denmark were severed in 1814, a
1091:
is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names
811:"Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianisation of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start."
441:
2431:
835:. In particular, Knudsen's work on language reform in the mid-19th century was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917, so much so that he is now often called the "father of Bokmål".
1134:
751:'s translation of the Bible into Danish. Remnants of written Old Norse and Norwegian were thus displaced by the Danish standard, which became used for virtually all administrative documents.
918:("Investigation of the question of a possible cooperation between Landmål and Riksmål with regards to orthography"). Through this work an official policy to merge the standards (to a common
1361:
as it is commonly portrayed in literature about
Norwegian dialects. In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect and Nynorsk, and these forms are also given.
2084:
988:, is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are "translated" into the standard.
2960:
2240:
914:
eventually caught on and was adopted by the
Ministry of Church and Education in the years leading up to the 1917 spelling reform, appearing in its 1908 publication
2400:
735:
until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union. During this period, the modern Danish and
Norwegian languages emerged. Norwegian went through a
795:
With the gradual subsequent process of
Norwegianisation of the written language used in the cities of Norway, from Danish to Bokmål and Riksmål, the upper-class
3311:
578:
3453:
2572:
3273:
731:
with
Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as
5413:
3061:
974:
2351:
2142:
3990:
688:" is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries. However, Standard Østnorsk as a spoken language is not used (and does not have
2121:
931:
and
Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The reform met some resistance from the Riksmål movement, and
2287:
704:, even in cases where the conventions of Bokmål are used. The spoken variation typically reflects the region the speaker grew up in.
5398:
3304:
2539:
2484:
2383:
1062:
2313:
2248:
3446:
2565:
4375:
800:
399:
5403:
1040:
759:
vernacular often called the "educated daily speech" had become the mother tongue of elites in most Norwegian cities, such as
958:
While it criticised the adoption of Nynorsk spellings, it initially also expressed support for making the orthography more
5269:
3081:
3054:
2592:
5299:
4469:
4431:
4416:
3743:
3297:
2490:
816:
721:
5408:
5279:
5139:
4489:
4448:
4438:
3439:
2629:
2558:
844:
689:
552:. Bokmål is by far the most used written form of Norwegian today, as it is adopted by 85% to 90% of the population in
283:
111:
1025:
828:
720:. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an
3655:
3013:
2516:
2112:
1036:
564:
291:
1044:
1029:
4996:
3204:
2282:
998:
962:, for instance by removing silent h's in interrogative pronouns (which was done in Swedish a few years earlier).
593:
2204:
5274:
5228:
5223:
5147:
4757:
4741:
4620:
4479:
3047:
997:
While the specifics of the debate are unique to Norway, some parallels can be found in Austrian German and the
409:
383:
106:
5055:
854:
389:
322:
5213:
5157:
5152:
5072:
4745:
4695:
4453:
3995:
3813:
3497:
3485:
3420:
2980:
2158:
824:
788:
664:
standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian').
647:
of the speaker's local dialect. Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that, in the region of
340:
96:
5218:
4700:
4666:
4284:
4100:
3960:
3800:
3695:
2997:
2269:
2011:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1940:
1924:
5376:
5340:
4608:
4601:
4553:
4323:
4294:
4263:
4226:
4151:
4000:
3908:
3821:
3682:
3644:
2986:
2785:
2597:
4841:
3716:
2866:
2775:
616:
spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper
5345:
5325:
5294:
5167:
5027:
5001:
4902:
4773:
4591:
4183:
4010:
3972:
3967:
3841:
3788:
3546:
3225:
2970:
2792:
2617:
1623:
1354:
959:
904:
685:
624:
adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name
5284:
4831:
4676:
4520:
4474:
4408:
4161:
3923:
3808:
3721:
3519:
3320:
3133:
2975:
2835:
2770:
2739:
2624:
2339:
748:
644:
2780:
732:
5330:
5182:
5172:
5127:
4889:
4816:
4713:
4558:
4533:
4528:
4421:
4249:
4134:
3955:
3733:
3728:
3707:
3668:
3472:
3462:
3334:
3123:
2900:
2707:
2581:
1603:
1563:
928:
778:
597:
557:
545:
434:
234:
120:
101:
54:
5254:
3278:
3028:
2823:
966:
692:) outside South-Eastern Norway. All spoken variations of the Norwegian language are used in the
4173:
815:
The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like
807:(1808–1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language. Haugen indicates that:
5304:
5103:
5019:
5012:
4967:
4911:
4671:
4661:
4644:
4639:
4543:
4305:
4105:
4066:
4046:
3884:
3776:
3758:
3610:
3355:
3167:
3118:
3113:
3023:
2965:
2765:
2535:
2480:
2423:
2379:
2347:
2107:
2079:
2049:
1117:
773:
613:
297:
171:
916:
Utredning av spørsmaalet om et mulig samarbeide mellem landsmaal og riksmaal i retskrivningen
5259:
5050:
4984:
4940:
4935:
4884:
4876:
4681:
4649:
4596:
4585:
4498:
4370:
4365:
4207:
4146:
3936:
3918:
3753:
3514:
3506:
3375:
3361:
3192:
3128:
3018:
2926:
2890:
2415:
2273:
1113:
804:
736:
493:
487:
455:
269:
2309:
5289:
5082:
4989:
4972:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4654:
4563:
4548:
4503:
4355:
4318:
4310:
4289:
4276:
4256:
4242:
4005:
3982:
3913:
3903:
3895:
3675:
3399:
3197:
3173:
3159:
3070:
2177:
2039:
582:
449:
116:
88:
5249:
2172:
5370:
5264:
5244:
5196:
5088:
4962:
4632:
4399:
4338:
4117:
4074:
4031:
3948:
3943:
3832:
3782:
3633:
3584:
3539:
3532:
3240:
3180:
3150:
3108:
3101:
2991:
2931:
2916:
2840:
2734:
1079:
Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is
1075:
756:
728:
609:
601:
556:. There is no countrywide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål and the
273:
223:
176:
161:
125:
375:
5392:
5335:
5320:
5162:
4918:
4869:
4686:
4625:
4538:
4484:
4443:
4381:
4328:
4212:
4139:
3569:
3394:
2921:
2419:
2236:
2200:
2117:
820:
713:
701:
2828:
5189:
4613:
4577:
4510:
4333:
4156:
4129:
4112:
4056:
4015:
3597:
3576:
3404:
2802:
1358:
832:
230:
4836:
3368:
2815:
942:
was re-introduced as the official name for the Dano-Norwegian standard, replacing
648:
17:
1001:, which revolves over the kind of standard to be used in a non-dominant country.
5096:
5006:
4979:
4851:
4797:
4705:
4387:
4348:
3931:
3626:
3590:
3525:
3235:
3186:
2845:
2797:
2757:
2744:
2688:
2059:
1014:
983:
873:
744:
628:
was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language
619:
592:
after being under development since 1879. The architects behind the reform were
568:
2147:
1139:
The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish.
799:
in the cities changed accordingly. In 1814, when Norway was ceded from Denmark
4846:
4826:
4191:
3861:
3562:
3245:
2936:
2885:
2716:
2693:
2277:
796:
764:
740:
573:
210:
181:
166:
2474:
2427:
888:, e.g. in the 1885 decision that adopted Landsmål as a co-official language.
5032:
4895:
4780:
4426:
4343:
4124:
4079:
4051:
3877:
2858:
2724:
1353:
The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and
910:
The 1907 reform documents do not mention the language by name, but the term
768:
717:
366:
350:
332:
314:
156:
2401:"Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814"
588:
The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name
357:
4821:
4169:
3257:
2729:
2669:
2054:
920:
859:
693:
633:
417:
405:
1120:
opposition to the Danish and Dano-Norwegian spoken in Norwegian cities.
927:
In line with these plans, the 1917 reform introduced some elements from
784:
777:
could be described as Danish with regional Norwegian pronunciation (see
4862:
4458:
4360:
3347:
3138:
2664:
2044:
1109:
1080:
605:
549:
413:
3289:
1346:
Most natives of Oslo today speak a dialect that is an amalgamation of
643:
Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the
4165:
3431:
2895:
2550:
2212:
2152:
760:
739:
transition, and a Danish written language more heavily influenced by
553:
263:
65:
4083:
3230:
3039:
1074:
853:
783:
935:(The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919.
390:
to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cg 52-AAA-ba to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cg
3096:
3091:
3086:
2612:
2607:
2602:
27:
One of two official written standards for the Norwegian language
5125:
4739:
3483:
3435:
3293:
3043:
2554:
994:
gave up its most markedly conservative "signal words" in 1990.
965:
The resistance culminated in the 1950s under the leadership of
938:
In 1929, the parliament voted to rename the written standards.
1008:
697:
473:
464:
1365:
Differences between Bokmål and the traditional Oslo dialect
696:(parliament) and in Norwegian national broadcasters such as
517:
743:
was gradually standardised. This process was aided by the
502:
416:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1108:
respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of
581:. The written standard is a Norwegianised variety of the
2085:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1135:
Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
1112:
in the 19th century, a written language based on rural
2062: – Unofficial Norwegian written standard language
1472:
Differentiation between masc. and fem. definite plural
781:), some Norwegian vocabulary, and simplified grammar.
724:, the written language remained essentially constant.
2399:
Peter Burgess, J.; Hyvik, Jens Johan (October 2004).
712:
Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway,
520:
505:
467:
514:
499:
476:
461:
372:(insufficiently attested or not a distinct language)
5313:
5237:
5206:
5138:
5070:
4928:
4809:
4765:
4756:
4576:
4519:
4407:
4398:
4303:
4275:
4234:
4225:
4200:
4182:
4093:
4065:
4039:
4030:
3981:
3894:
3869:
3860:
3799:
3694:
3643:
3618:
3609:
3505:
3496:
3413:
3387:
3327:
3266:
3213:
3158:
3006:
2953:
2909:
2878:
2857:
2814:
2756:
2715:
2706:
2681:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2460:
History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II
977:), but The Academy still upholds its own standard.
544:) is one of the official written standards for the
511:
496:
470:
458:
382:
364:
348:
330:
312:
307:
282:
246:
241:
220:
198:
149:
85:
71:
61:
46:
32:
2961:Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
1702:Splitting of masculines ending on unstressed vowel
876:, the Danish written in Norway was referred to as
880:, etc. ("(The ordinary) book language"), e.g. in
831:, as well as a more cautious Norwegianisation by
596:and Jacob Jonathan Aars. It was an adaptation of
823:, schoolmaster and agitator for language reform
2334:
2332:
2330:
2019:Closest match to the traditional Oslo dialect.
989:
981:
907:in 1907, which he led until his death in 1910.
661:
617:
1394:Differentiation between masculine and feminine
882:Den norske Literatur fra 1814 indtil vore Dage
3447:
3305:
3055:
2566:
1342:Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect
579:Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature
8:
1357:followed Danish rather than the traditional
38:
3274:Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish
1159:Definite plural suffix either -ene or -erne
1043:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
669:
529:
433:
53:
5135:
5122:
4762:
4753:
4736:
4404:
4231:
4036:
3866:
3615:
3502:
3493:
3480:
3454:
3440:
3432:
3312:
3298:
3290:
3062:
3048:
3040:
2712:
2649:
2642:
2573:
2559:
2551:
2453:
2451:
29:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2286:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.
2231:
2229:
1063:Learn how and when to remove this message
884:(Hans Olaf Hansen, 1862), or the synonym
858:Poster from a campaign against mandatory
1363:
1141:
975:American and British English differences
716:, was essentially the same as the other
563:Bokmål is regulated by the governmental
2476:Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865
2071:
980:Norway's most popular daily newspaper,
924:) through spelling reforms came to be.
577:, is regulated by the non-governmental
410:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1915:Stress on first syllable in loan words
1143:Differences between Bokmål and Danish
1928:
1590:
1087:In the Norwegian discourse, the term
791:, often called the "father of Bokmål"
7:
1041:adding citations to reliable sources
4016:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
2290:from the original on 2 January 2011
5375:Languages between parentheses are
659:, Gjert Kristoffersen writes that
25:
5414:Languages written in Latin script
2473:Hoel, Oddmund Løkensgard (1996).
827:, and Knudsen's famous disciple,
639:The government does not regulate
3149:
2985:
2420:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x
1013:
492:
454:
268:
256:
2493:from the original on 2018-09-23
2437:from the original on 2024-01-14
2316:from the original on 2009-02-14
2124:from the original on 1 May 2019
1083:and gray denotes neutral areas.
727:In 1380, Norway entered into a
655:standard for spoken Bokmål. In
567:. A related, more conservative
5379:of the language on their left.
2378:. Oslo: Unifersitetsforlaget.
2178:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1:
5270:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2479:. Oslo: Noregs Forskingsråd.
2088:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
1526:Definite plural neuter suffix
863:
684:) or sometimes described as "
632:lost by a single vote in the
5300:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3991:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
2530:Skjekkeland, Martin (1997).
2376:Norwegian English Dictionary
1756:West Scandinavian diphthongs
1199:West Scandinavian diphthongs
571:standard, commonly known as
5280:High German consonant shift
3222:Standard Danish (rigsdansk)
2630:Norwegian language conflict
2346:. Oxford University Press.
845:Norwegian language conflict
5430:
3818:Westlauwers–Terschellings
3471:According to contemporary
3014:Language Council of Norway
2517:Princeton University Press
2344:The Phonology of Norwegian
2113:Collins English Dictionary
1863:West Scandinavian a-umlaut
1132:
842:
657:The Phonology of Norwegian
651:, is commonly seen as the
600:- commonly used since the
565:Language Council of Norway
292:Norwegian Language Council
5362:
5134:
5121:
5043:
4997:Southern Schleswig Danish
4752:
4735:
3492:
3479:
3469:
3205:Southern Schleswig Danish
3147:
3077:
2588:
2283:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1944:
1867:
1850:
1840:
1836:West Scandinavian u for o
1810:
1708:
1684:
1669:
1630:
1580:
1550:
1508:
1493:
1446:
1380:
1378:traditional Oslo dialect
1377:
1375:Bokmål/Standard Østnorsk
1374:
1371:
1369:
999:One Standard German Axiom
878:(det almindelige) Bogmaal
679:'Standard East Norwegian'
396:
248:Official language in
37:
5399:North Germanic languages
5275:West Germanic gemination
5229:Ancient Belgian language
5224:Germanic parent language
5168:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
4290:Austrian Standard German
2462:. The MacMillan Company.
2243:Stortinget og språksaken
2026:"cow" and (now archaic)
1946:no officially recognised
1930:no officially recognised
3421:Norwegian Sign Language
2408:Nations and Nationalism
2270:Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld
2159:Oxford University Press
1239:Softening of p, t and k
1129:Differences from Danish
5336:Preterite-present verb
5219:Proto-Germanic grammar
5173:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
4285:German Standard German
3961:East Frisian Low Saxon
2511:Larson, Karen (1948).
2458:Gjerset, Knut (1915).
2374:Haugen, Einar (1977).
1948:standard pronunciation
1932:standard pronunciation
1626:past participle suffix
1566:past participle suffix
1084:
990:
982:
872:Since the creation of
869:
813:
792:
771:. This Dano-Norwegian
666:
618:
398:This article contains
39:
5404:Norwegian orthography
5341:Grammatischer Wechsel
4324:Namibian Black German
4295:Swiss Standard German
4264:Early New High German
3822:Mainland West Frisian
3683:Harlingerland Frisian
2532:Dei norske dialektane
2155:UK English Dictionary
2022:However, Bokmål uses
1762:soft/wet (adjective)
1078:
857:
850:Riksmål versus Bokmål
829:Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
809:
787:
431:Urban East Norwegian:
51:Urban East Norwegian:
5346:Indo-European ablaut
5326:Germanic strong verb
5295:Germanic spirant law
4432:Southeast Limburgish
3928:Gelders-Overijssels
3557:Irish Middle English
3547:Early Modern English
2793:Urban East Norwegian
2618:Scandinavian Braille
2534:. Høyskoleforlaget.
2340:Kristoffersen, Gjert
2207:Fakta om norsk språk
1963:table, board (noun)
1037:improve this section
686:Urban East Norwegian
649:South-Eastern Norway
5314:Synchronic features
5285:Germanic a-mutation
5238:Diachronic features
4588:in the broad sense
4521:East Central German
4475:Lorraine Franconian
4449:Transylvanian Saxon
4409:West Central German
4184:East Low Franconian
4094:West Low Franconian
3321:Languages of Norway
3134:Dania transcription
2513:A History of Norway
2153:Oxford Dictionaries
2030:"sow" exclusively.
1366:
1144:
749:Christiern Pedersen
722:independent kingdom
668:Standard Østnorsk (
435:[ˈbûːkmoːɫ]
55:[ˈbûːkmoːɫ]
5409:Standard languages
5331:Germanic weak verb
5140:Language subgroups
4490:Pennsylvania Dutch
4439:Moselle Franconian
4417:Central Franconian
4250:Middle High German
4001:Central Pomeranian
3956:Northern Low Saxon
3669:Wangerooge Frisian
3463:Germanic languages
3388:Minority languages
3328:Official languages
2901:American Norwegian
2776:Hallingmål-Valdris
2582:Norwegian language
1364:
1293:afraid (adjective)
1142:
1085:
929:Norwegian dialects
870:
793:
779:Norwegian dialects
718:Old Norse dialects
546:Norwegian language
235:Norwegian alphabet
18:Norwegian (Bokmål)
5386:
5385:
5371:extinct languages
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5305:Great Vowel Shift
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5066:
5065:
4912:Greenlandic Norse
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4662:Southern Bavarian
4645:Northern Bavarian
4621:Highest Alemannic
4572:
4571:
4306:standard variants
4221:
4220:
4067:Standard variants
4026:
4025:
3885:Middle Low German
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3656:Saterland Frisian
3429:
3428:
3287:
3286:
3216:derivatives, etc.
3037:
3036:
3024:Norwegian Academy
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2702:
2701:
2353:978-0-19-823765-5
2181:. Merriam-Webster
2050:History of Norway
2017:
2016:
1355:Standard Østnorsk
1339:
1338:
1319:
1310:
1295:angry (adjective)
1291:Danish vocabulary
1073:
1072:
1065:
905:Riksmålsforbundet
901:National Language
747:, which prompted
424:
423:
406:rendering support
402:phonetic symbols.
298:Norwegian Academy
284:Regulated by
207:Bokmål (official)
112:East Scandinavian
16:(Redirected from
5421:
5163:Elbe (Irminonic)
5136:
5123:
5051:Mainland Gutnish
4941:Swedish dialects
4903:Middle Icelandic
4877:Middle Norwegian
4766:Historical forms
4763:
4754:
4737:
4696:South Franconian
4682:Hutterite German
4650:Central Bavarian
4470:Rhine Franconian
4405:
4235:Historical forms
4232:
4147:Surinamese Dutch
4040:Historical forms
4037:
3870:Historical forms
3867:
3619:Historical forms
3616:
3503:
3494:
3481:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3350:
3343:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3153:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3041:
2989:
2927:Middle Norwegian
2891:Modern Norwegian
2832:
2789:
2771:Gudbrandsdalsmål
2713:
2674:
2650:
2643:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2274:"Marius Nygaard"
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2247:. Archived from
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2211:. Archived from
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2076:
2013:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1942:
1926:
1663:Split infinitive
1606:preterite suffix
1367:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1160:
1145:
1114:Modern Norwegian
1068:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1017:
1009:
993:
987:
868:
865:
817:Peter Asbjørnsen
805:Henrik Wergeland
737:Middle Norwegian
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
623:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
516:
513:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
491:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
453:
445:
444:
443:
437:
432:
392:
378:
360:
353:
344:
343:
335:
326:
325:
317:
272:
262:
260:
259:
226:
167:Early Old Danish
131:Norwegian Bokmål
91:
57:
52:
42:
33:Norwegian Bokmål
30:
21:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5350:
5309:
5290:Germanic umlaut
5255:Holtzmann's law
5233:
5202:
5130:
5109:
5062:
5039:
4973:South Jutlandic
4958:Danish dialects
4924:
4805:
4748:
4719:
4701:East Franconian
4655:Viennese German
4568:
4549:Silesian German
4515:
4504:Central Hessian
4394:
4319:Namibian German
4308:
4299:
4277:Standard German
4271:
4257:New High German
4243:Old High German
4217:
4196:
4178:
4089:
4061:
4022:
4006:East Pomeranian
3996:Brandenburgisch
3983:East Low German
3977:
3904:Dutch Low Saxon
3896:West Low German
3890:
3848:
3814:Schiermonnikoog
3795:
3690:
3676:Wursten Frisian
3639:
3605:
3488:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3430:
3425:
3409:
3383:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3346:
3339:
3323:
3318:
3288:
3283:
3279:Dansk Sprognævn
3262:
3215:
3209:
3174:South Jutlandic
3154:
3145:
3073:
3071:Danish language
3068:
3038:
3033:
3029:Riksmål Society
3002:
2941:
2905:
2879:Non-dialectical
2874:
2853:
2826:
2810:
2783:
2752:
2698:
2677:
2672:
2634:
2584:
2579:
2549:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2354:
2338:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2310:"Råd om uttale"
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2040:Danish Language
2036:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1990:from old Norse
1986:Retroflex flap
1978:
1969:
1962:
1958:from old Norse
1954:Retroflex flap
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1634:
1627:
1614:
1607:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1567:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1527:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1459:
1450:
1436:
1427:
1413:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1124:Characteristics
1069:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1034:
1018:
1007:
967:Arnulf Øverland
866:
852:
847:
841:
710:
681:
678:
675:
672:
583:Danish language
558:spoken dialects
541:
538:
535:
532:
510:
495:
486:
485:
457:
448:
447:
440:
439:
438:
430:
404:Without proper
388:
374:
373:
356:
349:
339:
338:
331:
321:
320:
313:
303:
278:
257:
255:
249:
242:Official status
227:
222:
216:
201:
194:
172:Late Old Danish
152:
145:
92:
89:Language family
87:
80:
74:
73:Native speakers
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5373:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5214:Proto-Germanic
5210:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5089:Crimean Gothic
5078:
5076:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4963:Insular Danish
4960:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4946:Rinkebysvenska
4943:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4792:Old East Norse
4789:
4787:Old West Norse
4777:
4769:
4767:
4760:
4750:
4749:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4667:South Tyrolean
4659:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4609:High Alemannic
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4451:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4400:Central German
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4339:Barossa German
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4236:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4118:French Flemish
4110:
4109:
4108:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4034:
4032:Low Franconian
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3871:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3833:Westereendersk
3827:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3634:Middle Frisian
3630:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3540:Modern English
3536:
3533:Middle English
3529:
3522:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3414:Sign languages
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3267:Related topics
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3241:Dano-Norwegian
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3184:
3181:Insular Danish
3178:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:Danish Braille
3099:
3094:
3089:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:Dano-Norwegian
2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:Old West Norse
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2717:West and south
2710:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2673:(discontinued)
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2522:
2503:
2485:
2465:
2447:
2391:
2384:
2359:
2352:
2326:
2301:
2261:
2237:Lundeby, Einar
2225:
2192:
2164:
2135:
2099:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2015:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1917:banana (noun)
1912:
1911:
1900:
1889:
1878:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1838:bridge (noun)
1833:
1832:
1809:
1786:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1683:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1445:
1422:
1399:
1398:a small woman
1391:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1323:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1267:
1247:
1236:
1235:
1220:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1180:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1133:Main article:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1102:state language
1089:Dano-Norwegian
1071:
1070:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1003:
933:Riksmålsvernet
851:
848:
843:Main article:
840:
837:
757:Dano-Norwegian
733:Denmark–Norway
729:personal union
709:
706:
630:Dano-Norwegian
610:Dano-Norwegian
598:written Danish
594:Marius Nygaard
560:vary greatly.
422:
421:
408:, you may see
394:
393:
386:
380:
379:
370:
362:
361:
354:
346:
345:
336:
328:
327:
318:
310:
309:
308:Language codes
305:
304:
302:
301:
295:
288:
286:
280:
279:
277:
276:
274:Nordic Council
266:
252:
250:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
228:
224:Writing system
221:
218:
217:
215:
214:
208:
204:
202:
200:Standard forms
199:
196:
195:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
177:Dano-Norwegian
162:Old East Norse
155:
153:
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
126:Dano-Norwegian
107:North Germanic
95:
93:
86:
83:
82:
81:(written only)
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
62:Native to
59:
58:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5426:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Germanic verb
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:Sievers's law
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:Reconstructed
5205:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5020:Middle Danish
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4896:Old Icelandic
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4870:Old Norwegian
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4688:
4687:Gottscheerish
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4626:Walser German
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4592:Low Alemannic
4590:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:High Prussian
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Erzgebirgisch
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Luxembourgish
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:Klezmer-loshn
4379:
4377:
4376:Scots Yiddish
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4213:Meuse-Rhenish
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:Kleverlandish
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:Central Dutch
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Stellingwarfs
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3843:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:Wood Frisian
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3696:North Frisian
3693:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Anglo-Frisian
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Noregs Mållag
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:Sign language
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Old Norwegian
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2781:Särna-Idremål
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2543:
2541:82-7634-103-9
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2492:
2488:
2486:82-12-00695-6
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2385:0-299-03874-2
2381:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2251:on 2013-02-22
2250:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2215:on 2014-02-03
2214:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2123:
2119:
2118:HarperCollins
2115:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:floor (noun)
1862:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:lie (in bed)
1662:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1327:
1324:
1304:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:dialects and
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:book language
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1022:This section
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1002:
1000:
995:
992:
986:
985:
978:
976:
970:
968:
963:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
925:
923:
922:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
861:
856:
849:
846:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
790:
786:
782:
780:
776:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
714:Old Norwegian
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
621:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
525:
489:
481:
451:
442:
436:
428:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
401:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
371:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
352:
347:
342:
337:
334:
329:
324:
319:
316:
311:
306:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
287:
285:
281:
275:
271:
267:
265:
254:
253:
251:
245:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
219:
212:
209:
206:
205:
203:
197:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
154:
148:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:Indo-European
94:
90:
84:
79:
76:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
49:
47:Pronunciation
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5366:
5250:Verner's law
5195:
5190:Gotho-Nordic
5188:
5181:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5081:
5071:
5056:Fårö Gutnish
5018:
5011:
4917:
4910:
4901:
4894:
4875:
4868:
4856:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4712:
4614:Swiss German
4578:Upper German
4511:Amana German
4485:Volga German
4454:Hunsrückisch
4380:
4334:Unserdeutsch
4329:Berlinerisch
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4201:Cover groups
4157:Mohawk Dutch
4152:Jersey Dutch
4130:East Flemish
4113:West Flemish
4057:Middle Dutch
4011:Low Prussian
3883:
3876:
3842:Terschelling
3826:Clay Frisian
3801:West Frisian
3789:Wiedingharde
3781:
3769:
3729:Heligolandic
3706:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3645:East Frisian
3632:
3625:
3598:Middle Scots
3596:
3589:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3405:Scandoromani
3340:
3252:
3007:Institutions
2954:Other topics
2803:Oslo dialect
2659:
2531:
2525:
2512:
2506:
2495:. Retrieved
2475:
2468:
2459:
2439:. Retrieved
2411:
2407:
2394:
2375:
2343:
2318:. Retrieved
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2281:
2264:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:the original
2242:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:the original
2206:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2151:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2111:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2007:
1998:
1975:
1966:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1760:smoke (noun)
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1616:
1611:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1386:traditional
1359:Oslo dialect
1352:
1347:
1345:
1331:sint or vred
1325:
1302:
1299:frog (noun)
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1138:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1059:
1050:
1035:Please help
1023:
996:
979:
971:
964:
956:
951:
950:was renamed
947:
943:
939:
937:
932:
926:
919:
915:
911:
909:
900:
896:
892:
890:
885:
881:
877:
871:
833:Henrik Ibsen
825:Knud Knudsen
814:
810:
794:
789:Knud Knudsen
772:
753:
726:
711:
667:
662:
656:
652:
640:
638:
629:
625:
589:
587:
572:
569:orthographic
562:
548:, alongside
426:
425:
397:
384:Linguasphere
365:
213:(unofficial)
130:
77:
5265:Kluge's law
5245:Grimm's law
5028:Dalecarlian
5007:Perkerdansk
4980:East Danish
4798:Old Gutnish
4774:Proto-Norse
4714:Langobardic
4706:Vogtlandian
4534:Upper Saxon
4388:Lachoudisch
4349:Lotegorisch
4227:High German
3973:Westphalian
3968:Eastphalian
3932:Achterhooks
3809:Hindeloopen
3744:Bökingharde
3713:Föhr–Amrum
3627:Old Frisian
3591:Early Scots
3526:Old English
3236:Perkerdansk
3189:(østdansk)
3187:East Danish
3124:Orthography
2846:Trondheimsk
2827: [
2784: [
2745:Stavangersk
2598:Orthography
2278:Helle, Knut
2201:Vikør, Lars
1995:sun (noun)
1528:the houses
1476:the wagons
1396:a small man
1245:roof (noun)
1243:food (noun)
1241:loss (noun)
1164:the wagons
1005:Terminology
991:Aftenposten
984:Aftenposten
899:), meaning
867: 1955
839:Controversy
745:Reformation
620:Aftenposten
539:book-tongue
412:instead of
151:Early forms
5393:Categories
5097:Burgundian
5013:Old Danish
5002:Gøtudanskt
4985:Bornholmsk
4847:Vestlandsk
4827:Kebabnorsk
4564:Halcnovian
4529:Thuringian
4192:Limburgish
4162:Stadsfries
4135:Brabantian
3862:Low German
3708:Eiderstedt
3563:Fingallian
3226:Gøtudanskt
3193:Bornholmsk
3119:Literature
2971:Literature
2937:Russenorsk
2886:Kebabnorsk
2867:Brønnøymål
2824:Herjedalsk
2735:Sandnesmål
2682:Unofficial
2497:2009-02-08
2441:2023-06-28
2414:(4): 620.
2320:2009-03-15
2294:6 February
2255:2007-06-12
2219:2014-02-09
2067:References
1925:/baˈnaˀːn/
1758:leg (noun)
1297:boy (noun)
1100:, meaning
821:Jørgen Moe
797:sociolects
765:Kristiania
741:Low German
602:past union
5377:varieties
5369:indicate
5183:Northwest
5128:Philology
5033:Elfdalian
4968:Jutlandic
4890:Icelandic
4865:(written)
4859:(written)
4837:Trøndersk
4817:Norwegian
4781:Old Norse
4602:Coloniero
4586:Alemannic
4559:Wymysorys
4427:Colognian
4422:Ripuarian
4344:Rotwelsch
4174:Midslands
4125:Zeelandic
4106:Hollandic
4080:Afrikaans
4052:Old Dutch
3878:Old Saxon
3777:Karrharde
3759:Goesharde
3740:Mainland
3473:philology
3335:Norwegian
3214:Variants,
3168:Jutlandic
3129:Phonology
2976:Profanity
2836:Jemtlansk
2816:Trøndersk
2725:Arendalsk
2639:Varieties
2625:Phonology
2428:1354-5078
2145:(US) and
1532:-ene/erne
1474:the boats
1162:the women
1053:June 2014
1024:does not
891:The term
801:to Sweden
769:Trondheim
645:phonology
367:Glottolog
351:ISO 639-3
333:ISO 639-2
315:ISO 639-1
300:(Riksmål)
157:Old Norse
121:Norwegian
5104:Vandalic
5047:Gutnish
4852:Vikværsk
4832:Sognamål
4822:Bergensk
4672:Cimbrian
4640:Bavarian
4597:Alsatian
4544:Lusatian
4480:Palatine
4170:Amelands
4047:Frankish
3937:Sallaans
3919:Gronings
3770:Southern
3763:Northern
3754:Halligen
3703:Insular
3520:dialects
3376:Northern
3362:Southern
3258:Danglish
3160:Dialects
3082:Alphabet
2998:Norvegia
2798:Vikværsk
2766:Bohusmål
2740:Sognamål
2730:Bergensk
2689:Høgnorsk
2670:Samnorsk
2653:Official
2593:Alphabet
2491:Archived
2432:Archived
2342:(2000).
2314:Archived
2288:Archived
2173:"Bokmål"
2148:"Bokmål"
2143:"Bokmål"
2122:Archived
2108:"Bokmål"
2080:"Bokmål"
2060:Høgnorsk
2055:Samnorsk
2034:See also
1941:/ˈbɑnɑn/
1628:written
1389:radical
1381:Nynorsk
1348:vikværsk
1118:puristic
960:phonemic
948:Landsmål
946:, while
921:Samnorsk
897:Rigsmaal
886:Bogsprog
874:Landsmål
860:Samnorsk
694:Storting
690:prestige
653:de facto
418:Help:IPA
376:norw1259
294:(Bokmål)
102:Germanic
5367:Italics
4990:Scanian
4936:Swedish
4885:Faroese
4863:Nynorsk
4842:Valdris
4677:Mòcheno
4633:Swabian
4499:Hessian
4459:Hunsrik
4371:Western
4366:Eastern
4361:Yiddish
4311:creoles
4208:Bergish
3924:Drèents
3914:Tweants
3766:Central
3748:Mooring
3611:Frisian
3570:Kildare
3515:English
3348:Nynorsk
3246:Riksmål
3198:Scanian
3170:(jysk)
3114:History
3109:Grammar
2966:Exonyms
2910:Extinct
2841:Medalsk
2694:Riksmål
2665:Nynorsk
2646:Written
2280:(ed.).
2045:Nynorsk
2003:/soˀːl/
1971:/boˀːr/
1608:cycled
1568:cycled
1467:kvinne
1444:kvinne
1421:kvinde
1372:Danish
1316:dreng (
1307:bange (
1153:Bokmål
1150:Danish
1110:Nynorsk
1094:Riksmål
1081:Nynorsk
1045:removed
1030:sources
952:Nynorsk
944:Riksmål
912:Riksmål
893:Riksmål
708:History
673:
634:Lagting
606:Denmark
590:Riksmål
574:Riksmål
550:Nynorsk
533:
414:Unicode
211:Riksmål
182:Riksmål
5083:Gothic
4953:Danish
4857:Bokmål
4356:Yenish
4166:Bildts
3949:Veluws
3944:Urkers
3783:Strand
3507:Anglic
3400:Romani
3341:Bokmål
3253:Bokmål
3183:(ømål)
2896:Svorsk
2708:Spoken
2660:Bokmål
2538:
2483:
2426:
2382:
2350:
2012:/suːɽ/
1980:/buːɽ/
1706:round
1704:ladder
1624:Strong
1335:frosk
1098:Bokmål
940:Bokmål
761:Bergen
641:spoken
626:Bokmål
612:, the
554:Norway
427:Bokmål
264:Norway
261:
117:Danish
66:Norway
40:bokmål
5197:South
5148:North
4758:North
4742:North
4084:Kaaps
4075:Dutch
3722:Amrum
3663:Weser
3585:Scots
3231:Petuh
2992:Kjell
2859:North
2831:]
2788:]
2435:(PDF)
2404:(PDF)
2276:. In
2185:1 May
2128:1 May
2092:1 May
1655:skriv
1645:skriv
1635:skrev
1201:heath
1186:kvinn
1171:kvind
774:koiné
614:koiné
608:- to
604:with
231:Latin
5158:West
5153:East
5073:East
4929:East
4919:Norn
4810:West
4746:East
4744:and
4309:and
4304:Non-
3734:Sylt
3717:Föhr
3652:Ems
3577:Yola
3486:West
3395:Kven
3369:Lule
3356:Sámi
3139:Stød
2871:etc.
2850:etc.
2807:etc.
2758:East
2749:etc.
2536:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2424:ISSN
2380:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2296:2010
2187:2019
2130:2019
2094:2019
1960:/rð/
1748:rund
1743:stig
1733:rund
1728:steg
1718:rund
1713:stig
1694:ligg
1689:komm
1679:ligg
1674:komm
1665:come
1615:cykl
1612:-ede
1604:Weak
1595:sykl
1585:sykl
1575:cykl
1564:Weak
1542:-ene
1518:vogn
1503:vogn
1488:vogn
1458:mann
1435:mann
1417:lill
1412:mand
1408:lill
1333:gutt
1329:redd
1322:frø
1320:gut)
1318:also
1314:vred
1311:ræd)
1309:also
1203:hay
1191:vogn
1176:vogn
1173:erne
1104:and
1096:and
1028:any
1026:cite
819:and
767:and
702:TV 2
700:and
670:lit.
530:lit.
119:and
78:None
2416:doi
2008:yes
1992:/l/
1988:/ɽ/
1976:yes
1956:/ɽ/
1937:yes
1910:lv
1903:yes
1899:lv
1892:yes
1888:lv
1881:yes
1852:yes
1812:yes
1725:yes
1686:yes
1632:-et
1617:ede
1582:-et
1572:-et
1555:hus
1547:ene
1545:hus
1537:ene
1535:hus
1520:ene
1515:ane
1513:båt
1510:yes
1505:ene
1500:ene
1498:båt
1490:ene
1485:ene
1483:båd
1463:lit
1454:lit
1448:yes
1440:lit
1431:lit
1303:yes
1250:yes
1223:yes
1193:ene
1188:ene
1178:ene
1168:yes
1039:by
698:NRK
446:) (
400:IPA
358:nob
341:nob
5395::
2829:sv
2786:sv
2515:.
2489:.
2450:^
2430:.
2422:.
2412:10
2410:.
2406:.
2362:^
2329:^
2312:.
2272:.
2239:.
2228:^
2203:.
2175:.
2157:.
2150:.
2120:.
2116:.
2110:.
2082:.
2028:su
2024:ku
1999:no
1967:no
1921:no
1876:lv
1869:no
1855:br
1845:br
1842:no
1831:t
1829:au
1827:bl
1823:øy
1817:ei
1808:t
1804:bl
1789:no
1785:d
1781:bl
1766:no
1740:no
1710:no
1671:no
1652:-e
1642:-i
1637:et
1592:-a
1587:et
1577:et
1552:-a
1495:no
1480:no
1461:ei
1456:en
1452:en
1442:en
1438:en
1433:en
1429:en
1425:no
1415:en
1406:en
1402:no
1326:no
1283:ta
1278:ma
1273:ta
1270:no
1263:ta
1258:ma
1253:ta
1233:øy
1228:ei
1214:de
1207:no
1183:no
954:.
864:c.
862:,
763:,
636:.
585:.
528:;
524:-/
518:oʊ
509:-,
490::
488:US
484:,
474:ɔː
465:uː
452::
450:UK
323:nb
5092:)
5086:(
4172:/
4168:/
4164:/
4086:)
4082:(
3455:e
3448:t
3441:v
3313:e
3306:t
3299:v
3097:Å
3092:Ø
3087:Æ
3063:e
3056:t
3049:v
2994:"
2990:"
2613:Å
2608:Ø
2603:Æ
2574:e
2567:t
2560:v
2544:.
2519:.
2500:.
2444:.
2418::
2388:.
2356:.
2323:.
2298:.
2258:.
2245:"
2241:"
2222:.
2209:"
2205:"
2189:.
2161:.
2132:.
2096:.
1908:o
1906:g
1897:ø
1895:g
1886:o
1884:g
1874:u
1872:g
1857:u
1847:o
1825:k
1821:r
1819:n
1815:b
1806:ø
1802:k
1800:ø
1798:r
1796:n
1794:e
1792:b
1783:ø
1779:g
1777:ø
1775:r
1773:n
1771:e
1769:b
1750:e
1745:e
1735:e
1730:a
1720:e
1715:e
1696:e
1691:a
1681:e
1676:e
1657:e
1647:i
1597:a
1557:a
1465:a
1419:e
1410:e
1285:k
1280:t
1275:p
1265:g
1260:d
1255:b
1231:h
1226:h
1218:ø
1216:h
1212:e
1210:h
1066:)
1060:(
1055:)
1051:(
1047:.
1033:.
895:(
682:'
676:'
542:'
536:'
521:k
515:b
512:ˈ
506:k
503:ʊ
500:b
497:ˈ
494:/
480:/
477:l
471:m
468:k
462:b
459:ˈ
456:/
429:(
420:.
237:)
233:(
20:)
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