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208:(true bug) predators, that are approximately 13–16 mm in length. Females have a larger body size compared to males. These water insects swim and rest on their back (hence their common name "backswimmer" or "water boatman") and are found under the water surface.
540:. Also, mature females have a larger abdominal size, which could support a larger air bubble and allow them to remain submerged for longer. However, if the water depth increases, mature females will switch and spend more time at the surface and not feed on
198:. This species is found in large parts of Europe, North Africa, and east through Asia to Siberia and China. In much of its range it is the most common backswimmer species. It is also the most widespread and abundant of the four British water-boatmen.
212:
supports itself under the water surface by using their front legs and mid legs and the back end of its abdomen and rest them on the water surface; They are able to stay under the water surface by water tension, also known as the air-water interface
276:(or stick insects). To protect their eye from direct sunlight during the day, the pigment cell's diaphragm are condensed, and during the night they open fully to allow as much light in as possible.
253:. Specifically, their eye is an acone-type with corneal structure, which helps them create a sharp image when both in the water and in the air. The acone is the site of the pupil. Immonen
221:
will either wait for its prey to pass by or will swim and actively hunt its prey. When the weather is warm, usually in the late summer and autumn, they will fly between ponds.
1595:
295:. This sensitivity helps the backswimmer see in dimmer light or at night. The second subsystem allows the backswimmer to see in bright light and when in flight.
1621:
708:
Balmert, A; Bohn, H.F; Ditsche-Kuru, P; Barhlott, W (2011). "Dry under water: Comparative morphology and functional aspects of air-retaining insect surfaces".
862:
340:. When these insects are diving or resting under the water surface, they create a film of air that surrounds their body. This air film is also known as a
939:
Fischer, C; Mahner, M; Wachmann, E (2000). "The rhabdom structure in the ommatidia of the
Heteroptera (Insecta), and its phylogenetic significance".
1569:
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is covered in hairy structures, except on its head and legs. There are two types of hairs and air retention is maximized by having both types:
217:). They use the hind legs as oars; these legs are fringed with hair and, when at rest, are extended laterally like a pair of sculls in a boat.
1690:
645:
Svensson, B.G; Tailmark, B; Petersson, E (2000). "Habitat
Heterogeneity, coexistence and habitat utilization in five backswimmer species (
401:
is used as a model organism for friction reduction and air retention. Possible applications for this include reduction of drag in ships.
245:. These insects use their eyes for both day and night vision, which is used for prey capture and flight when searching for new habitats.
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pick which prey they eat. Males and females both spend a lot of time on the surface of the water where they encounter mosquito (
171:
1613:
310:
approximately 40 minutes for the pupil to adjust to daylight and approximately 50 minutes to adjust to the light at night.
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532:. It is possible, however, that because mature females are larger than males and immature females, they have a reduced
1504:
1548:
1626:
45:
1561:
591:
Berchi, G.M. (2013). "Checklist and distribution of the family
Notonectidae in Romania, with the first record of
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341:
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552:
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They also found that the green-sensitive peripheral photoreceptors function in a similar way as nocturnal
1509:
1357:
Cockrell, B.J (1984). "Effect of temperature and oxygenation on predator-prey overlap and prey choice of
150:
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662:
1517:
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1171:
1026:
760:"Large variations among photoreceptors as the basis of visual flexibility on the common backswimmer"
257:(2014), found that backswimmers are able to see in both day and night light conditions because of:
495:. They feed on this prey because there is a decrease in travel cost (having to dive for them) and
368:
and their air film can last up to 120 days. The air film cannot last forever because as an insect
1685:
1378:
1324:
1260:
995:
956:
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Immonen, E.V; Ignatova, I; Gislen, A; Warrant, E; Vahasorinki, M; Weckstöm, M; Frolov, R (2014).
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544:, as the deep water increases the amount of energy needed for diving and staying submerged.
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Lang, H.H (1979). "Surface wave discrimination between prey and non prey by the back swimmer
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Ditsche-Kuru, P; Schneider, E.S; Melskotte, J.E; Brede, M; Leder, A; Barthlott, W (2011).
214:
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Ro, A.F; Nilsson, D.E (1995). "Pupil adjustments in the eye of the common backswimmer".
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Cockrell, B.J (1984). "Effects of water depth on choice of spatially separated prey by
1132:
1103:
784:
759:
345:
1199:"Immersed superhydrophobic surfaces: Gas exchange, slip and drag reduction properties"
1038:
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Mature females, however, will also dive to the bottom of the pond to feed on isopods (
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1157:"Terminal velocity and drag reduction measurements on superhydrophobic spheres"
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360:. The most important part in creating an air film is the density of the hairs.
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
900:
Schwind, R (1983). "A polarization-sensitive response of the flying water bug
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or surface, and it prevents the insect from becoming wet. It also reduces the
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The oxygen concentration in the body of water can affect the choice of prey
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that is created when diving. To be able to create this air film around it,
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The first subsystem is sensitive to green light, one of the colours in the
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Horvath, G (1989). "Geometric optical optimization of the corneal lens of
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were similar to that of adult swimming produced waves (up to 70 Hz).
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829:. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands.: Keltern: Goecke & Evers. p. 264 p.
533:
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866:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 367.
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McHale, G.; Shirtcliffe, N. J.; Evans, C. R.; Newton, M. I. (2009).
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pick, as
Cockrell (1984) found that when oxygen was at a high
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will increase, causing the air bubble to decrease in size.
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eye: adaptations to optical environment and way of life".
826:
Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha
877:
Walton, G.A (1935). "Field experiments on the flight of
420:. Lang (1979), completed an experiment that showed that
688:. London & New York: Frederick Warne & Co. LTD.
595:
Fabricius, 1794 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)".
268:
having a robust migration of pigment and photoreceptors
1197:
McHale, G.; Newton, M. I.; Shirtcliffe, N. J. (2010).
241:
There has been a great deal of research on the eye of
302:(acone) take a different amount of time to adjust to
1454:
1108::a model for friction reduction and air retention"
284:Large and most sensitive peripheral photoreceptors
456:that differed from adult backswimmers, but their
663:10.1076/0165-0424(200004)22:2;1-p;ft081
194:, is a species of aquatic insect in the family
974:Schwind, R (1980). "Geometrical optics of the
559:will spend more time submerged and attacking
536:and therefore require less energy to capture
287:Smaller peripheral and central photoreceptors
8:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1104:"Superhydrophopic surfaces of the water bug
528:. This behaviour is not consistent with the
452:backswimmers were found to create different
1437:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9i34x5A9v0
1432:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Uq3NUpM_zE
1427:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHI-5bb_I2g
1422:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TlBmQNfSc4
822:Wachmann, E; Melber, A; Deckert, J (2006).
807:Wichard, W; Arens, W; Eisenbeis, G (2002).
1442:
686:Land & Water Bugs of the British Isles
684:Southwood, Richard; Dennis Leston (1959).
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416:and non-prey, like other backswimmers, by
31:
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261:their large variations in the peripheral
520:), but only in shallow waters. Reaching
424:that were created by other backswimmers
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249:, like other insects, have a compound
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1093:
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7:
1653:24A1B5DC-2EA6-4A53-8423-83BBF4CCB6C4
1562:4f85efcf-f75f-45d8-a7f7-4a5e55bbb531
280:have two photoreceptor subsystems:
1112:Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
1062:The Journal of Experimental Biology
811:. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.
809:Biological Atlas of Aquatic Insects
14:
649:spa,; Hemiptera, Notonectidae)".
524:requires a higher travel cost of
840:
764:Proceedings of the Royal Society
332:live in the water, they breathe
44:
436:(below 40 Hz) compared to
1:
1039:10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80217-6
499:gives a higher energy rate.
1691:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1243:(Hemiptera, Heteroptera)".
1707:
1681:Insects described in 1758
1363:Journal of Animal Ecology
609:10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.5
412:can discriminate between
225:reproduce in the spring.
156:
149:
41:Scientific classification
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448:between 70–140 Hz.
428:, emerging, turning and
342:superhydrophobic coating
863:Encyclopædia Britannica
530:optimal foraging theory
1245:Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol
776:10.1098/rspb.2014.1177
574:
511:
475:
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238:
1346:. London, UK: McNeil.
1342:Alexander, R (1971).
953:10.1007/s004359900018
710:Journal of Morphology
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481:depth can affect how
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188:greater water-boatman
1557:Fauna Europaea (new)
1074:10.1242/jeb.198.1.71
336:air and do not have
186:, also known as the
1676:Hemiptera of Europe
1305:1984Oecol..62..256C
1218:2010SMat....6..714M
1176:2009ApPhL..94f4104M
1124:10.3762/bjnano.2.17
1031:1989JThBi.139..389H
883:Trans. Soc. Br. Ent
405:Wave discrimination
16:Species of true bug
1313:10.1007/bf00379023
1257:10.1007/bf00569205
1241:Notonecta gauca L.
992:10.1007/BF00613748
918:10.1007/bf00605291
881:Fabr. (Hemipt.)".
879:Notonecta maculata
770:(1795): 20141177.
722:10.1002/jmor.10921
593:Notonecta maculata
575:
512:
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464:Foraging behaviour
383:will decrease and
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263:photoreceptor cell
239:
192:common backswimmer
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1635:Open Tree of Life
1448:Taxon identifiers
1405:naturespot.org.uk
1184:10.1063/1.3081420
473:Asellus aquaticus
444:items, who had a
440:created by their
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399:Notonecta glauca
388:partial pressure
381:partial pressure
362:Notonecta glauca
323:Notonecta glauca
297:Notonecta glauca
293:visible spectrum
278:Notonecta glauca
247:Notonecta glauca
223:Notonecta glauca
219:Notonecta glauca
210:Notonecta glauca
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657:(2): 81–98.
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366:microtrichia
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358:microtrichia
349:
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237:Compound eye
222:
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196:Notonectidae
191:
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159:
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128:
118:Notonectidae
24:
18:
1583:iNaturalist
1480:Wikispecies
1206:Soft Matter
1118:: 137–144.
274:Phasmatodea
108:Heteroptera
1670:Categories
1400:arkive.org
889:: 137–144.
578:References
364:has dense
334:atmosphere
265:properties
104:Suborder:
78:Arthropoda
1686:Notonecta
1410:Bug Guide
1293:Oecologia
986:: 59–68.
976:Notonecta
912:: 87–91.
647:Notonecta
557:N. glauca
553:dissolved
549:N. glauca
483:N. glauca
458:frequency
446:frequency
434:frequency
350:N. glauca
330:N. glauca
328:Although
308:N. glauca
243:N. glauca
205:Hemiptera
136:Species:
129:Notonecta
98:Hemiptera
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1601:11010541
1494:BioLib:
1465:Wikidata
1329:23988547
1321:28310723
1265:21219516
1142:21977425
1000:25623576
961:37742464
947:: 1–13.
926:43907662
794:25274359
730:21290417
671:84412947
617:25243278
534:buoyancy
510:mosquito
430:paddling
426:swimming
385:nitrogen
374:breathes
370:respires
168:Linnaeus
114:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1648:ZooBank
1575:2020522
1471:Q266370
1301:Bibcode
1214:Bibcode
1172:Bibcode
1133:3148060
1082:9317362
1047:2615380
1027:Bibcode
851::
785:4213611
738:6348101
625:3095939
597:Zootaxa
573:feeding
561:Asellus
555:level,
542:Asellus
538:Asellus
522:Asellus
517:Asellus
376:), the
124:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1627:260537
1614:103578
1549:450468
1536:NOTNGL
1523:454368
1510:198467
1381:
1327:
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669:
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615:
526:energy
506:Adult
493:larvae
450:Larval
378:oxygen
255:et al.
1640:95332
1596:IRMNG
1588:56554
1497:71368
1379:JSTOR
1325:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1202:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
996:S2CID
957:S2CID
922:S2CID
734:S2CID
667:S2CID
621:S2CID
508:Culex
497:Culex
488:Culex
479:Water
454:waves
438:waves
422:waves
354:setae
338:gills
304:light
300:pupil
1622:NCBI
1609:ITIS
1570:GBIF
1531:EPPO
1505:BOLD
1383:4531
1317:PMID
1291:L".
1138:PMID
1078:PMID
1043:PMID
790:PMID
726:PMID
613:PMID
601:3682
442:prey
414:prey
356:and
202:are
172:1758
1518:EoL
1371:doi
1361:".
1309:doi
1253:doi
1222:doi
1180:doi
1128:PMC
1120:doi
1070:doi
1066:198
1035:doi
1023:139
1017:".
988:doi
984:140
949:doi
945:120
914:doi
910:150
860:".
780:PMC
772:doi
768:281
718:doi
714:272
659:doi
605:doi
251:eye
229:Eye
190:or
1672::
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372:(
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166:(
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