503:
494:(3 ft 11 in) The patterning is darker bands, strongly contrasting or indistinct, which are pale to very dark in colour. Colouration is olive, yellow, orange-brown, or jet-black, and the underside of the snake is light yellow or orange. Tiger snakes use venom to kill prey, and may also bite an aggressor; they are potentially fatal to humans. Tolerant of low temperatures, the snake may be active on warmer nights. When threatened, they flatten their bodies and raise their heads above the ground in a classic prestrike stance.
604:
576:
On
Kangaroo Island, specimens are highly variable in colour, often exhibiting banding and uniform brown colours. The ventral surface is dark grey to black, with some specimens on Kangaroo Island even possessing red bellies. The ventral surface becomes much lighter prior to shedding. Juveniles nearly always have banding. Midbody scales are in 17, 18, 19 and rarely 21 rows, ventrals number 160 to 184, subcaudals 45 to 54 (single) and the anal scale is single.
107:
82:
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475:
526:
recorded at 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Highly variable in colour, its base colours are brown, grey olive, or green with lighter crossbands usually of creamy yellow. Occasionally, unbanded specimens are found. Scales appear like overlapping shields, especially around the neck. Ventral scales number 140 to 190, subcaudals 35 to 65, mid-body in 17 or 19 rows and the anal scale is single.
56:
556:, it averages 1.9 m (over 6 ft) in length. Dorsally, its colour is olive-brown to almost black, sometimes with lighter crossbands. The ventral surface is usually lighter in colour. Juveniles are banded. Mid-body scales are in 17 rows; ventrals number 160 to 171, subcaudals 47 to 52 (single), and the anal scale is single. These snakes are quite docile.
568:
an unbanded grey or brown. The ventral surface is usually a lighter colour. Midbody scales are in 19, 17 or sometimes 15 rows, ventrals number 161 to 174, subcaudals 48 to 52 (single) and the anal scale is single. Tasmanian tiger snakes tend to be quiet snakes, probably due to the lower temperature ranges they inhabit.
674:
is used to inhibit the flow of venom through the lymphatic system. Broad, thick bandages are applied over the bite, then down and back along the limb to the armpit or groin. The affected limb is then immobilized with a splint. Identification of the venom is possible if traces are left near the wound.
615:
Tiger snakes are usually found in coastal regions, where they favour wetlands, creeks, dams, and other habitat around watercourses, or at shelter near permanent sources of water in pastoral areas. Habitat providing an abundance of prey can support large populations. The species' distribution extends
567:
each have a blunt head distinct from a robust body. Younger snakes may be slimmer and similar to other tiger snakes, eventually growing up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in length. Dorsally, they may be jet black, jet black with lighter crossbands, grey with black flecks forming faint bands, or
575:
has a blunt head distinct from a robust body; it averages 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in length. Roxby Island specimens are much smaller, averaging 0.86 m (2 ft 10 in) in length. Dorsally, it is generally jet black, sometimes with white or cream markings around the lips and chin.
544:
head is distinct from its robust body, and grows to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length. Dorsally, it is steel-blue to black in color with bright yellow bands; unbanded specimens occur. The ventral surface is yellow, tending black towards the tail. Midbody scales are in 17 or 19 rows, ventrals
493:
restricted to subtropical and temperate regions of
Australia. Tiger snakes are a large group of distinct populations, which may be isolated or overlapping, with extreme variance in size and colour. Individuals also show seasonal variation in colour. The total length is typically about 1.2 metres
525:
has a flat, blunt head, slightly distinct from a robust body. Its body is capable of being flattened along its entire length when the snake is agitated or basking. Its average length is 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in), with a maximum length of 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in), but has been
663:. Symptoms of a bite include localized pain in the foot and neck region, tingling, numbness, and sweating, followed by a fairly rapid onset of breathing difficulties and paralysis. In a study, the mortality rate from untreated bites is reported to be between 40% and 60%.
675:
Identifying the snake is not necessary if bitten in
Tasmania, because the same antivenom is used to treat all Tasmanian snakes' bites. The availability of antivenom has greatly reduced the incidence of fatal tiger snake bites. Among the
518:) show some conformity in their descriptions, but these characters may be shared by separate or adjacent groups. Tiger snakes are also identified by the region or island in which the forms occur, which is prefixed to a common name.
339:
genus. Various authorities accept some or all the systematics previously applied, but most agree a revision of the genus is needed. Names for these subdivisions include the western types, appended to both species names as
594:
Tiger snakes give birth to 20 to 30 live young; an exceptional record was made of 64 from an eastern female. They usually mate in spring when it is in the warmer seasons and will give birth to live young in summer.
586:
As with most snakes, the colours vary widely between individuals and are an unreliable means of identifying subspecies. Accurate identification is best performed with a venom test kit or scale count.
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Tiger snakes accounted for 17% of identified snakebite victims in
Australia between 2005 and 2015, with four deaths recorded from 119 confirmed envenomations.
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Johnston, Christopher I.; Ryan, Nicole M; Page, Colin B; Buckley, Nicholas A; Brown, Simon GA; O'Leary, Margaret A; Isbister, Geoffrey K (2017).
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Brent W. Burkhart; Phillips
Donovan (2005). "Critical Care Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient".
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family, venomous snakes with fixed front fangs. The classification of this genus is given as a single and highly variable species,
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262:, although the species can be highly variable in colouration and patterning. All populations are classified within the genus
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683:. The venom yield is 35–65 milligrams (0.54–1.00 gr), while the lethal dose for humans is 3 milligrams (0.046 gr).
1800:
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327:(Krefft, 1866), which show further variety in their characteristics. Several authors have published revisions or described
272:). Their diverse characteristics have been classified either as distinct species or by subspecies and regional variation.
1868:
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1720:
1572:
1353:
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807:
478:
Mainland tiger snake, Banyule Flats
Reserve, Melbourne, Victoria, in threat pose with body flattened and head raised
331:
of these species. Others consider the names contained by this taxonomic arrangement to be unwarranted, and describe
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1272:
695:, as well as a jail sentence of 18 months in some states. It is also illegal to export a native Australian snake.
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While tiger snakes are usually ground-dwelling, they are able to swim as well as climb into trees and buildings.
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344:(Glauert 1948) The island groups have also been described as subspecies: Chappell Island tiger snake as
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974:"Genetic assimilation and the postcolonisation erosion of phenotypic plasticity in island Tiger snakes"
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They are protected species in most
Australian states, and to kill or injure one incurs a fine up to
603:
860:"A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus"
258:. These snakes are often observed and locally well known by their banding, black and yellow like a
71:
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305:
101:
1707:
832:
254:) is a large and highly venomous snake of southern Australia, including its coastal islands and
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number 140 to 165, subcaudals 36 to 51 (single) and the anal scale is single (rarely divided).
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larger heads to cope with large prey animals. Young populations have larger heads by
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91:
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A 2016 genetic analysis showed that the closest relative of the tiger snakes is the
1381:
858:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
529:
474:
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17:
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King Island tiger snake, with barely visible banding, near
Petrified Forest on
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has a blunt head distinct from a robust body. The giant of the tiger snakes
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348:(Warrell, 1963), King Island and Tasmanian tiger snakes subspecies as
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583:, found away from mainland Australia, is typically uniformly black.
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27:
Highly venomous snake native to southern
Australia and Tasmania
1603:
1156:
Toxicological
Diagnosis and Management of Envenomated Patients
636:. Its common habitat includes the coastal areas of Australia.
377:
301:, and by an arrangement of subspecies or regional morphs.
514:
The widely dispersed populations (sometimes referred as
465:* Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
1070:"The Australian Snakebite Project, 2005–2015 (ASP-20)"
945:
Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia
943:
Browne-Cooper R, Bush B, Maryan B, Robinson D (2007).
1731:
1532:
1313:
1169:Chris Thompson; Struan Sutherland (November 2003).
1143:
University of Adelaide Clinical Toxinology Resource
679:, those from tiger snakes are exceeded only by the
352:, (Warrell, 1963) and the Peninsula tiger snake as
677:number of deaths caused by snakebite in Australia
711:Michael, D.; Clemann, N.; Robertson, P. (2018).
736:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T169687A83767147.en
1283:Mainland Tiger Snake - Australian Reptile Park
8:
815:, Victoria State Government, Australia, 2017
1278:Information on the genus from snakeshow.net
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936:
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1301:
1294:Integrated Taxonomic Information System -
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45:
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893:
883:
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666:Treatment is the same for all Australian
1273:Information on bites from survivaliq.com
826:
824:
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787:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
703:
533:Western tiger snake near a farm dam in
1248:
1232:"National Parks and wildlife Act (SA)"
915:
913:
831:Beatson, Cecilie (November 19, 2020).
773:
771:
949:University of Western Australia Press
809:Our Wildlife Fact Sheet - Tiger Snake
7:
1839:IUCN Red List least concern species
1210:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
1034:Reptiles andAmphibians of Australia
722:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1057:Video of dark unbanded Tiger Snake
647:Tiger snake venoms possess potent
371:, whereas large heads have become
25:
105:
535:Mount Barker, Western Australia
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
315:The two extensively recognized
672:pressure immobilization method
1:
1849:Reptiles of Western Australia
485:is a genus of large venomous
1874:Reptiles of Victoria (state)
1864:Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters
1204:Mercurio (August 30, 2016).
1077:Medical Journal of Australia
885:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
439:
405:
30:Not to be confused with the
550:Chappell Island tiger snake
37:For the African snake, see
1890:
1859:Reptiles described in 1861
1255:: CS1 maint: url-status (
972:Aubret F, Shine R (2009).
36:
29:
1175:Envenomation in Australia
1002:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.061
224:
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102:Scientific classification
100:
78:
69:
62:
53:
48:
1237:. Parliament of SA. 2009
1207:Understanding Toxicology
1171:"Australian Snake Bites"
39:Telescopus semiannulatus
1288:March 24, 2016, at the
1032:Cogger, Harold (2014).
506:Tasmanian Tiger Snake (
373:genetically assimilated
1036:. CSIRO. p. 905.
729:: e.T169687A83767147.
612:
565:Tasmanian tiger snakes
537:
511:
479:
375:in older populations.
359:Island populations of
295:, or a second species
1703:Paleobiology Database
951:. pp. 254, 255.
606:
573:Peninsula tiger snake
532:
505:
477:
458:, Western Australia)
443:Mainland tiger snake
369:phenotypic plasticity
310:Tropidechis carinatus
1185:on February 15, 2008
1179:University of Sydney
927:The Reptile Database
764:The Reptile Database
1869:Snakes of Australia
1089:10.5694/mja17.00094
993:2009CBio...19.1932A
876:2016PLoSO..1161070F
839:. Australian Museum
542:western tiger snake
454:, South Australia,
323:(Peters, 1861) and
72:Conservation status
1124:on October 6, 2017
616:from the south of
613:
581:Notechis ater ater
538:
523:common tiger snake
512:
480:
409:Black tiger snake
350:N. ater humphreysi
319:of this genus are
306:rough-scaled snake
1824:
1823:
1690:Open Tree of Life
1494:Open Tree of Life
1359:Notechis_scutatus
1345:Notechis scutatus
1315:Notechis scutatus
1307:Taxon identifiers
1217:978-0-7637-7116-4
987:(22): 1932–1936.
958:978-1-920694-74-6
759:Notechis scutatus
715:Notechis scutatus
618:Western Australia
462:
461:
417:Western Australia
393:Geographic range
356:(Kinghorn 1921).
346:N. ater serventyi
321:Notechis scutatus
293:Notechis scutatus
251:Notechis scutatus
242:
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228:Notechis scutatus
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64:Notechis scutatus
32:tiger rattlesnake
18:Notechis scutatus
16:(Redirected from
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1083:(3): 119–25.
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833:"Tiger Snake"
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1239:. Retrieved
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1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:the original
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1126:. Retrieved
1119:the original
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742:November 19,
740:. Retrieved
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49:Tiger snake
43:
1638:iNaturalist
1558:Wikispecies
1416:iNaturalist
1339:Wikispecies
843:January 29,
681:brown snake
657:haemolysins
649:neurotoxins
620:through to
611:, Australia
609:King Island
561:King Island
470:Description
446:Australia (
433:N. scutatus
361:N. scutatus
246:tiger snake
1833:Categories
1128:October 6,
699:References
653:coagulants
516:polymorphs
452:Queensland
384:Authority
329:subspecies
287:is in the
283:The genus
165:Suborder:
1241:April 23,
837:Factsheet
792:March 23,
661:myotoxins
413:Australia
337:monotypic
204:Species:
196:Boulenger
169:Serpentes
125:Kingdom:
119:Eukaryota
1844:Elapidae
1788:11382563
1748:Q1496170
1742:Wikidata
1578:Notechis
1564:Notechis
1543:Wikidata
1534:Notechis
1512:scutatus
1434:10360274
1366:BioLib:
1330:Q1520949
1324:Wikidata
1296:Notechis
1286:Archived
1251:cite web
1189:March 3,
1158:. Mosby.
1115:19567016
1107:28764620
1011:19879141
922:Notechis
904:27603205
864:PLOS ONE
781:Notechis
756:Species
693:A$ 7,500
630:Victoria
626:Tasmania
491:Elapidae
483:Notechis
456:Victoria
425:Tasmania
387:Subsp.*
381:Species
333:Notechis
285:Notechis
279:Taxonomy
270:Elapidae
265:Notechis
256:Tasmania
190:Notechis
179:Elapidae
175:Family:
159:Squamata
149:Reptilia
139:Chordata
135:Phylum:
129:Animalia
115:Domain:
92:IUCN 3.1
1775:2449669
1656:1342892
1630:2449661
1549:Q169658
1522:4259943
1408:2449662
989:Bibcode
895:5014348
872:Bibcode
599:Habitat
554:species
399:N. ater
365:evolved
317:species
185:Genus:
155:Order:
145:Class:
90: (
1814:111176
1801:700643
1762:794054
1708:338825
1669:700234
1617:1NTCEG
1519:uBio:
1486:101686
1460:169687
1447:700644
1395:NTCESC
1214:
1113:
1105:
1040:
1019:205091
1017:
1009:
955:
919:Genus
902:
892:
670:. The
659:, and
632:, and
498:Morphs
487:snakes
289:elapid
237:, 1861
235:Peters
198:, 1896
1783:IRMNG
1721:82287
1716:SPRAT
1651:IRMNG
1643:35177
1604:14863
1429:IRMNG
1421:35178
1382:74B7F
1369:58691
1235:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
1111:S2CID
1073:(PDF)
1015:S2CID
977:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
640:Venom
363:have
335:as a
260:tiger
1809:NCBI
1796:ITIS
1770:GBIF
1695:6131
1682:8661
1677:NCBI
1664:ITIS
1625:GBIF
1612:EPPO
1591:64ZK
1499:6132
1473:8663
1468:NCBI
1455:IUCN
1442:ITIS
1403:GBIF
1390:EPPO
1257:link
1243:2009
1212:ISBN
1191:2008
1130:2017
1103:PMID
1038:ISBN
1007:PMID
953:ISBN
900:PMID
845:2022
794:2008
744:2021
727:2018
571:The
563:and
559:The
548:The
540:The
521:The
244:The
1757:EoL
1599:EoL
1586:CoL
1573:AFD
1377:CoL
1354:AFD
1093:hdl
1085:doi
1081:207
997:doi
925:at
890:PMC
880:doi
762:at
731:doi
312:).
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
