633:. When combining multiple ototoxicants, the risk of hearing loss becomes greater. As these exposures are common, this hearing impairment can affect workers in many occupations and industries. This risk probably been overlook because individual hearing tests conducted on workers, pure tone audiometry, does not allow one to determine if a hearing effects are a consequence of noise or chemical exposure.
81:, for example, as a side effect of a drug. The effects of ototoxicity can be reversible and temporary, or irreversible and permanent. It has been recognized since the 19th century. There are many well-known ototoxic drugs used in clinical situations, and they are prescribed, despite the risk of hearing disorders, for very serious health conditions. Ototoxic drugs include
490:. The severity of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity is dependent upon the cumulative dose administered and the age of the patient, with young children being most susceptible. The exact mechanism of cisplatin ototoxicity is not known. The drug is understood to damage multiple regions of the cochlea, causing the death of outer
687:
has been shown to increase the severity of the hearing loss from noise. Given the potential for enhanced risk of hearing loss, exposures and contact with products such as fuels, paint thinners, degreasers, white spirits, exhaust, should be kept to a minimum. Noise exposures should be kept below 85
2059:
Hensley ML, Hagerty KL, Kewalramani T, Green DM, Meropol NJ, Wasserman TH, Cohen GI, Emami B, Gradishar WJ, Mitchell RB, Thigpen JT, Trotti A, von Hoff D, Schuchter LM (January 2009). "American
Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 clinical practice guideline update: use of chemotherapy and radiation
768:
There are several guidelines on what constitutes a significant change in hearing which can indicate further action must be taken, whether that be to implement aural rehabilitation or adjust the source of ototoxic exposure (eg. chemotherapy). With pure tone audiometry, ASHA considers a significant
596:
may exacerbate ototoxicity. The
American Academy of Audiology recommends people being treated with ototoxic chemotherapeutics avoid excessive noise levels during treatment and for several months following cessation of treatment. Opiates in combination with excessive noise levels may also have an
400:
may protect against aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. The anti-bacterial activity of aminoglycoside compounds is due to inhibition of ribosome function and these compounds similarly inhibit protein synthesis by mitochondrial ribosomes because mitochondria evolved from a bacterial ancestor.
174:
Ototoxicity-induced hearing loss typically impacts the high frequency range, affecting above 8000 Hz prior to impacting frequencies below. There is not global consensus on measuring severity of ototoxicity-induced hearing loss as there are many criteria available to define and measure
2531:
Venet, Thomas; Carreres-Pons, Maria; Chalansonnet, Monique; Thomas, Aurélie; Merlen, Lise; Nunge, Hervé; Bonfanti, Elodie; Cosnier, Frédéric; Llorens, Jordi (1 September 2017). "Continuous exposure to low-frequency noise and carbon disulfide: Combined effects on hearing".
552:
operations experienced severe sensorineural hearing loss. It was found that in all operations involving this complication the preoperative sterilization was done with chlorhexidine. The ototoxicity of chlorhexidine was further confirmed by studies with animal models.
401:
Consequently, aminoglycoside effects on production of reactive oxygen species as well as dysregulation of cellular calcium ion homeostasis may result from disruption of mitochondrial function. Ototoxicity of gentamicin can be exploited to treat some individuals with
502:. Long-term retention of cisplatin in the cochlea may contribute to the drug's cochleotoxic potential. Once inside the cochlea, cisplatin has been proposed to cause cellular toxicity through a number of different mechanisms, including through the production of
588:
and hearing loss in both ears, typically reversible upon discontinuation of the drug. Erectile dysfunction medications may have the potential to cause hearing loss. However the link between erectile dysfunction medications and hearing loss remains uncertain.
2665:
Lewkowski, Kate; Heyworth, Jane S.; Li, Ian W.; Williams, Warwick; McCausland, Kahlia; Gray, Corie; Ytterstad, Elinor; Glass, Deborah C.; Fuente, Adrian; Si, Si; Florath, Ines (2019). "Exposure to noise and ototoxic chemicals in the
Australian workforce".
796:, rotational testing, vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), and computerized dynamic posturography (CDP); however, there are no globally accepted guidelines for monitoring/management of vestibular function during or following ototoxic treatments.
405:
by destroying the inner ear, which stops the vertigo attacks but causes permanent deafness. Due to the effects on mitochondria, certain inherited mitochondrial disorders result in increased sensitivity to the toxic effects of aminoglycosides.
662:
Ototoxic chemicals in the environment (from contaminated air or water) or in the workplace interact with mechanical stresses on the hair cells of the cochlea caused by noise in different ways. For mixtures containing organic solvents such as
3328:
1111:
American
Academy of Audiology. 2009. “Position Statement and Clinical Practice Guidelines: Ototoxicity Monitoring.” https://audiology-web.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/OtoMonGuidelines.pdf_539974c40999c1.58842217.pdf
3401:, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. SHIB 03-08-2018. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2018-124. https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018124
783:
If using distortion product ototoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), a significant shift is observed if there is a reduction in amplitude by 6 dB or more than the baseline within the sensitive range of ototoxicity.
3128:
2853:
Venet, Thomas; Campo, Pierre; Thomas, Aurélie; Cour, Chantal; Rieger, Benoît; Cosnier, Frédéric (2015). "The tonotopicity of styrene-induced hearing loss depends on the associated noise spectrum".
568:, and any alcohol-based preparations. However, it is difficult to extrapolate these results to human ototoxicity because the human round window membrane is much thicker than in any animal model.
592:
Previous noise exposure has not been found to potentiate ototoxic hearing loss. The
American Academy of Audiology includes in their position statement that exposure to noise at the same time as
695:
puts individuals at increased risk of ototoxic hearing loss. Noise at 85 dB SPL or above added to the amount of hair cell death in the high frequency region of the cochlea in chinchillas.
194:
National Cancer
Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) (as described in the American Academy of Audiology Ototoxicity Monitoring Guidelines from 2009):
3453:
722:
703:
1404:
Munckhof WJ, Grayson ML, Turnidge JD (April 1996). "A meta-analysis of studies on the safety and efficacy of aminoglycosides given either once daily or as divided doses".
2775:"Safety and Health Information Bulletins | Preventing Hearing Loss Caused by Chemical (Ototoxicity) and Noise Exposure | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
1318:
Basile AS, Huang JM, Xie C, Webster D, Berlin C, Skolnick P (December 1996). "N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists limit aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hearing loss".
455:
has a higher association with ototoxicity, and is therefore used only in patients with sulfa allergies. Diuretics are thought to alter the ionic gradient within the
188:
699:
918:
Jung, T. T.; Rhee, C. K.; Lee, C. S.; Park, Y. S.; Choi, D. C. (October 1993). "Ototoxicity of salicylate, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and quinine".
3195:
Ganesan, Purushothaman; Schmiedge, Jason; Manchaiah, Vinaya; Swapna, Simham; Dhandayutham, Subhashini; Kothandaraman, Purushothaman
Pavanjur (April 2018).
2290:
1128:
Ganesan, Purushothaman; Schmiedge, Jason; Manchaiah, Vinaya; Swapna, Simham; Dhandayutham, Subhashini; Kothandaraman, Purushothaman
Pavanjur (April 2018).
1003:
Ganesan, Purushothaman; Schmiedge, Jason; Manchaiah, Vinaya; Swapna, Simham; Dhandayutham, Subhashini; Kothandaraman, Purushothaman
Pavanjur (April 2018).
3446:
2898:"Use of the kurtosis statistic in an evaluation of the effects of noise and solvent exposures on the hearing thresholds of workers: An exploratory study"
752:
Auditory testing involved in ototoxicity monitoring/management (OtoM) is typically general audiological evaluation, high frequency audiometry (HFA), and
740:
706:(NIOSH) introduces the issue, provides examples of ototoxic chemicals, lists the industries and occupations at risk and provides prevention information.
2291:"FDA Announces Revisions to Labels for Cialis, Levitra and Viagra. Potential risk of sudden hearing loss with ED drugs to be displayed more prominently"
3102:
506:. The decreased incidence of oxaliplatin ototoxicity has been attributed to decreased uptake of the drug by cells of the cochlea. Administration of
3647:
3408:
2634:
The Nordic Expert Group for criteria documentation of health risks from chemicals. 142, Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment
2729:"Organic solvents and hearing loss: The challenge for audiology: Los solventes orgánicos y los trastornos auditivos: El reto para la audiologĂa"
2308:
Yafi FA, Sharlip ID, Becher EF (2017). "Update on the Safety of
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction".
698:
The hearing loss caused by chemicals can be very similar to a hearing loss caused by excessive noise. A 2018 informational bulletin by the US
691:
Drug exposures mixed with noise potentially lead to increased risk of ototoxic hearing loss. Noise exposure combined with the chemotherapeutic
444:
Certain types of diuretics are associated with varying levels of risk for ototoxicity. Loop and thiazide diuretics carry this side effect. The
2095:
van Der Heijden R, Jacobs DI, Snoeijer W, Hallard D, Verpoorte R (March 2004). "The Catharanthus alkaloids: pharmacognosy and biotechnology".
1775:
Hellberg V, Wallin I, Eriksson S, Hernlund E, Jerremalm E, Berndtsson M, Eksborg S, Arnér ES, Shoshan M, Ehrsson H, Laurell G (January 2009).
1283:
Dobie RA, Black FO, Pezsnecker SC, Stallings VL (March 2006). "Hearing loss in patients with vestibulotoxic reactions to gentamicin therapy".
968:"Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment. The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals"
3439:
2515:
2415:
2355:
2180:
2147:
1715:
1649:
511:
2591:
Zarus, Gregory M.; Ruiz, Patricia; Benedict, Rae; Brenner, Stephan; Carlson, Krystin; Jeong, Layna; Morata, Thais C. (4 September 2024).
1873:
Li Y, Womer RB, Silber JH (November 2004). "Predicting cisplatin ototoxicity in children: the influence of age and the cumulative dose".
122:
725:
released guidelines in 1994. There are details on the different monitoring procedures on timelines depending on age and responsiveness.
2641:
1505:
499:
456:
318:
is abnormally increased sensitivity to intensity (perceived as loudness) to what is typically deemed as normal/tolerable loudness.
856:
714:
Several guidelines have been published around the world, though there is not consensus on one universally agreed-upon protocol.
1959:
Breglio AM, Rusheen AE, Shide ED, Fernandez KA, Spielbauer KK, McLachlin KM, Hall MD, Amable L, Cunningham LL (November 2017).
1190:"Audiological ototoxicity monitoring guidelines: a review of current evidence and appraisal of quality using the AGREE II tool"
1062:"Audiological ototoxicity monitoring guidelines: a review of current evidence and appraisal of quality using the AGREE II tool"
756:(OAEs). High frequency audiometry evaluates hearing thresholds beyond 8000 Hz, which is the typical cut-off for conventional
223:
Brock's Hearing Loss Grades (as described in the American Academy of Audiology Ototoxicity Monitoring Guidelines from 2009):
2988:
Gratton MA, Salvi RJ, Kamen BA, Saunders SS (1990). "Interaction of cisplatin and noise on the peripheral auditory system".
2016:
Rybak LP, Whitworth CA, Mukherjea D, Ramkumar V (April 2007). "Mechanisms of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and prevention".
201:
Threshold shift or loss of 15-25 dB relative to baseline, averaged at two or more contiguous frequencies in at least one ear
556:
Several other skin preparations have been shown to be potentially ototoxic in the animal model. These preparations include
3642:
2896:
Fuente, Adrian; Qiu, Wei; Zhang, Meibian; Xie, Hongwei; Kardous, Chucri A.; Campo, Pierre; Morata, Thais C. (March 2018).
565:
3399:
Preventing Hearing Loss Caused by Chemical (Ototoxicity) and Noise Exposure Safety and Health Information Bulletin (SHIB)
3518:
1361:
Wu WJ, Sha SH, Schacht J (2002). "Recent advances in understanding aminoglycoside ototoxicity and its prevention".
813:
Schacht J, Hawkins JE (1 January 2006). "Sketches of otohistory. Part 11: Ototoxicity: drug-induced hearing loss".
688:
decibels, and the chemical exposures should be below the recommended exposure limits given by regulatory agencies.
146:
126:
402:
1731:
Rademaker-Lakhai JM, Crul M, Zuur L, Baas P, Beijnen JH, Simis YJ, van Zandwijk N, Schellens JH (February 2006).
676:
184:
2294:
482:, are associated with cochleotoxicity characterized by progressive, high-frequency hearing loss with or without
416:, are associated with reversible ototoxic effects. The underlying mechanism of ototoxicity may be impairment of
3523:
3343:
183:
There are at least 13 classifications for ototoxicity. Examples of ototoxicity grades for hearing loss are the
1578:
Perez N, MartĂn E, GarcĂa-Tapia R (March 2003). "Intratympanic gentamicin for intractable Meniere's disease".
369:, may produce cochleotoxicity through a poorly understood mechanism. It may result from antibiotic binding to
213:
Hearing loss sufficient to indicate aural rehabilitation such as hearing aids and/or speech-language services
3540:
622:
503:
386:
74:
2897:
451:
is associated with ototoxicity, particularly when doses exceed 240 mg per hour. The related compound
326:
Vestibular symptoms from ototoxicity, which would specifically be vestibulotoxicity, can include general
3637:
3547:
2593:"Which Environmental Pollutants Are Toxic to Our Ears?—Evidence of the Ototoxicity of Common Substances"
545:
433:
207:
Threshold shift or loss of >25-90 dB, averaged at two contiguous test frequencies in at least one ear
1665:
Voelker JR, Cartwright-Brown D, Anderson S, Leinfelder J, Sica DA, Kokko JP, Brater DC (October 1987).
967:
2371:
Laurell G, Borg E (1 January 1986). "Cis-platin ototoxicity in previously noise-exposed guinea pigs".
1777:"Cisplatin and oxaliplatin toxicity: importance of cochlear kinetics as a determinant for ototoxicity"
1531:"Disruption of intracellular calcium regulation is integral to aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death"
3632:
2912:
2862:
2811:
2541:
2139:
1972:
1488:
Wirmer J, Westhof E (2006). "Molecular contacts between antibiotics and the 30S ribosomal particle".
753:
3146:
1824:
Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Hartmann JT, Kollmannsberger C, Schmoll HJ, Kuczyk MA, Kanz L (April 1998).
1237:
3535:
3039:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath
793:
347:
45:
3414:
3652:
3604:
3557:
3013:
2835:
2709:
2573:
2272:
2041:
1603:
1470:
1386:
1343:
900:
838:
429:
161:, or imbalance. Presentation of symptoms vary in singularity, onset, severity and reversibility.
3426:
3420:
2728:
1826:"Analysis of risk factors for cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in patients with testicular cancer"
1188:
Lester, Georgia M.; Wilson, Wayne J.; Timmer, Barbra H. B.; Ladwa, Rahul M. (7 December 2023).
1060:
Lester, Georgia M.; Wilson, Wayne J.; Timmer, Barbra H. B.; Ladwa, Rahul M. (7 December 2023).
3354:
3291:
3273:
3234:
3216:
3174:
3166:
3005:
2946:
2928:
2878:
2827:
2756:
2748:
2701:
2693:
2647:
2637:
2614:
2565:
2557:
2511:
2462:
2411:
2388:
2351:
2325:
2264:
2229:
2176:
2143:
2131:
2112:
2077:
2033:
1998:
1941:
1890:
1855:
1806:
1754:
1711:
1688:
1645:
1595:
1560:
1511:
1501:
1462:
1421:
1378:
1335:
1300:
1265:
1257:
1215:
1207:
1167:
1149:
1087:
1079:
1042:
1024:
943:
935:
892:
830:
626:
175:
ototoxicity-induced hearing loss. Guidelines and criteria differ between children and adults.
78:
40:
2164:
3562:
3398:
3281:
3265:
3224:
3208:
3158:
3031:
2997:
2968:
2936:
2920:
2870:
2819:
2740:
2683:
2675:
2604:
2549:
2452:
2444:
2380:
2317:
2256:
2219:
2209:
2104:
2069:
2025:
1988:
1980:
1931:
1921:
1882:
1845:
1837:
1796:
1788:
1744:
1678:
1587:
1550:
1542:
1493:
1452:
1413:
1370:
1327:
1292:
1249:
1197:
1157:
1141:
1069:
1032:
1016:
927:
884:
822:
561:
425:
421:
394:
133:, or both. Some environmental and occupational chemicals have also been shown to affect the
779:
no response at three consecutive test frequencies where responses were previously obtained
684:
495:
452:
134:
2916:
2866:
2815:
2545:
1976:
3485:
3431:
3286:
3253:
3229:
3196:
2941:
2802:
Fechter LD (2004). "Promotion of noise-induced hearing loss by chemical contaminants".
2457:
2432:
2224:
2197:
1993:
1960:
1936:
1909:
1850:
1825:
1801:
1776:
1555:
1530:
1162:
1129:
1037:
1004:
875:
Cazals Y (December 2000). "Auditory sensori-neural alterations induced by salicylate".
734:
released guidelines in 2009. There are details on the kinds of tests which can be used.
618:
593:
548:. This potential was first noted after a small percentage of patients undergoing early
518:
382:
358:
130:
1497:
931:
888:
3626:
3513:
3129:"AUDIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS ON TREATMENT THAT INCLUDES OTOTOXIC MEDICATIONS"
3001:
2247:
Bicknell, P. G. (1971). "Sensorineural deafness following myringoplasty operations".
1591:
760:. It is recommended a baseline evaluation be performed prior to treatment beginning.
636:
Examples of activities that often have exposures to both noise and solvents include:
549:
541:
537:
486:(ringing in the ears). Ototoxicity is less frequently seen with the related compound
445:
417:
370:
191:(CTCAE), Brock's Hearing Loss Grades, Tune grading system, and Chang grading system.
98:
3404:
3348:
2713:
2577:
2448:
2276:
2045:
1607:
1474:
1390:
1347:
904:
842:
145:
Ototoxicity results in cochlear and/or vestibular dysfunction which can manifest as
3609:
3583:
3552:
3017:
2839:
2508:
Hearing Conservation: In Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home settings
1546:
413:
110:
90:
3383:
3162:
2480:
2408:
Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings
1733:"Relationship between cisplatin administration and the development of ototoxicity"
1253:
1202:
1189:
1074:
1061:
2029:
3530:
3462:
2774:
2553:
557:
525:
487:
479:
335:
315:
154:
118:
2321:
1984:
1886:
1296:
3500:
3490:
3469:
3359:
3337:
2874:
2823:
2744:
2688:
2679:
2384:
2260:
2214:
1910:"Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity: Effects, Mechanisms and Protection Strategies"
757:
581:
544:
have the potential to be ototoxic should they enter the inner ear through the
507:
460:
448:
366:
362:
102:
94:
86:
82:
3277:
3220:
3170:
3032:"Preventing Hearing Loss Caused by Chemical (Ototoxicity) and Noise Exposure"
2973:
2932:
2752:
2697:
2651:
2618:
2561:
2108:
2073:
1261:
1211:
1153:
1083:
1028:
939:
3477:
3465:
3427:
https://en.wikiversity.org/International_Ototoxicity_Management_Group_(IOMG)
3378:
3069:
2172:
1749:
1732:
692:
610:
510:
has been used in attempts to prevent cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, but the
491:
475:
409:
327:
114:
3295:
3238:
3212:
3178:
2965:
Preventing hearing loss caused by chemical (ototoxicity) and noise exposure
2964:
2950:
2882:
2831:
2760:
2705:
2609:
2592:
2569:
2466:
2329:
2233:
2136:
The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs
2116:
2081:
2037:
2002:
1945:
1894:
1810:
1758:
1667:"Comparison of loop diuretics in patients with chronic renal insufficiency"
1599:
1564:
1515:
1466:
1417:
1382:
1304:
1269:
1219:
1171:
1145:
1091:
1046:
1020:
896:
834:
3269:
3070:"Audiologic Management of Individuals Receiving Cochleotoxic Drug Therapy"
3009:
2392:
2268:
1961:"Cisplatin is retained in the cochlea indefinitely following chemotherapy"
1926:
1859:
1792:
1692:
1457:
1440:
1425:
1339:
947:
3599:
3578:
1841:
683:
manner. The risk is greatest when the co-exposure is with impulse noise.
585:
483:
471:
150:
106:
58:
3320:
1683:
1666:
1331:
17:
3505:
680:
668:
664:
614:
606:
577:
390:
374:
331:
158:
70:
3145:
Crundwell, Gemma; Gomersall, Phil; Baguley, David M. (February 2016).
3103:"Position Statement and Practice Guidelines on Ototoxicity Monitoring"
2924:
1374:
1236:
Crundwell, Gemma; Gomersall, Phil; Baguley, David M. (February 2016).
826:
3332:
2198:"Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine"
1529:
Esterberg R, Hailey DW, Coffin AB, Raible DW, Rubel EW (April 2013).
672:
378:
3425:
Wikiversity page for the International Ototoxicity Management Group:
858:
Position Statement and Practice Guidelines on Ototoxicity Monitoring
773:≥ 20 dB decrease in pure tone thresholds at any test frequency OR
125:(NSAIDS) have also been shown to be ototoxic. This can result in
792:
Vestibular tests for vestibulotoxicity specifically can include
630:
463:
confers a decreased risk of ototoxicity compared to furosemide.
3435:
2169:
Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World
62:
731:
2293:. United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived from
258:
Chang grading system (as reported in Ganesan et al., 2018):
2350:. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Centrage Learning. p. 145.
1908:
Callejo A, SedĂł-CabezĂłn L, Juan ID, Llorens J (July 2015).
284:
Tune grading system (as reported in Ganesan et al., 2018):
1492:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 415. pp. 180–202.
3147:"Ototoxicity (cochleotoxicity) classifications: A review"
1238:"Ototoxicity (cochleotoxicity) classifications: A review"
675:, the combined exposure with noise increases the risk of
274:
2b: > 20 and < 40 dB at any frequency below 4 kHz
3254:"A review on screening tests for vestibular disorders"
2804:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A
2196:
Keglevich P, Hazai L, Kalaus G, Szántay C (May 2012).
3197:"Ototoxicity: A Challenge in Diagnosis and Treatment"
1130:"Ototoxicity: A Challenge in Diagnosis and Treatment"
1005:"Ototoxicity: A Challenge in Diagnosis and Treatment"
704:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
297:
2a: Threshold shift of ≥ 20 dB at 8, 10, and 12.5 kHz
291:
1a: Threshold shift of ≥ 10 dB at 8, 10, and 12.5 kHz
3310:
3072:. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 1994
3592:
3571:
3499:
3476:
3369:
3314:
3134:. Health Professions Council of South Africa. 2018.
1441:"N-Acetylcysteine in the prevention of ototoxicity"
723:
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)
528:, are also associated with reversible ototoxicity.
39:
34:
2481:"Ototoxicité des métaux - Article de revue - INRS"
1285:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
300:2b: Threshold shift of ≥ 20 dB at 1, 2, and 4 kHz
294:1b: Threshold shift of ≥ 10 dB at 1, 2, and 4 kHz
2905:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2632:Johnson, Ann-Christin; Morata, Thais C. (2009).
2341:
2339:
2797:
2795:
1770:
1768:
776:≥ 10 dB decrease at two adjacent frequencies OR
474:-containing chemotherapeutic agents, including
230:Hearing thresholds <40 dB at all frequencies
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
961:
959:
957:
189:Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
3447:
2348:Pharmacology and Ototoxicity for Audiologists
700:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
601:Ototoxicants in the environment and workplace
393:. Once-daily dosing and co-administration of
8:
3421:International Ototoxicity Management Group.
2727:Fuente, Adrian; McPherson, Bradley (2006).
254:Thresholds 40 dB or greater at 1000-8000 Hz
248:Thresholds 40 dB or greater at 2000-8000 Hz
242:Thresholds 40 dB or greater at 4000-8000 Hz
3454:
3440:
3432:
3311:
741:Health Professions Council of South Africa
597:additive effect on ototoxic hearing loss.
31:
3285:
3228:
2972:
2940:
2687:
2608:
2456:
2431:Campo P, Morata TC, Hong O (April 2013).
2223:
2213:
1992:
1935:
1925:
1849:
1800:
1748:
1682:
1554:
1456:
1406:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
1201:
1161:
1073:
1036:
219:Indications of cochlear implant candidacy
2249:The Journal of Laryngology & Otology
1781:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1708:Renal: An Integrated Approach to Disease
920:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
265:1a: ≥ 40 dB at any frequency 6 to 12 kHz
3409:American Industrial Hygiene Association
2668:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
805:
769:change to have occurred if there is a:
385:. Aminoglycoside-induced production of
3190:
3188:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2636:. Göteborg: University of Gothenburg.
1710:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 123.
1183:
1181:
864:. American Academy of Audiology. 2009.
236:Thresholds 40 dB or greater at 8000 Hz
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
1231:
1229:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
512:American Society of Clinical Oncology
7:
2510:. New York, NY: Thieme. p. 10.
2433:"Chemical exposure and hearing loss"
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
998:
996:
743:(HPSCA) released guidelines in 2018.
605:Ototoxic effects are also seen with
514:recommends against its routine use.
123:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
732:American Academy of Audiology (AAA)
268:1b: > 20 and < 40 dB at 4 kHz
3417:, World Health Organization, 2021.
3201:Journal of Audiology & Otology
3151:International Journal of Audiology
2733:International Journal of Audiology
1242:International Journal of Audiology
1194:International Journal of Audiology
1134:Journal of Audiology & Otology
1066:International Journal of Audiology
1009:Journal of Audiology & Otology
536:Topical skin preparations such as
277:3: ≥ 40 dB at 2 or 3 kHz and above
25:
710:Ototoxicity Monitoring/Management
179:Ototoxicity grades (Hearing Loss)
2410:. New York: Thieme. p. 13.
1592:10.1097/00005537-200303000-00013
306:4: ≥ 70 dB HL at 1, 2, and 4 kHz
303:3: ≥ 35 dB HL at 1, 2, and 4 kHz
3252:Cohen, Helen S. (1 July 2019).
2449:10.1016/j.disamonth.2013.01.003
424:. Predisposing factors include
3648:Occupational safety and health
2855:Neurotoxicology and Teratology
1644:. Hamilton, Ont: B.C. Decker.
1547:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4559-12.2013
966:Johnson AC, Morata TC (2010).
572:Other medicinal ototoxic drugs
271:2a: ≥ 40 dB at 4 kHz and above
1:
3163:10.3109/14992027.2015.1094188
3107:American Academy of Audiology
1498:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)15012-0
1254:10.3109/14992027.2015.1094188
1203:10.1080/14992027.2023.2278018
1075:10.1080/14992027.2023.2278018
932:10.1016/S0030-6665(20)30767-2
889:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00027-7
649:Fueling vehicles and aircraft
566:quaternary ammonium compounds
532:Antiseptics and disinfectants
389:may also injure cells of the
280:4: ≥ 40 dB at 1 kHz and above
262:0: ≤ 20 dB at 1, 2, and 4 kHz
3002:10.1016/0378-5955(90)90046-R
2165:"Africa's gift to the world"
2163:Cooper R, Deakin JJ (2016).
2062:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2030:10.1016/j.heares.2006.09.015
1737:Journal of Clinical Oncology
3519:Eustachian tube dysfunction
2554:10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.013
2097:Current Medicinal Chemistry
1535:The Journal of Neuroscience
1363:Audiology and Neuro-Otology
815:Audiology and Neuro-Otology
764:Significant change criteria
494:, as well as damage to the
3669:
3258:Journal of Neurophysiology
2322:10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.08.001
1985:10.1038/s41467-017-01837-1
1887:10.1016/j.ejca.2003.08.009
1875:European Journal of Cancer
1297:10.1001/archotol.132.3.253
584:may also cause high-pitch
345:
147:sensorineural hearing loss
127:sensorineural hearing loss
2875:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.02.003
2824:10.1080/15287390490428206
2745:10.1080/14992020600753205
2680:10.1136/oemed-2018-105471
2385:10.3109/00016488609108609
2261:10.1017/S0022215100074272
2215:10.3390/molecules17055893
1830:British Journal of Cancer
677:occupational hearing loss
498:neurons and cells of the
185:National Cancer Institute
137:and interact with noise.
57:is the property of being
3524:Patulous Eustachian tube
2974:10.26616/nioshpub2018124
2967:(Report). 1 March 2018.
2109:10.2174/0929867043455846
2074:10.1200/JCO.2008.17.2627
877:Progress in Neurobiology
576:At high doses, quinine,
3415:World Report on Hearing
2310:Sexual Medicine Reviews
1750:10.1200/JCO.2006.10.077
1439:Tepel M (August 2007).
504:reactive oxygen species
467:Chemotherapeutic agents
412:antibiotics, including
387:reactive oxygen species
3213:10.7874/jao.2017.00360
2610:10.3390/toxics12090650
2373:Acta Oto-Laryngologica
2060:therapy protectants".
1146:10.7874/jao.2017.00360
1021:10.7874/jao.2017.00360
3548:Middle ear barotrauma
3270:10.1152/jn.00819.2018
2140:John Wiley & Sons
1965:Nature Communications
1927:10.3390/toxics3030268
1458:10.1038/sj.ki.5002299
754:otoacoustic emissions
717:Guidelines released:
546:round window membrane
434:organ transplantation
3643:Occupational hazards
3541:Gradenigo's syndrome
2142:. pp. 157–159.
1842:10.1038/bjc.1998.226
1671:Kidney International
1445:Kidney International
1418:10.1093/jac/37.4.645
69:), specifically the
2917:2018ASAJ..143.1704F
2867:2015NTxT...48...56V
2816:2004JTEHA..67..727F
2546:2017NeuTx..62..151V
2346:Campbell K (2007).
1977:2017NatCo...8.1654B
1793:10.1093/jnci/djn418
1706:Schmitz PG (2012).
1684:10.1038/ki.1987.246
1332:10.1038/nm1296-1338
357:Antibiotics in the
348:Ototoxic medication
322:Vestibular symptoms
46:Otorhinolaryngology
3558:Perforated eardrum
3370:External resources
2689:20.500.11937/74587
2406:Rawool VW (2012).
2175:. pp. 46–51.
1640:Roland PS (2004).
788:Vestibular testing
658:Pesticide spraying
430:hepatic impairment
288:0: No hearing loss
141:Signs and symptoms
77:and sometimes the
3620:
3619:
3407:, The Synergist,
3397:OSHA-NIOSH 2018.
3393:
3392:
2925:10.1121/1.5028368
2517:978-1-60406-256-4
2506:Rawool V (2012).
2417:978-1-60406-256-4
2357:978-1-4180-1130-7
2182:978-1-4987-0430-4
2149:978-3-527-32669-3
2132:"Vinca alkaloids"
2130:Raviña E (2011).
1717:978-0-07-162155-7
1651:978-1-55009-263-9
1375:10.1159/000058305
827:10.1159/000088850
403:Ménière's disease
334:, imbalance, and
165:Auditory symptoms
79:vestibular system
51:
50:
29:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3660:
3563:Tympanosclerosis
3536:Bezold's abscess
3456:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3109:. 4 January 2023
3099:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3066:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3021:
2990:Hearing Research
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2810:(8–10): 727–40.
2799:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2691:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2018:Hearing Research
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1612:
1611:
1580:The Laryngoscope
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1460:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1125:
1112:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1000:
991:
990:
988:
986:
975:Arbete och Hälsa
972:
963:
952:
951:
915:
909:
908:
872:
866:
865:
863:
853:
847:
846:
810:
748:Auditory testing
562:propylene glycol
500:stria vascularis
457:stria vascularis
426:renal impairment
422:stria vascularis
113:agents (such as
32:
21:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3588:
3567:
3503:
3495:
3472:
3463:Diseases of the
3460:
3405:The Ear Poisons
3394:
3389:
3388:
3365:
3364:
3323:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3025:
2996:(1–2): 211–23.
2987:
2986:
2982:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2644:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2534:NeuroToxicology
2530:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2437:Disease-a-Month
2430:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2297:on 9 July 2009.
2289:
2288:
2284:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2208:(5): 5893–914.
2195:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2024:(1–2): 157–67.
2015:
2014:
2010:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1881:(16): 2445–51.
1872:
1871:
1867:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1615:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1541:(17): 7513–25.
1528:
1527:
1523:
1508:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1326:(12): 1338–43.
1320:Nature Medicine
1317:
1316:
1312:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1110:
1099:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1002:
1001:
994:
984:
982:
970:
965:
964:
955:
917:
916:
912:
874:
873:
869:
861:
855:
854:
850:
812:
811:
807:
802:
794:caloric testing
790:
766:
750:
712:
702:(OSHA) and the
685:Carbon monoxide
603:
594:aminoglycosides
574:
534:
496:spiral ganglion
469:
453:ethacrynic acid
442:
398:-acetylcysteine
361:class, such as
355:
350:
344:
342:Ototoxic agents
324:
313:
181:
172:
167:
143:
135:auditory system
121:). A number of
53:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:Otitis externa
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3402:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3340:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:Classification
3308:
3307:External links
3305:
3302:
3301:
3244:
3184:
3137:
3120:
3083:
3052:
3041:. 3 April 2018
3023:
2980:
2956:
2888:
2845:
2791:
2766:
2739:(7): 367–381.
2719:
2674:(5): 341–348.
2657:
2642:
2624:
2583:
2523:
2516:
2498:
2472:
2423:
2416:
2398:
2379:(1–2): 66–74.
2363:
2356:
2335:
2316:(2): 242–252.
2300:
2282:
2255:(9): 957–962.
2239:
2188:
2181:
2155:
2148:
2122:
2087:
2051:
2008:
1951:
1920:(3): 268–293.
1900:
1865:
1836:(8): 1355–62.
1816:
1764:
1723:
1716:
1698:
1657:
1650:
1613:
1570:
1521:
1506:
1480:
1431:
1396:
1353:
1310:
1275:
1225:
1177:
1113:
1097:
1052:
992:
953:
926:(5): 791–810.
910:
883:(6): 583–631.
867:
848:
804:
803:
801:
798:
789:
786:
781:
780:
777:
774:
765:
762:
749:
746:
745:
744:
736:
735:
727:
726:
711:
708:
660:
659:
656:
655:Weapons firing
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
602:
599:
573:
570:
533:
530:
468:
465:
441:
440:Loop diuretics
438:
383:excitotoxicity
371:NMDA receptors
359:aminoglycoside
354:
351:
346:Main article:
343:
340:
323:
320:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
256:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
221:
220:
214:
208:
202:
180:
177:
171:
168:
166:
163:
142:
139:
131:dysequilibrium
99:loop diuretics
75:auditory nerve
49:
48:
43:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3665:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Cholesteatoma
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2643:9789185971213
2639:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2443:(4): 119–38.
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:(5): 607–28.
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:(1): 127–45.
2067:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1743:(6): 918–24.
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:(3): 456–64.
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:9780121828202
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:(4): 645–63.
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
993:
980:
976:
969:
962:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
868:
860:
859:
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
806:
799:
797:
795:
787:
785:
778:
775:
772:
771:
770:
763:
761:
759:
755:
747:
742:
738:
737:
733:
729:
728:
724:
720:
719:
718:
715:
709:
707:
705:
701:
696:
694:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
598:
595:
590:
587:
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
551:
550:myringoplasty
547:
543:
542:ethyl alcohol
539:
538:chlorhexidine
531:
529:
527:
523:
521:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
446:loop diuretic
439:
437:
435:
432:, and recent
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:ion transport
415:
411:
407:
404:
399:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:and damaging
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
349:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
321:
319:
317:
310:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
285:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
259:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
224:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
190:
186:
178:
176:
169:
164:
162:
160:
157:, dizziness,
156:
152:
148:
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
47:
44:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
3638:Hearing loss
3610:tympanometry
3584:Hearing loss
3553:Otitis media
3377:
3353:
3342:
3327:
3264:(1): 81–92.
3261:
3257:
3247:
3207:(2): 59–68.
3204:
3200:
3157:(2): 65–74.
3154:
3150:
3140:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3106:
3074:. Retrieved
3043:. Retrieved
3038:
3026:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2959:
2908:
2904:
2891:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2807:
2803:
2782:. Retrieved
2779:www.osha.gov
2778:
2769:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2633:
2627:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2507:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2347:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2295:the original
2285:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2168:
2158:
2135:
2125:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1787:(1): 37–47.
1784:
1780:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1707:
1701:
1677:(4): 572–8.
1674:
1670:
1660:
1641:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1490:Glycobiology
1489:
1483:
1451:(3): 231–2.
1448:
1444:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1369:(3): 171–4.
1366:
1362:
1356:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1291:(3): 253–7.
1288:
1284:
1278:
1248:(2): 65–74.
1245:
1241:
1193:
1140:(2): 59–68.
1137:
1133:
1065:
1055:
1015:(2): 59–68.
1012:
1008:
983:. Retrieved
978:
974:
923:
919:
913:
880:
876:
870:
857:
851:
818:
814:
808:
791:
782:
767:
751:
716:
713:
697:
690:
661:
652:Firefighting
646:Construction
635:
623:heavy metals
604:
591:
575:
555:
535:
524:, including
519:
516:
470:
443:
414:erythromycin
408:
395:
356:
325:
314:
283:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
222:
216:
210:
204:
198:
193:
182:
173:
170:Hearing loss
144:
111:chemotherapy
91:streptomycin
66:
54:
52:
26:
3633:Ototoxicity
3531:Mastoiditis
2911:(3): 1704.
2540:: 151–161.
2487:(in French)
2485:www.inrs.fr
1971:(1): 1654.
1642:Ototoxicity
681:synergistic
619:asphyxiants
582:salicylates
558:acetic acid
526:vincristine
488:oxaliplatin
480:carboplatin
353:Antibiotics
336:oscillopsia
316:Hyperacusis
311:Hyperacusis
155:hyperacusis
119:carboplatin
83:antibiotics
55:Ototoxicity
35:Ototoxicity
3627:Categories
3501:Middle ear
3491:Otomycosis
3470:middle ear
3355:DiseasesDB
3349:D000081015
2603:(9): 650.
821:(1): 1–6.
800:References
758:audiometry
611:pesticides
580:and other
508:amifostine
492:hair cells
461:Bumetanide
449:furosemide
367:tobramycin
363:gentamicin
103:furosemide
95:tobramycin
87:gentamicin
3653:Audiology
3605:pneumatic
3478:Outer ear
3379:eMedicine
3278:0022-3077
3221:2384-1621
3171:1499-2027
2933:1520-8524
2861:: 56–63.
2753:1499-2027
2698:1470-7926
2652:939229378
2619:2305-6304
2562:0161-813X
2202:Molecules
2173:CRC Press
1262:1499-2027
1212:1499-2027
1154:2384-1621
1084:1499-2027
1029:2384-1621
940:0030-6665
693:cisplatin
522:alkaloids
476:cisplatin
410:Macrolide
328:dizziness
115:cisplatin
101:(such as
85:(such as
41:Specialty
3600:Otoscope
3579:Ear pain
3572:Symptoms
3296:30995137
3239:29471610
3179:26618898
3113:8 August
3076:8 August
2951:29604694
2883:25689156
2832:15192865
2784:15 April
2761:16938795
2714:59275676
2706:30683670
2578:10324339
2570:28655499
2467:23507352
2330:28923561
2277:45496227
2234:22609781
2117:15032608
2082:19018081
2046:26537773
2038:17113254
2003:29162831
1946:29051464
1895:15519518
1811:19116379
1759:16484702
1608:24159159
1600:12616197
1565:23616556
1516:17116475
1475:34339370
1467:17653228
1391:32139933
1383:12053140
1348:30861122
1305:16549744
1270:26618898
1220:38062855
1172:29471610
1092:38062855
1047:29471610
981:(4): 177
905:23196277
897:10880852
843:37321714
835:16219991
643:Painting
640:Printing
625:such as
615:solvents
586:tinnitus
484:tinnitus
472:Platinum
381:through
252:Grade 4:
246:Grade 3:
240:Grade 2:
234:Grade 1:
228:Grade 0:
217:Grade 4:
211:Grade 3:
205:Grade 2:
199:Grade 1:
151:tinnitus
107:platinum
18:Ototoxin
3506:mastoid
3411:, 2018.
3384:ent/699
3287:6689777
3230:5894487
3045:3 April
3018:4702189
3010:2076973
2942:8588570
2913:Bibcode
2863:Bibcode
2840:5731842
2812:Bibcode
2542:Bibcode
2458:4693596
2393:3962651
2269:5571878
2225:6268133
1994:5698400
1973:Bibcode
1937:5606684
1860:9579846
1851:2150148
1802:2639295
1693:3430953
1556:3703319
1426:8722531
1340:8946832
1196:: 1–6.
1163:5894487
1068:: 1–6.
1038:5894487
948:8233489
669:styrene
665:toluene
627:mercury
607:quinine
578:aspirin
420:in the
391:cochlea
379:neurons
375:cochlea
373:in the
332:vertigo
159:vertigo
109:-based
105:), and
71:cochlea
61:to the
3294:
3284:
3276:
3237:
3227:
3219:
3177:
3169:
3016:
3008:
2949:
2939:
2931:
2881:
2838:
2830:
2759:
2751:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2650:
2640:
2617:
2597:Toxics
2576:
2568:
2560:
2514:
2491:23 May
2465:
2455:
2414:
2391:
2354:
2328:
2275:
2267:
2232:
2222:
2179:
2146:
2115:
2080:
2044:
2036:
2001:
1991:
1944:
1934:
1914:Toxics
1893:
1858:
1848:
1809:
1799:
1757:
1714:
1691:
1648:
1606:
1598:
1563:
1553:
1514:
1504:
1473:
1465:
1424:
1389:
1381:
1346:
1338:
1303:
1268:
1260:
1218:
1210:
1170:
1160:
1152:
1090:
1082:
1045:
1035:
1027:
946:
938:
903:
895:
841:
833:
673:xylene
621:, and
3593:Tests
3466:outer
3338:H91.0
3132:(PDF)
3035:(PDF)
3014:S2CID
2901:(PDF)
2836:S2CID
2710:S2CID
2574:S2CID
2273:S2CID
2042:S2CID
1604:S2CID
1471:S2CID
1387:S2CID
1344:S2CID
985:4 May
971:(PDF)
901:S2CID
862:(PDF)
839:S2CID
679:in a
520:vinca
59:toxic
3504:and
3468:and
3360:2874
3344:MeSH
3292:PMID
3274:ISSN
3235:PMID
3217:ISSN
3175:PMID
3167:ISSN
3115:2024
3078:2024
3047:2018
3006:PMID
2947:PMID
2929:ISSN
2879:PMID
2828:PMID
2786:2020
2757:PMID
2749:ISSN
2702:PMID
2694:ISSN
2648:OCLC
2638:ISBN
2615:ISSN
2566:PMID
2558:ISSN
2512:ISBN
2493:2024
2463:PMID
2412:ISBN
2389:PMID
2352:ISBN
2326:PMID
2265:PMID
2230:PMID
2177:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2113:PMID
2078:PMID
2034:PMID
1999:PMID
1942:PMID
1891:PMID
1856:PMID
1807:PMID
1755:PMID
1712:ISBN
1689:PMID
1646:ISBN
1596:PMID
1561:PMID
1512:PMID
1502:ISBN
1463:PMID
1422:PMID
1379:PMID
1336:PMID
1301:PMID
1266:PMID
1258:ISSN
1216:PMID
1208:ISSN
1168:PMID
1150:ISSN
1088:PMID
1080:ISSN
1043:PMID
1025:ISSN
987:2016
944:PMID
936:ISSN
893:PMID
831:PMID
739:The
730:The
721:The
631:lead
629:and
540:and
517:The
478:and
365:and
117:and
67:oto-
3329:ICD
3282:PMC
3266:doi
3262:122
3225:PMC
3209:doi
3159:doi
2998:doi
2969:doi
2937:PMC
2921:doi
2909:143
2871:doi
2820:doi
2741:doi
2684:hdl
2676:doi
2605:doi
2550:doi
2453:PMC
2445:doi
2381:doi
2377:101
2318:doi
2257:doi
2220:PMC
2210:doi
2105:doi
2070:doi
2026:doi
2022:226
1989:PMC
1981:doi
1932:PMC
1922:doi
1883:doi
1846:PMC
1838:doi
1797:PMC
1789:doi
1785:101
1745:doi
1679:doi
1588:doi
1584:113
1551:PMC
1543:doi
1494:doi
1453:doi
1414:doi
1371:doi
1328:doi
1293:doi
1289:132
1250:doi
1198:doi
1158:PMC
1142:doi
1070:doi
1033:PMC
1017:doi
928:doi
885:doi
823:doi
671:or
338:.
187:'s
97:),
73:or
63:ear
3629::
3382::
3358::
3347::
3336::
3333:10
3290:.
3280:.
3272:.
3260:.
3256:.
3233:.
3223:.
3215:.
3205:22
3203:.
3199:.
3187:^
3173:.
3165:.
3155:55
3153:.
3149:.
3105:.
3086:^
3055:^
3037:.
3012:.
3004:.
2994:50
2992:.
2945:.
2935:.
2927:.
2919:.
2907:.
2903:.
2877:.
2869:.
2859:48
2857:.
2834:.
2826:.
2818:.
2808:67
2806:.
2794:^
2777:.
2755:.
2747:.
2737:45
2735:.
2731:.
2708:.
2700:.
2692:.
2682:.
2672:76
2670:.
2646:.
2613:.
2601:12
2599:.
2595:.
2572:.
2564:.
2556:.
2548:.
2538:62
2536:.
2483:.
2461:.
2451:.
2441:59
2439:.
2435:.
2387:.
2375:.
2338:^
2324:.
2312:.
2271:.
2263:.
2253:85
2251:.
2228:.
2218:.
2206:17
2204:.
2200:.
2171:.
2167:.
2138:.
2134:.
2111:.
2101:11
2099:.
2076:.
2066:27
2064:.
2040:.
2032:.
2020:.
1997:.
1987:.
1979:.
1967:.
1963:.
1940:.
1930:.
1916:.
1912:.
1889:.
1879:40
1877:.
1854:.
1844:.
1834:77
1832:.
1828:.
1805:.
1795:.
1783:.
1779:.
1767:^
1753:.
1741:24
1739:.
1735:.
1687:.
1675:32
1673:.
1669:.
1616:^
1602:.
1594:.
1582:.
1559:.
1549:.
1539:33
1537:.
1533:.
1510:.
1500:.
1469:.
1461:.
1449:72
1447:.
1443:.
1420:.
1410:37
1408:.
1385:.
1377:.
1365:.
1342:.
1334:.
1322:.
1299:.
1287:.
1264:.
1256:.
1246:55
1244:.
1240:.
1228:^
1214:.
1206:.
1192:.
1180:^
1166:.
1156:.
1148:.
1138:22
1136:.
1132:.
1116:^
1100:^
1086:.
1078:.
1064:.
1041:.
1031:.
1023:.
1013:22
1011:.
1007:.
995:^
979:44
977:.
973:.
956:^
942:.
934:.
924:26
922:.
899:.
891:.
881:62
879:.
837:.
829:.
819:11
817:.
667:,
617:,
613:,
609:,
564:,
560:,
459:.
436:.
428:,
330:,
153:,
149:,
129:,
93:,
89:,
3455:e
3448:t
3441:v
3331:-
3321:D
3298:.
3268::
3241:.
3211::
3181:.
3161::
3117:.
3080:.
3049:.
3020:.
3000::
2977:.
2971::
2953:.
2923::
2915::
2885:.
2873::
2865::
2842:.
2822::
2814::
2788:.
2763:.
2743::
2716:.
2686::
2678::
2654:.
2621:.
2607::
2580:.
2552::
2544::
2520:.
2495:.
2469:.
2447::
2420:.
2395:.
2383::
2360:.
2332:.
2320::
2314:6
2279:.
2259::
2236:.
2212::
2185:.
2152:.
2119:.
2107::
2084:.
2072::
2048:.
2028::
2005:.
1983::
1975::
1969:8
1948:.
1924::
1918:3
1897:.
1885::
1862:.
1840::
1813:.
1791::
1761:.
1747::
1720:.
1695:.
1681::
1654:.
1610:.
1590::
1567:.
1545::
1518:.
1496::
1477:.
1455::
1428:.
1416::
1393:.
1373::
1367:7
1350:.
1330::
1324:2
1307:.
1295::
1272:.
1252::
1222:.
1200::
1174:.
1144::
1094:.
1072::
1049:.
1019::
989:.
950:.
930::
907:.
887::
845:.
825::
396:N
65:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.