657:
614:
589:". His body reflected neutrons back into the stack. Out of the corner of his eye he saw that the red lamps that flickered intermittently when neutrons were being emitted, were 'glowing continuously'. Realizing what was happening, Frisch quickly scattered the bars with his hand. Later he calculated that the radiation dose was "quite harmless" but that if he "had hesitated for another two seconds before removing the material ... the dose would have been fatal". "In two seconds he received, by the generous standards of the time, a full day's permissible dose of neutron radiation." In this way his experiments determined the exact masses of uranium required to fire the
561:
55:
1467:
191:
265:
427:
1402:
O. R. Frisch brought to physics the approach of a craftsman. He enjoyed, above all, doing experiments with his own hands, preferably on apparatus of his own design, aimed at simple basic questions. This approach required the ability to think about the important problems of physics simply, but deeply,
481:
Political restraints of the Nazi era forced the teams of Hahn and
Strassmann and that of Frisch and Meitner (both of whom were Jewish) to publish separately. Hahn's paper described the experiment and the finding of the barium byproduct. Meitner's and Frisch's paper explained the physics behind the
580:
which would be required to create the critical mass, the mass of uranium which would sustain a nuclear chain reaction. He did this by stacking several dozen 3 cm bars of enriched uranium hydride at a time and measuring rising neutron activity as the critical mass was approached. The
469:
as one of its byproducts. Hahn, in a letter to
Meitner, called this new reaction a "bursting" of the uranium nucleus. Frisch and Meitner hypothesized that the uranium nucleus had split in two, explained the process, and estimated the energy released, and Frisch coined the term
600:
He also designed the "dragon's tail" or "guillotine" experiment in which a uranium slug was dropped through a hole in larger fixed mass of uranium, reaching just above critical mass (0.1%) for a fraction of a second. At the meeting to approve the experiment,
1572:
605:, commenting on the transient danger involved, said it was "just like tickling the tail of a sleeping dragon." In the period of about 3 milliseconds, the temperature rose at a rate of 2000 °C per sec and over 10 excess neutrons were emitted.
485:
Frisch went back to
Copenhagen, where he was quickly able to isolate the pieces produced by fission reactions. As Frisch himself later recalled, a fundamental idea of the direct experimental proof of the nuclear fission was suggested to him by
517:
and could be made to achieve criticality using conventional explosives to create an immensely powerful detonation. The memorandum went on to predict the effects of such an explosion—from the initial blast to the resulting
1607:
1041:
The paper is dated 16 January 1939. Meitner is identified as being at the
Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of
1403:
an ability underlying the two contributions for which he was best known: his share in the explanation of the fission process and that in the recognition of the feasibility of an atomic weapon.
513:, which was the first document to set out a process by which an atomic explosion could be generated. Their process would use separated uranium-235, which would require a fairly small
1231:
We were building an unusual assembly, with no reflecting material around it; just the reacting compound of uranium-235 ... For obvious reasons we called it the Lady Godiva assembly.
656:
1597:
1582:
694:
585:
in the metal bars increased the time that the reaction required to accelerate. One day Frisch almost caused a runaway reaction by leaning over the stack, which he termed the "
1612:
1622:
1577:
1627:
1592:
531:
957:
Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Ăśber den
Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle ".
1494:
648:. Seeing that this had wider applications, he helped found a company, Laser-Scan Limited, now known as Laser-Scan Engineering Ltd., to exploit the idea.
203:
40:
333:
family, the son of
Justinian Frisch, a painter, and Auguste Meitner Frisch, a concert pianist. He himself was talented at both but also shared his aunt
1532:
1463:"On the Feasibility of Coal-Driven Power Stations" (Spoof essay by Frisch written in commemoration of the 70th birthday of Niels Bohr, 7 October 1955)
1632:
735:
1442:
1587:
933:
901:
863:
1562:
626:
613:
1458:
Oral history interview transcript with Otto Robert Frisch on 3 May 1967, American
Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1453:
Oral history interview transcript with Otto Robert Frisch on 8 May 1963, American
Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1557:
286:
802:
Frisch, Otto R.; Stern, Otto (1933). "Ăśber die magnetische
Ablenkung von WasserstoffmolekĂĽlen und das magnetische Moment des Protons".
1567:
1357:
1260:
1224:
312:
1617:
389:
573:
385:
290:
60:
506:
991:
The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fĂĽr Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem. Received 22 December 1938.
1537:
1092:
The paper is dated 17 January 1939. [The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939; see
893:
421:
576:, one of Frisch's tasks as the leader of the Critical Assemblies group was to accurately determine the exact amount of
490:. Many feel that Meitner and Frisch deserved Nobel Prize recognition for their contributions to understanding fission.
1547:
207:
156:
44:
275:
1602:
1542:
1002:
634:
294:
279:
804:
539:
510:
1457:
1452:
514:
243:(coining the term) and first experimentally detected the fission by-products. Later, with his collaborator
54:
1552:
763:
1214:
1504:
1323:
1143:
664:
He retired from the chair in 1972 as required by
University regulations. He died on 22 September 1979.
365:. Here he produced work on the diffraction of atoms (using crystal surfaces) and also proved that the
353:
After some years working in relatively obscure laboratories in Germany, Frisch obtained a position in
1527:
1522:
1157:
1065:
1016:
966:
813:
747:
586:
338:
136:
380:
to the chancellorship of Germany in 1933 caused Otto Robert Frisch to make the decision to move to
625:
In 1946 he returned to England to take up the post of head of the nuclear physics division of the
1311:
1083:
1032:
982:
829:
713:
224:
1373:
190:
1393:
1353:
1303:
1256:
1252:
1220:
1194:
1103:
939:
929:
897:
859:
853:
555:
527:
475:
1276:
1471:
1385:
1295:
1073:
1024:
1007:
974:
821:
755:
703:
577:
450:
1336:
777:
602:
543:
519:
471:
409:
381:
366:
240:
228:
216:
86:
1443:
Annotated bibliography for Otto Frisch from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1069:
1020:
970:
817:
751:
1487:
1447:
1369:
917:
685:
645:
618:
560:
535:
502:
487:
244:
1516:
1315:
1245:
1187:
1096:
922:
833:
565:
431:
397:
393:
1291:
1087:
1036:
986:
498:
438:
377:
334:
236:
522:. This memorandum was the basis of British work on building an atomic device (the
887:
493:
In mid-1939 Frisch left Denmark for what he anticipated would be a short trip to
523:
358:
264:
248:
146:
1054:"Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment"
731:
590:
494:
442:
405:
401:
362:
220:
1397:
943:
630:
594:
446:
212:
116:
104:
1389:
708:
689:
629:
at Harwell, though he also spent much of the next thirty years teaching at
17:
1573:
People associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom
1352:
Otto Frisch, "What Little I Remember", Cambridge University Press (1979),
426:
341:, graduating in 1926 with some work on the effect of the newly discovered
641:
582:
342:
633:
where he was Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy and a fellow of
1003:"Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction"
978:
825:
462:
458:
354:
173:
759:
717:
1307:
1078:
1053:
1028:
889:
The Prometheus Bomb: The Manhattan Project and Government in the Dark
466:
454:
370:
330:
326:
247:
he designed the first theoretical mechanism for the detonation of an
232:
82:
1462:
1299:
660:
University of Birmingham - Poynting Physics Building - blue plaque
655:
612:
559:
425:
211:(1 October 1904 – 22 September 1979) was an Austrian-born British
542:
1939–40. He went to America in 1943 having been hurriedly made a
501:
precluded his return. With war on his mind, he and the physicist
1116:
Otto R. Frisch, "The Discovery of Fission – How It All Began",
258:
1608:
Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
437:
During the Christmas holiday in 1938, he visited his aunt
337:'s love of physics and commenced a period of study at the
1374:"Otto Robert Frisch, 1 October 1904 - 22 September 1979"
690:"Otto Robert Frisch. 1 October 1904 – 22 September 1979"
1448:
Los Alamos National Laboratory on the British mission
644:, that used a laser and computer to measure tracks in
855:
Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics
847:
845:
843:
1378:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
695:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
373:was much larger than had been previously supposed.
183:
169:
152:
142:
132:
122:
112:
93:
68:
34:
1244:
1186:
1095:
921:
538:worked together in the Physics Department at the
239:he advanced the first theoretical explanation of
1219:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–162.
928:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 263.
1348:
1346:
400:. He followed this with a five-year stint in
8:
778:"Otto Robert Frisch | Biography & Facts"
617:Left to right: William Penney, Otto Frisch,
1598:Jacksonian Professors of Natural Philosophy
1583:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
293:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1613:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
1495:Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy
1476:
1158:"Culture trails – Blue Plaque Guide"
53:
31:
1623:British people of Austrian-Jewish descent
1578:Academics of the University of Birmingham
1208:
1206:
1204:
1077:
707:
445:. While there she received the news that
313:Learn how and when to remove this message
1628:Fellows of the American Physical Society
640:Before he retired he designed a device,
1129:J. A. Wheeler, "Mechanism of Fission",
672:
457:had discovered that the collision of a
27:Austrian-born British nuclear physicist
1332:
1321:
1593:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
1292:"Experiments with the Dragon Machine"
1001:Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939).
858:. Simon & Schuster. p. 150.
680:
678:
676:
408:where he increasingly specialised in
7:
1468:Works by or about Otto Robert Frisch
627:Atomic Energy Research Establishment
291:adding citations to reliable sources
412:, particularly in neutron physics.
25:
734:; Winter, George (January 1980).
1533:20th-century Austrian scientists
263:
189:
1633:20th-century British physicists
1251:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
1193:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
1102:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
430:Otto Frisch, Lise Meitner, and
390:Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
384:, where he joined the staff at
736:"Obituary: Otto Robert Frisch"
532:part of the British delegation
526:project) and also that of the
388:and worked with the physicist
1:
1247:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
1189:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
1120:, V20, N11, pp. 43-48 (1967).
1098:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
924:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
465:nucleus produced the element
59:Otto Robert Frisch's wartime
1588:Fellows of the Royal Society
1213:Frisch, Otto Robert (1980).
1144:"Fame without a Nobel Prize"
894:University of Nebraska Press
478:in biology, to describe it.
422:Discovery of nuclear fission
1563:Austrian nuclear physicists
1133:V20, N11, pp. 49-52 (1967).
157:Fellow of the Royal Society
1649:
1558:British nuclear physicists
886:Sullivan, Neil J. (2016).
621:and John Cockcroft in 1946
553:
530:on which Frisch worked as
419:
396:technology and artificial
1501:
1492:
1484:
1479:
507:Frisch–Peierls memorandum
188:
179:
162:
52:
1568:Manhattan Project people
1243:Rhodes, Richard (1986).
1185:Rhodes, Richard (1986).
1165:University of Birmingham
1094:Rhodes, Richard (1986).
540:University of Birmingham
511:University of Birmingham
1290:r.e. Malenfant (2005).
782:Encyclopedia Brittanica
1618:Scientists from Vienna
1430:What Little I Remember
1390:10.1098/rsbm.1981.0012
1331:Cite journal requires
1216:What Little I Remember
1052:Frisch, O. R. (1939).
805:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Physik
709:10.1098/rsbm.1981.0012
661:
622:
569:
497:, but the outbreak of
434:
227:he first measured the
1370:Peierls, Rudolf Ernst
766:on 28 September 2013.
659:
616:
563:
429:
1418:Atomic Physics Today
852:Gribbin, J. (2000).
587:Lady Godiva assembly
339:University of Vienna
287:improve this section
137:University of Vienna
1538:Austrian physicists
1372:(1 November 1981).
1070:1939Natur.143..276F
1021:1939Natur.143..239M
971:1939NW.....27...11H
959:Naturwissenschaften
818:1933ZPhy...85....4F
752:1980PhT....33a..99B
361:-winning scientist
325:Frisch was born in
1548:British physicists
1424:Working with ATOMS
1146:. 5 November 2015.
979:10.1007/BF01488241
826:10.1007/BF01330773
662:
623:
570:
435:
225:Immanuel Estermann
200:Otto Robert Frisch
36:Otto Robert Frisch
1603:Austrian refugees
1543:Jewish physicists
1511:
1510:
1502:Succeeded by
1480:Academic offices
1277:"Here Be Dragons"
1015:(3615): 239–240.
935:978-0-684-81378-3
903:978-1-61234-890-2
865:978-0-684-86315-3
760:10.1063/1.2913924
609:Return to England
556:Manhattan Project
550:Manhattan Project
528:Manhattan Project
474:, adopted from a
376:The accession of
323:
322:
315:
197:
196:
164:Scientific career
97:22 September 1979
16:(Redirected from
1640:
1485:Preceded by
1477:
1472:Internet Archive
1406:
1405:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1079:10.1038/143276a0
1049:
1043:
1040:
1029:10.1038/143239a0
998:
992:
990:
954:
948:
947:
927:
914:
908:
907:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
849:
838:
837:
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
774:
768:
767:
762:. Archived from
728:
722:
721:
711:
682:
578:enriched uranium
451:Fritz Strassmann
386:Birkbeck College
318:
311:
307:
304:
298:
267:
259:
210:
193:
107:, United Kingdom
100:
78:
76:
57:
47:
32:
21:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1490:
1439:
1414:
1409:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1344:
1330:
1320:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1093:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1000:
999:
995:
956:
955:
951:
936:
918:Rhodes, Richard
916:
915:
911:
904:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
866:
851:
850:
841:
801:
800:
796:
786:
784:
776:
775:
771:
730:
729:
725:
684:
683:
674:
670:
654:
646:bubble chambers
635:Trinity College
611:
603:Richard Feynman
558:
552:
544:British citizen
424:
418:
416:Nuclear fission
410:nuclear physics
367:magnetic moment
351:
349:Nuclear physics
319:
308:
302:
299:
284:
268:
257:
241:nuclear fission
229:magnetic moment
217:nuclear physics
202:
133:Alma mater
127:
108:
102:
98:
89:
87:Austria-Hungary
80:
74:
72:
64:
48:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1488:John Cockcroft
1486:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1437:External links
1435:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1361:
1342:
1333:|journal=
1300:10.2172/876514
1282:
1268:
1261:
1235:
1225:
1200:
1177:
1149:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1044:
993:
949:
934:
909:
902:
896:. p. 19.
878:
864:
839:
794:
769:
723:
671:
669:
666:
653:
650:
619:Rudolf Peierls
610:
607:
554:Main article:
551:
548:
536:Rudolf Peierls
503:Rudolf Peierls
488:George Placzek
420:Main article:
417:
414:
350:
347:
321:
320:
271:
269:
262:
256:
253:
245:Rudolf Peierls
215:who worked on
195:
194:
186:
185:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
143:Known for
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
128:United Kingdom
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
103:
101:(aged 74)
95:
91:
90:
81:
79:1 October 1904
70:
66:
65:
63:ID badge photo
58:
50:
49:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1645:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Austrian Jews
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:0-521-40583-1
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1262:9780671441333
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:0-52-128010-9
1222:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:Physics Today
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:Physics Today
1113:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:(3616): 276.
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
997:
994:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:(in German).
960:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
931:
926:
925:
919:
913:
910:
905:
899:
895:
891:
890:
882:
879:
867:
861:
857:
856:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:(1–2): 4–16.
811:
808:(in German).
807:
806:
798:
795:
783:
779:
773:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:(1): 99–100.
745:
741:
740:Physics Today
737:
733:
727:
724:
719:
715:
710:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
687:
681:
679:
677:
673:
667:
665:
658:
651:
649:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
620:
615:
608:
606:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
568:at Los Alamos
567:
566:Godiva device
562:
557:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:. Frisch and
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
515:critical mass
512:
508:
505:produced the
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
483:
479:
477:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
432:Glenn Seaborg
428:
423:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:radioactivity
395:
394:cloud chamber
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:in 1904 to a
328:
317:
314:
306:
296:
292:
288:
282:
281:
277:
272:This section
270:
266:
261:
260:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
205:
201:
192:
187:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
106:
96:
92:
88:
84:
71:
67:
62:
56:
51:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
1493:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1412:Bibliography
1401:
1381:
1377:
1364:
1324:cite journal
1285:
1271:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1215:
1188:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1164:
1152:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1097:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1012:
1006:
996:
965:(1): 11–15.
962:
958:
952:
923:
912:
888:
881:
869:. Retrieved
854:
809:
803:
797:
785:. Retrieved
781:
772:
764:the original
743:
739:
732:Bethe, H. A.
726:
699:
693:
663:
639:
624:
599:
571:
499:World War II
492:
484:
482:phenomenon.
480:
439:Lise Meitner
436:
378:Adolf Hitler
375:
352:
335:Lise Meitner
324:
309:
303:October 2022
300:
285:Please help
273:
237:Lise Meitner
199:
198:
163:
99:(1979-09-22)
29:
1528:1979 deaths
1523:1904 births
1384:: 283–306.
1042:Copenhagen.
892:. Lincoln:
787:21 December
702:: 283–306.
686:Peierls, R.
572:In 1944 at
524:Tube Alloys
359:Nobel Prize
249:atomic bomb
147:Atomic bomb
123:Citizenship
113:Nationality
18:Otto Frisch
1517:Categories
1499:1947–1972
1170:4 December
871:4 December
668:References
652:Retirement
593:bomb over
591:Little Boy
574:Los Alamos
495:Birmingham
406:Niels Bohr
402:Copenhagen
363:Otto Stern
357:under the
345:on salts.
255:Early life
221:Otto Stern
75:1904-10-01
61:Los Alamos
1505:Alan Cook
1398:0080-4606
1316:108799363
834:120793548
631:Cambridge
595:Hiroshima
447:Otto Hahn
274:does not
251:in 1940.
213:physicist
184:Signature
105:Cambridge
1106:and 268.
944:13793436
920:(1986).
688:(1981).
642:SWEEPNIK
583:hydrogen
343:electron
117:Austrian
1470:at the
1195:612–613
1088:4076376
1066:Bibcode
1037:4113262
1017:Bibcode
987:5920336
967:Bibcode
814:Bibcode
748:Bibcode
520:fallout
509:at the
476:process
472:fission
463:uranium
461:with a
459:neutron
443:Kungälv
369:of the
355:Hamburg
295:removed
280:sources
235:. With
231:of the
219:. With
174:Physics
126:Austria
1432:(1979)
1426:(1965)
1420:(1961)
1396:
1356:
1314:
1308:876514
1306:
1259:
1223:
1086:
1058:Nature
1035:
1008:Nature
985:
942:
932:
900:
862:
832:
718:769874
716:
467:barium
455:Berlin
382:London
371:proton
331:Jewish
327:Vienna
233:proton
170:Fields
153:Awards
83:Vienna
1312:S2CID
1255:–11.
1161:(PDF)
1084:S2CID
1033:S2CID
983:S2CID
830:S2CID
714:JSTOR
404:with
206:
43:
1394:ISSN
1354:ISBN
1337:help
1304:OSTI
1257:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1172:2021
940:OCLC
930:ISBN
898:ISBN
873:2021
860:ISBN
789:2023
564:The
449:and
278:any
276:cite
223:and
94:Died
69:Born
1386:doi
1296:doi
1253:610
1104:263
1074:doi
1062:143
1025:doi
1013:143
975:doi
822:doi
756:doi
704:doi
453:in
441:in
392:on
289:by
208:FRS
204:OBE
45:FRS
41:OBE
1519::
1400:.
1392:.
1382:27
1380:.
1376:.
1345:^
1328::
1326:}}
1322:{{
1310:.
1302:.
1294:.
1229:.
1203:^
1163:.
1082:.
1072:.
1060:.
1056:.
1031:.
1023:.
1011:.
1005:.
981:.
973:.
963:27
938:.
842:^
828:.
820:.
810:85
780:.
754:.
744:33
742:.
738:.
712:.
700:27
698:.
692:.
675:^
637:.
597:.
546:.
85:,
1388::
1339:)
1335:(
1318:.
1298::
1279:.
1265:.
1197:.
1174:.
1090:.
1076::
1068::
1039:.
1027::
1019::
989:.
977::
969::
946:.
906:.
875:.
836:.
824::
816::
791:.
758::
750::
720:.
706::
316:)
310:(
305:)
301:(
297:.
283:.
77:)
73:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
