251:
346:, along the verification of the energy quantization hypothesis with respect to the simple wave theory. A further notable repetition, aimed at evaluating the dependence of a cesium film's photoelectric emission upon illumination conditions. Ives and Fry controlled bands formation using a thicker film to be dissected upon development. More recent repetitions avail of laser technology.
279:
The light was obtained from a carbon arc light, entering the darkroom through a slit. Then it was filtered through a prism, discarding most of the red side of the spectrum. An achromatic lens focused an 8mm-wide, slightly converging light beam. 220mm after the lens, the light hit a polished silver
266:
Otto Wiener's fame is mostly due to the experiment where he visualized light waves in steady conditions. Although it could be considered equivalent to Hertz's detection of radio waves, their intent differed. Hertz aimed at validating
Maxwell's theory, while Wiener's purpose was to determine the
284:
film was transparently thin, about 20 nm, measured by interference, which is much less than the wavelength (the sodium doublet is at about 589 nm). It was laid on the mirror, over an equally thin slice of gel. That way, by applying pressure on one side of the film only, Wiener could
188:
light waves in 1890. In the same experiment series he demonstrated that it is the electrical and not magnetic component of light wave responsible for its action on photographic film, as well as proved that the wave is tangential. These experiments made him skeptical about the
271:. With the rise of quantum mechanics, the concept of luminous field changed dramatically. Nowadays, quantum optics replaced the problem of visualizing light waves with that of simultaneously measuring their phase and amplitude.
238:'s theory that separates internal images —a conceptualization of reality— from descriptions of experiment (Principles of Mechanics, 1894). It was the dawn of media technology. Wiener added to Hertz's work, and theorized
293:
Wiener added benzene to the wedge after having been criticized for not considering the possibility of having photographed thin-film interference fringes rather than standing waves. His interpretation validated
430:
4 vols. Edited by CW Schmidt Edit. by HH Kritzinger, CW Schmidt, Otto Wiener, Hugo
Kauffmann, K. Keilhack, G. Kraitschek, F. Cappeller, C. Schäffer including de Gruyter, Berlin 1926–1931.
181:
at the
University of Strasbourg, where he received his doctorate in 1887 with a thesis on the phase change of light upon reflection, and methods to determine the thickness of thin films.
258:
described by the author in 1890. The film is depicted as if it were a developed positive transparency, showing 27 waves and 2 transverse lines of the carbon arc spectrum near to
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285:
slightly tilt it so as to make it traverse several standing waves. The standing waves were revealed by exposing the film for 20~35 minutes, after development and printing.
267:
plane of vibration of light waves, as they were conceived in mechanical theory. Note that both scientists, like most of their contemporaries, assumed the existence of
322:
in 1865. Zenker's proposal didn't delve into the thickness of the film, though. By exposing a thicker film, to be observed by reflection rather than by transparency,
280:
mirror perpendicularly. Monochromatic light would result in a uniform wavelength, hence a regular standing waves pattern, parallel to the mirror's surface. Wiener's
334:
Repetition of the experiment under different conditions was carried out by
Leistner, a Wiener's student, to better characterize the radiation. Leistner modified a
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370:, Paper presented at the 80th Scientific Congress at Cologne on the Rhine in the general meeting of the two main groups on 24 September 1908, in:
28:
979:
Herbert E. Ives; Thornton C. Fry (1933), "Standing Light Waves; Repetition of an
Experiment by Wiener, Using a Photoelectric Probe Surface",
896:
678:
645:
326:
discovered interferential color photography, which he was awarded the Nobel prize for. Wiener contributed to
Lippmann's theory thereafter.
318:
A photographic experiment for validating
Fresnel's theory had already been suggested by Wilhelm Zenker (1829-1899), after a call by the
310:, he repeated Wiener's experiment using a fluorescent film as detector, in order to prove that the effect was due to electric fields.
139:
335:
231:
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so as to insert the film between the mirrors. Another repetition was the thesis of Ernst Schult, commissioned by Nernst and
635:
815:"Ursache und Beseitigung eines Fehlers bei der Lippmann'schen Farbenphotographie, zugleich ein Beitrag zu ihrer Theorie"
402:, Hirzel, Leipzig 1920. (Works on aeronautical problems, introduction to aviation and aerodynamics for aspiring pilots.)
886:
777:"Bemerkungen zu der Arbeit des Hrn. O. Wiener: "Stehende Lichtwellen und die Schwingungsrichtung polarisirten Lichtes""
390:
Transactions of the mathematical-physical class of the Royal Saxon
Society of Sciences, Volume 32, No. 6, Leipzig 1912.
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319:
523:
613:
143:
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Physik und
Kulturentwicklung durch technische und wissenschaftliche Erweiterung der menschlichen Naturanlagen
553:
362:
Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Angaben der Reflexionsbeobachtungen an Metallen und ihrer optischen Konstanten
250:
1005:
H-J BĂĽchner; et al. (2003), "An optical standing-wave interferometer for displacement measurements",
408:, Transactions of the Saxon Academy of Sciences, Mathematics and Physical Class IV, Teubner, Leipzig 1921.
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Kurt Leistner (1924), "Über stehende Lichtwellen in großer Entfernung von reflektierenden Flächen",
851:
P Connes (1987), "Silver salts and standing waves: the history of interference colour photography",
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Weiten, Zeiten, Geschwindigkeiten. Ein Gespräch über grundlegende naturwissenschaftliche Fragen
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and Pauline Hausrath. Orphan of mother at the age of 3, he married Lina Fenner at 32.
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Das Grundgesetz der Natur und die Erhaltung der absoluten Geschwindigkeit im Ă„ther
216:
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Vogelflug, Luftfahrt und Zukunft, mit einem Anhang über Krieg und Völkerfriede.
358:, Academic inaugural lecture held on 19 May 1900. Leipzig 1900th, Leipzig 1900.
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Leonhard, U.; Paul, H. (1995), "Measuring the quantum state of light",
702:"Stehende Lichtwellen und die Schwingungsrichtung polarisirten Lichtes"
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509:
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Die Theorie des Mischkörpers für das Feld der stationären Strömung.
368:Ăśber Farbenphotographie und verwandte naturwissenschaftliche Fragen
249:
230:, he presented the theory of physical education in the context of
342:
for comparing light intensity with the energy as measured with a
215:, he built an excellent physical institute there, and appointed
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Ordnung und Kontingenz: das kybernetische Modell in den KĂĽnsten
495:, vol. 120, no. 3030, p. 777, 26 November 1927,
428:
Natur und Mensch. Die Naturwissenschaften und ihre Anwendungen.
634:
Grinberg, Farida & Heitjans, Paul (2005), Taro Ito (ed.),
203:
In 1899 he became professor at the Physics Institute of the
412:
Schwingungen elastischer Art im kräftefreien Strömungsäther
32:
Otto Wiener, experimental physicists in Leipzig since 1899
162:(15 June 1862 – 18 January 1927) was a German physicist.
590:"Classic Science Paper: Otto Wiener's experiment (1890)"
388:
Die Mittelwertsätze für Kraft, Polarisation und Energie.
226:
In his academic inaugural lecture at Leipzig of 1900 on
1043:
Classic Science Paper: Otto Wiener’s experiment (1890)
554:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908: Gabriel Lippmann"
135:
120:
109:
Standing electromagnetic waves in the visible range
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97:
71:
37:
18:
640:, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, pp. 605–606,
374:80. Vers. zu Köln. Tl. 1. Vogel, Leipzig 1909.
184:Wiener is known for the experimental proof of
8:
314:Relationship with interferential photography
1074:Academic staff of the University of Giessen
464:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
372:Verh. der Ges. Dt. Naturforscher und Ă„rzte.
673:, Königshausen & Neumann, p. 47,
528:Professorenkatalog der Universität Leipzig
15:
508:
450:
524:"Prof. Dr. phil. Otto Heinrich Wiener"
242:as an extension of our senses (1900).
552:K.B. Hasselberg (December 10, 1908).
330:Further repetitions of the experiment
7:
1089:People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
1079:Academic staff of Leipzig University
580:
578:
637:Diffusion Fundamentals Leipzig 2005
418:, vol. 25, 1924, pp. 552–559.
246:The Standing Lightwaves Experiment
14:
888:The New Physics and Its Evolution
306:criticized Wiener for this. With
140:Technical University of Karlsruhe
891:, Echo Library, pp. 90–91,
434:Zur Theorie des Strömungsäthers.
26:
1084:20th-century German physicists
1069:19th-century German physicists
298:'s interpretation rather than
254:Schematic illustration of the
1:
356:Die Erweiterung unserer Sinne
760:10.1016/0079-6727(94)00007-L
336:Mach–Zehnder interferometer
228:The Extension of our Senses
1105:
1019:10.1088/0957-0233/14/3/309
873:10.1088/0150-536X/18/4/001
458:Fritz Fraunberger (2008).
440:, vol. 26. 1928, S. 73–78.
320:French Academy of Sciences
170:Otto Wiener was a son of
153:
113:
25:
967:10.1002/andp.19273870803
933:10.1002/andp.19243791203
885:Lucien Poincare (2006),
839:10.1002/andp.18993051010
801:10.1002/andp.18902770912
726:10.1002/andp.18902760603
288:
196:He was professor at the
144:University of Strasbourg
667:Hans Esselborn (2009),
621:www.2iceshs.cyfronet.pl
396:, Leipzig, Berlin 1919.
1045:, Skulls in the Stars
993:10.1364/JOSA.23.000073
263:
558:Award Ceremony Speech
532:University of Leipzig
253:
207:, where he succeeded
205:University of Leipzig
198:University of Giessen
148:University of Leipzig
813:Otto Wiener (1899),
740:Prog. Quant. Electr.
700:Otto Wiener (1890),
380:Barth, Leipzig 1911.
160:Otto Heinrich Wiener
56:Grand Duchy of Baden
1007:Meas. Sci. Technol.
959:1927AnP...387.1025S
925:1924AnP...379..325L
865:1987JOpt...18..147C
831:1899AnP...305..488W
793:1890AnP...277..154D
752:1995PQE....19...89L
718:1890AnP...276..203W
594:Skulls in the Stars
501:1927Natur.120Q.777.
232:evolutionary theory
213:Theodor des Coudres
191:luminiferous aether
947:Annalen der Physik
913:Annalen der Physik
819:Annalen der Physik
781:Annalen der Physik
424:, DĂĽsseldorf 1925.
275:Experimental setup
264:
256:experimental setup
177:He was a pupil of
898:978-1-4068-1209-1
680:978-3-8260-3780-1
647:978-3-86583-073-9
438:Phys. Zeitschrift
416:Phys. Zeitschrift
400:Fliegerkraftlehre
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115:Scientific career
60:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
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468:Encyclopedia.com
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324:Gabriel Lippmann
289:Drude's critique
211:. Together with
209:Gustav Wiedemann
172:Christian Wiener
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129:experimental
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77:(1927-01-18)
48:15 June 1862
1064:1927 deaths
1059:1862 births
686:19 November
653:15 November
567:15 November
537:15 November
473:20 November
217:Peter Debye
200:from 1895.
98:Nationality
20:Otto Wiener
1053:Categories
1013:(3): 311,
773:Paul Drude
706:Ann. Phys.
599:2024-09-16
445:References
304:Paul Drude
44:1862-06-15
1027:250916536
52:Karlsruhe
775:(1890),
193:theory.
186:standing
955:Bibcode
921:Bibcode
861:Bibcode
853:J. Opt.
827:Bibcode
789:Bibcode
748:Bibcode
714:Bibcode
497:Bibcode
300:Neumann
296:Fresnel
125:Physics
91:Germany
83:Leipzig
64:Germany
1025:
895:
677:
644:
493:Nature
414:, in:
308:Nernst
269:aether
121:Fields
101:German
87:Saxony
1023:S2CID
617:(PDF)
981:JOSA
893:ISBN
688:2011
675:ISBN
655:2011
642:ISBN
569:2011
539:2011
475:2011
436:In:
302:'s.
219:and
72:Died
38:Born
1015:doi
989:doi
963:doi
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929:doi
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869:doi
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797:doi
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