149:
278:
267:
256:
164:
822:
289:
188:
125:
137:
810:" policy ordered by the Shah, the Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November on three sides. The Ottoman assaults on the city managed to penetrate the outer fortifications, but failed to take the city before the arrival of a relief army under Shah Abbas. The Ottomans then withdrew within their strongly fortified camp, and continued to prosecute the siege. In response, Abbas decided to intercept Ottoman supply
37:
243:
232:
220:
208:
111:
885:
the next year, Shah Safi retook Revan and defeated an
Ottoman army. Renewed Persian peace proposals failed, and in 1638, Murad IV again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a siege of 39 days, effectively restoring Ottoman control over Iraq, and peace negotiations began soon after.
933:(Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well, making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession. The peace established a permanent equilibrium of power in the region, and despite future conflicts and minor adjustments, the frontier postulated by the treaty remains to this day the western border of
849:. Hüsrev Pasha then turned back towards Baghdad and besieged it in November. However the siege had to be lifted soon, as the onset of another heavy winter threatened his lines of communication. In the wake of his withdrawal, the Persians re-established their control of Iraq, and subdued the rebellious
884:
In 1635, in a conscious effort to emulate his warrior predecessors, Sultan Murad IV himself took up the leadership of the army. The
Ottomans took Revan (on 8 August) and plundered Tabriz. The victorious Sultan returned in triumph to Constantinople, but his victories were short-lived: in the spring of
529:, having lost it for 90 years, the war became a stalemate as the Persians were unable to press further into the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottomans themselves were distracted by wars in Europe and weakened by internal turmoil. Eventually, the Ottomans were able to recover Baghdad, taking heavy losses in
1085:
In
October 1638 Ottoman forces returned to Mesopotamia, stormed Baghdad, and captured the city in December despite sustaining heavy casualties. These included the grand vizier, who "was killed leading the assault" (Sykes: 2:211). The Safavids were forced to sue for peace. On May 17, 1639 the Ottoman
1198:
970:
841:. A severe winter and heavy floods made operations in central Iraq impossible, and Hüsrev turned his army east instead, invading Persia proper. On 4 May 1630 he routed the Persians under Zainal Khan Begdeli Shamlu in battle at Mahidasht near
323:
1136:
DM Lang. "Georgia and the Fall of the Safavi
Dynasty", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 14, No. 3, Studies Presented to Vladimir Minorsky by His Colleagues and Friends (1952), pp.
763:, to intervene. Bakr then turned to Abbas, who sent troops to Bakr's aid. To forestall a Persian capture of Baghdad, Hafız Ahmed quickly restored relations with Bakr, who returned to Ottoman allegiance. In response, the Persians
767:
on 14 January 1624, with the aid of Bakr's son, Muhammad. The fall of the city was followed by the massacre of a large part of its Sunni inhabitants, as the Shah endeavored to transform
Baghdad into a purely Shiite city.
1225:
1024:
1056:
Another high-ranking defector from the east who joined Murad IV's court almost a century later, in 1635, was the former governor of Erivan, Emir Gune-oğlu, who was assigned the name Yusuf Paşa after his defection to
897:, concluded on 17 May 1639, finally settled the Ottoman–Persian frontier, with Iraq permanently ceded to the Ottomans. Mesopotamia, which had formed an important part of various Persian empires from the time of the
316:
1252:
997:
400:
309:
565:(Meskheti) was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans as well as Mesopotamia. Although parts of Mesopotamia were briefly retaken by the Iranians later on in history, notably during the reigns of
782:
The fall of
Baghdad was a major blow to Ottoman prestige. Ottoman garrisons and the local tribes began to defect, and the Persians soon captured most of Iraq, including the cities of
393:
1673:
386:
814:. This strategy bore fruit: the Ottomans were forced to risk an attack on the Persian army, which was repulsed with heavy losses, and on 4 July 1626, the
1693:
694:
641:
493:
488:
476:
471:
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444:
439:
434:
837:
In 1629, the
Ottomans, having secured peace with the Habsburgs, mustered their forces for another offensive under the new and capable Grand Vizier
625:
1728:
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1235:
1208:
1034:
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1703:
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706:
1556:
1537:
1480:
1078:
698:
1668:
1647:
1609:
1499:
1419:
1392:
776:
881:. He would nevertheless manage to restore himself on the throne of Kakheti in 1638, and even win Persian recognition of this fact.
815:
352:
1718:
853:
populations. The next few years saw constant raiding and skirmishes, without either side claiming any decisive advantage. Shah
653:
877:, a Georgian convert to Islam, was sent by the Shah to subdue them. Teimuraz was defeated, but managed to escape to safety in
1628:
1590:
861:, rejected its demands. The Caucasian front of the Persians flared up again in 1633, when the restless Georgian kingdoms of
1723:
756:
271:
550:
459:
247:
858:
779:. The Ottoman-Portuguese coalition was able to inflict a severe defeat on the Persians, who retreated from Basra.
950:
764:
530:
367:
347:
901:, was thereby irrevocably lost. The rest of the borders were restored roughly according to the way they were in
594:
410:
28:
1688:
1683:
874:
821:
677:
362:
829:(1635) (Revan on the map) was led by sultan Murad IV and resulted in the capture of Yerevan on 8 August and
357:
644:
began in 1578. The
Persians were hard pressed, as the Ottoman advances were combined with an attack by the
293:
870:
1473:
The New
Cambridge Modern History, Volume IV: The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609–48/59
709:, and encouraged by the internal turmoil within the Ottoman Empire that followed the murder of Sultan
41:
Map of the
Safavid state. The area of Mesopotamia, permanently lost to the Ottomans in 1639 is shaded.
1549:
Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri
838:
799:
282:
918:
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in Europe, failed to offer effective resistance. By 1622, following a successful conclusion of the
621:
429:
192:
930:
866:
726:
562:
141:
925:
were made decisive. In broad terms, the Treaty of Zuhab reconfirmed the provisions of the 1555
1643:
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129:
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637:
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902:
894:
734:
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558:
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537:
ended the war in an Ottoman victory. Roughly speaking, the treaty restored the borders of
534:
236:
179:
775:
made an alliance with the Portuguese since he was being pressed by a Safavid army led by
693:
armed with the best equipment and training, and bided his time. In 1603, he launched an
1585:. The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1a. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
854:
807:
598:
586:
510:
224:
168:
70:
1662:
1578:
857:(r. 1629–42) sent a peace delegation to the Ottoman court, but the new Grand Vizier,
752:
16:
Series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire (1623-1639)
803:
590:
514:
212:
115:
301:
153:
36:
1574:
898:
738:
686:
682:
609:, and the rivalry was further fueled by dogmatic differences: the Ottomans were
602:
574:
518:
62:
725:
The Shah's opportunity came with a series of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire:
1570:
842:
760:
645:
566:
573:(1751–1779), it remained thenceforth in Ottoman hands until the aftermath of
690:
606:
1052:
Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800
910:
743:
710:
288:
260:
187:
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and Georgia in the same year. The Ottomans, distracted by wars with the
1583:
The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War
878:
846:
826:
795:
730:
661:
633:
522:
378:
1621:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods
747:
Bakr, and his followers. Bakr had sought his recognition as the local
737:, while Baghdad had been since 1621 in the hands of an officer of the
938:
862:
830:
811:
783:
665:
1492:
The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839
1384:
Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death
850:
820:
791:
787:
772:
748:
713:(r. 1618–22), Abbas resolved to attack the Ottoman possessions in
610:
934:
714:
614:
526:
66:
1569:(1978). "2 - The heyday and decline of the Ottoman empire". In
1227:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
1026:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
382:
305:
1411:
Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity
921:
remaining Persian, while Ottoman gains in Western Georgia and
656:
in 1590, with a clear Ottoman victory: the Ottomans occupied
517:, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of
1200:
Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750
972:
Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750
1623:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350.
675:(reigned 1588–1629), reorganized his army, raising the new
1511:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
561:
decisively came under Ottoman rule. The eastern part of
1408:
Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (10 November 2004).
636:
in 1534 and securing recognition of their gains by the
640:
in 1555. Peace lasted for two decades before another
624:
eliminated Safavid influence in Anatolia, during the
617:
Muslims, who were seen as heretics by the Ottomans.
685:, conscripted from tens of thousands of mostly
521:. After initial Persian success in recapturing
21:
1071:The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
605:. The two states were the greatest powers of
394:
317:
8:
1619:Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period".
1532:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers.
1367:
1365:
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1310:
1308:
1306:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
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1278:
1276:
1274:
1230:. Cambridge University Press. p. 353.
1123:
1121:
1029:. Cambridge University Press. p. 353.
401:
387:
379:
324:
310:
302:
18:
1642:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1602:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
1224:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1994).
1147:
1145:
1143:
1023:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1994).
585:Starting in 1514, for over a century the
806:, marched to retake Baghdad. Despite a "
961:
873:, defied Safavid sovereignty. In 1634,
664:, and even the former Safavid capital,
93:recognition of Ottoman control of Iraq
1674:Military history of Georgia (country)
1446:
1434:
1254:Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada
1086:Empire and Iran signed a treaty (...)
999:Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada
7:
91:Permanent partition of the Caucasus,
1551:. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers.
798:, which the Shah visited. In 1625,
845:and proceeded to sack the city of
613:, while the Safavids were staunch
509:was a conflict fought between the
14:
1694:17th century in Georgia (country)
1257:. Psychology Press. p. 313.
1203:. Variorum Reprints. p. 61.
1002:. Psychology Press. p. 313.
975:. Variorum Reprints. p. 61.
1381:Wallimann, Isidor (March 2000).
507:Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639
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265:
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241:
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22:Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639
1530:Safavid Government Institutions
1251:Andrada, Ruy Freyre de (2005).
996:Andrada, Ruy Freyre de (2005).
335:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)
1494:. Cambridge University Press.
771:In 1624, the Turkish pasha of
1:
1387:. Syracuse University Press.
1197:Boxer, Charles Ralph (1985).
969:Boxer, Charles Ralph (1985).
816:Ottoman army lifted the siege
790:and the Shia holy shrines of
755:, but the Sultan had ordered
681:infantry in imitation of the
460:Occupation of Basra 1697–1701
1729:17th century in Ottoman Iraq
765:besieged Baghdad and took it
557:, while western Georgia and
541:, with the Safavids keeping
1704:1630s in the Ottoman Empire
1699:1620s in the Ottoman Empire
1679:Wars involving Safavid Iran
1106:Finkel (2006), pp. 125, 135
1745:
1714:1639 in the Ottoman Empire
1709:1623 in the Ottoman Empire
1600:Newman, Andrew J. (2006).
1343:Finkel (2006), pp. 215–216
1160:Finkel (2006), pp. 203–205
1097:Finkel (2006), pp. 104–105
1547:Floor, Willem M. (2008).
1509:Finkel, Caroline (2006).
1490:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2006).
1325:Cooper (1979), pp.631–632
1073:. ABC-CLIO. p. 131.
951:Capture of Baghdad (1638)
652:. The war ended with the
533:, and the signing of the
420:
343:
199:
101:
45:
34:
26:
859:Tabanıyassi Mehmed Pasha
654:Treaty of Constantinople
1719:History of the Caucasus
1640:Iran Under the Safavids
1513:. London: John Murray.
1050:Rhoads Murphey (2011).
917:, and the contemporary
818:and withdrew to Mosul.
707:war against the Mughals
628:the Ottomans conquered
593:were engaged in almost
466:Campaigns of Nader Shah
1638:Savory, Roger (2007).
1528:Floor, Willem (2001).
1471:Cooper, J. P. (1979).
1151:İnalcik (1978), p. 339
1115:İnalcik (1978), p. 338
834:
671:The new Persian Shah,
200:Commanders and leaders
1458:Cooper (1979), p. 634
1371:Finkel (2006), p. 217
1359:Roemer (1989), p. 285
1334:Roemer (1989), p. 286
1316:Roemer (1989), p. 284
1300:Roemer (1989), p. 283
1187:Finkel (2006), p. 205
1178:Cooper (1979), p. 631
1127:Faroqhi (2006), p. 47
1069:Kia, Mehrdad (2017).
824:
294:Rui Freire de Andrade
1724:17th century in Iran
1669:Ottoman–Persian Wars
1291:Savory (2007), p. 90
1282:Savory (2007), p. 89
869:, under the rule of
697:that retook Tabriz,
597:over control of the
483:Subsequent conflicts
424:Ottoman–Safavid Wars
412:Ottoman–Persian Wars
29:Ottoman–Persian Wars
919:Azerbaijan Republic
622:Battle of Chaldiran
525:and most of modern
193:Kingdom of Portugal
1575:Lambton, Ann K. S.
835:
759:, the governor of
729:, the governor of
727:Abaza Mehmed Pasha
142:Kingdom of Kakheti
1520:978-0-7195-6112-2
1264:978-0-415-34469-2
1237:978-0-521-34315-2
1210:978-0-385-19351-1
1036:978-0-521-34315-2
1009:978-0-415-34469-2
982:978-0-385-19351-1
839:Gazi Hüsrev Pasha
833:on 11 September.
800:Hafız Ahmed Pasha
757:Hafız Ahmed Pasha
735:rose in rebellion
703:Habsburg monarchy
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825:The campaign of
638:Treaty of Amasya
595:constant warfare
569:(1736–1747) and
494:War of 1821–1823
489:War of 1775–1776
477:War of 1743–1746
472:War of 1730–1735
455:War of 1623–1639
450:War of 1616–1618
445:War of 1603–1612
440:War of 1578–1590
435:War of 1532–1555
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1684:1620s conflicts
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923:Western Armenia
907:Eastern Armenia
895:Treaty of Zuhab
891:
723:
673:Abbas the Great
583:
571:Karim Khan Zand
559:Western Armenia
555:Eastern Armenia
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531:the final siege
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1604:. I.B.Tauris.
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1579:Lewis, Bernard
1567:İnalcik, Halil
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1558:978-1933823232
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1539:978-1568591353
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1080:978-1610693899
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1054:. p. 64.
1042:
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960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
946:
943:
937:with Iraq and
890:
887:
808:scorched earth
777:Imam Quli Khan
722:
719:
626:war of 1532–55
599:South Caucasus
587:Ottoman Empire
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1414:. Routledge.
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871:King Teimuraz
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648:into Persian
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804:Grand Vizier
781:
770:
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676:
670:
619:
591:Safavid Iran
584:
515:Safavid Iran
506:
504:
454:
333:
215:(Until 1629)
213:Shah Abbas I
160:
116:Safavid Iran
107:
102:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1571:Holt, P. M.
899:Achaemenids
875:Rustam Khan
739:Janissaries
687:Circassians
683:Janissaries
603:Mesopotamia
575:World War I
519:Mesopotamia
368:3rd Baghdad
353:2nd Baghdad
348:1st Baghdad
227:(From 1629)
86:Territorial
63:Mesopotamia
1663:Categories
1630:0521200946
1592:0521291356
1447:Floor 2008
1435:Floor 2001
957:References
929:. Eastern
913:, eastern
843:Kermanshah
761:Diyarbakir
699:Azerbaijan
646:Shaybanids
620:After the
581:Background
567:Nader Shah
549:, eastern
250:(defected)
1057:Ottomans.
889:Aftermath
751:from the
695:offensive
691:Georgians
632:, taking
630:Arab Iraq
607:West Asia
543:Daghestan
430:Chaldiran
225:Shah Safi
154:Musha'sha
53:1623–1639
1581:(eds.).
945:See also
931:Samtskhe
911:Dagestan
711:Osman II
650:Khorasan
563:Samtskhe
261:Murad IV
175:Muntafiq
58:Location
1465:Sources
915:Georgia
905:, with
879:Imereti
867:Kakheti
851:Kurdish
847:Hamadan
827:Yerevan
812:convoys
796:Karbala
744:subashi
731:Erzurum
721:The war
658:Georgia
634:Baghdad
551:Georgia
547:Shirvan
523:Baghdad
358:Yerevan
118:Allies
88:changes
1646:
1627:
1608:
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1391:
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1234:
1207:
1137:523–39
1077:
1033:
1006:
979:
939:Turkey
863:Kartli
831:Tabriz
802:, now
784:Kirkuk
741:, the
678:gholam
666:Tabriz
611:Sunnis
553:, and
363:Tabriz
296:(1624)
195:(1624)
78:Result
792:Najaf
788:Mosul
773:Basra
753:Porte
749:pasha
662:Revan
1644:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1031:ISBN
1004:ISBN
977:ISBN
935:Iran
903:1555
893:The
865:and
855:Safi
794:and
786:and
715:Iraq
689:and
615:Shia
601:and
589:and
539:1555
527:Iraq
513:and
505:The
67:Iraq
50:Date
642:war
69:),
1665::
1577:;
1573:;
1364:^
1348:^
1305:^
1273:^
1165:^
1142:^
1120:^
1083:.
941:.
909:,
733:,
717:.
668:.
660:,
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545:,
1652:.
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1485:.
1424:.
1397:.
1267:.
1240:.
1213:.
1039:.
1012:.
985:.
402:e
395:t
388:v
325:e
318:t
311:v
65:(
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