35:
459:. The OPDA became a vast, essentially independent, bureaucracy within the Ottoman bureaucracy, run by the creditors: Its governing council included one representative each from British, French, German, Austrian, Italian, Dutch, and Ottoman creditors, and one representative from the Ottoman state. It employed 5,000 officials who collected taxes that were then turned over to the European creditors. At its peak it had 9,000 employees, more than the empire's finance ministry.
502:
410:
510:
afforded only in certain regions, they included the most important
Istanbul region. Non-region specific taxes were also provided, notably on shops and stores, and customs duties. Should those sources of income prove insufficient, the OPDA was also empowered to a share of foreign indemnities paid to the Ottomans by various Balkan states as a result of the
517:
Uncertainties in accounting, as well as a knowledge gap between the OPDA and the
Ottomans, meant that the precise value of the Ottoman Debt was hard to ascertain. The calculation difficulties led to the advancement of statistics and accounting practices. Because the British public was particularly
462:
The OPDA played an important role in
Ottoman financial affairs. Also, it was an intermediary with European companies seeking investment opportunities in the Ottoman Empire. In 1900, the OPDA was financing many railways and other industrial projects. The financial and commercial privileges of the
509:
The OPDA was established by treaty which outlined its powers. The
Ottomans agreed to turn over to the OPDA a wide swath of its income sources. The OPDA was provided monopolies on salt and tobacco by the state. It was afforded taxes on stamps, alcohol, fishing, and silk. Though those taxes were
669:
396:
518:
angered by the default and lobbied for the creation of the OPDA, combined with the accounting difficulties, British bondholders may have been overrepresented in the OPDA's repayment scheme.
389:
768:
514:. The indemnities were of little comfort to the Ottomans anyway, because the treaty had also greatly reduced the size and population of the Empire, and thus its tax base.
382:
778:
783:
567:
773:
763:
641:
748:
788:
464:
538:
471:
451:
as it was popularly known), was a
European-controlled organization that was established in 1881 to collect the payments which the
34:
527:
435:
22:
714:"The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the late Nineteenth Century."
547:
744:
598:
670:"'Impossible to provide an accurate estimate': the interested calculation of the Ottoman public debt, 1875–1881"
426:
260:
511:
315:
255:
571:
487:
360:
491:
275:
414:
270:
265:
124:
84:
483:
456:
174:
159:
417:
building was originally constructed as the
Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA) headquarters.
295:
204:
184:
179:
532:
119:
69:
189:
169:
94:
54:
691:
647:
637:
606:
542:
325:
350:
681:
285:
214:
154:
114:
633:
Foreign investment in the
Ottoman Empire : international trade and relations 1854-1914
495:
49:
740:
728:
The
Ottoman External Debt and Its Features Under European Financial Control (1881–1914)
452:
164:
149:
129:
26:
757:
345:
335:
199:
194:
144:
74:
330:
305:
245:
139:
134:
89:
501:
686:
209:
695:
651:
610:
300:
224:
355:
64:
631:
409:
365:
320:
310:
109:
99:
290:
280:
219:
104:
250:
482:, or stamps printed with those inscriptions, were issued for use in
500:
408:
229:
79:
59:
446:
370:
440:
741:
Newspaper clippings about
Ottoman Public Debt Administration
474:, between 1918 and 1924 Ottoman revenue stamps overprinted
730:", «The Journal of European Economic History», 3 (2014).
505:
Duty stamps from the
Ottoman Public Debt Administration
442:
Düyun-u Umumiye-i Osmaniye Varidat-ı Muhassasa İdaresi
721:European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire
674:The British Journal for the History of Science
463:non-Muslim foreigners were protected with the
568:"The Postmodern 'Public Debt Administration'"
390:
8:
431:دیون عمومیهٔ عثمانیه واردات مخصصه ادارهسی
397:
383:
18:
769:1881 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
685:
430:
559:
237:
41:
21:
779:Defunct organizations based in Turkey
663:
661:
7:
447:
636:. London: Tauris Academic Studies.
465:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
668:Stolz, Daniel A. (December 2022).
539:International Financial Commission
455:owed to European companies in the
423:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
341:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
14:
784:Organizations established in 1881
472:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
528:Chinese Maritime Customs Service
33:
16:European-controlled organization
774:Organizations based in Istanbul
586:"The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922"
1:
764:Economy of the Ottoman Empire
599:"Unbundling the nation state"
630:Geyikdağı, V. Necla (2011).
548:Moroccan Debt Administration
441:
745:20th Century Press Archives
805:
789:History of government debt
687:10.1017/S0007087421000637
726:Conte G., Sabatini G., "
261:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti
506:
418:
504:
412:
588:(published in 2000.)
415:Istanbul High School
457:Ottoman public debt
533:Caisse de la Dette
507:
419:
643:978-0-85771-943-0
584:Donald Quataert,
543:Kingdom of Greece
439:
407:
406:
796:
700:
699:
689:
665:
656:
655:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
595:
589:
582:
576:
575:
570:. Archived from
564:
512:Treaty of Berlin
450:
449:
444:
434:
432:
399:
392:
385:
215:Tekalif-i orfiye
37:
19:
804:
803:
799:
798:
797:
795:
794:
793:
754:
753:
737:
719:Blaisdell D., "
712:Birdal, Murat.
709:
707:Further reading
704:
703:
667:
666:
659:
644:
629:
628:
624:
615:
613:
597:
596:
592:
583:
579:
566:
565:
561:
556:
524:
427:Ottoman Turkish
403:
190:Resm-i mücerred
55:Adet-i deştbani
17:
12:
11:
5:
802:
800:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
756:
755:
752:
751:
736:
735:External links
733:
732:
731:
724:
717:
708:
705:
702:
701:
680:(4): 477–493.
657:
642:
622:
590:
577:
574:on 2021-06-07.
558:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
545:
536:
530:
523:
520:
453:Ottoman Empire
405:
404:
402:
401:
394:
387:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Hazine-i Amire
268:
266:Hazine-i Hassa
263:
258:
253:
248:
240:
239:
238:Implementation
235:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
150:Resm-i arusane
147:
142:
137:
132:
130:Muskirat resmi
127:
125:Mururiye resmi
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
85:Cürm-ü cinayet
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
27:Ottoman Empire
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
801:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
759:
750:
746:
742:
739:
738:
734:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
710:
706:
697:
693:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
639:
635:
634:
626:
623:
612:
608:
604:
603:The Economist
600:
594:
591:
587:
581:
578:
573:
569:
563:
560:
553:
549:
546:
544:
540:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
519:
515:
513:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
460:
458:
454:
443:
437:
428:
424:
416:
411:
400:
395:
393:
388:
386:
381:
380:
378:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Regie Company
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
200:Rusum-e-eflak
198:
196:
195:Resm-i sicill
193:
191:
188:
186:
185:Resm-i hınzır
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Resm-i filori
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Resm-i bostan
158:
156:
155:Resm-i bennâk
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
75:Bedl-i askeri
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
20:
727:
720:
713:
677:
673:
632:
625:
614:. Retrieved
602:
593:
585:
580:
572:the original
562:
516:
508:
479:
475:
469:
461:
445:, or simply
422:
420:
340:
296:Kanun-i Raya
205:Selamet isni
180:Resm-i ganem
170:Resm-i dönüm
95:Gümrük resmi
50:Adet-i Ağnam
488:Transjordan
448:دیون عمومیه
165:Resm-i çift
140:Otlak resmi
90:Damga resmi
70:Bac-i pazar
758:Categories
616:2024-07-10
554:References
470:After the
336:Mütesellim
210:Tapu resmi
145:Rav akçesi
696:0007-0874
652:742350446
611:0013-0613
484:Palestine
436:romanized
331:Muqata'ah
301:Kanunname
225:Tuz resmi
535:in Egypt
522:See also
480:A.D.P.O.
476:O.P.D.A.
425:(OPDA) (
366:Tanzimat
326:Muhassil
321:Muafiyet
311:Merdiban
306:Malikâne
246:Ahidnâme
110:Ispendje
23:Taxation
747:of the
743:in the
723:", 1929
541:in the
496:Lebanon
438::
351:Siyakat
281:Iltizam
220:Temettu
105:Ihtisab
25:in the
694:
650:
640:
609:
361:Tahrir
356:Sürsat
316:Millet
286:Istira
251:Defter
115:Istira
65:Avarız
716:2010.
492:Syria
230:Zakat
135:Nüzül
120:Maktu
100:Haraç
80:Cizye
60:Ashar
42:Taxes
692:ISSN
648:OCLC
638:ISBN
607:ISSN
494:and
421:The
413:The
371:Waqf
291:Kadı
276:Hane
256:Emin
749:ZBW
682:doi
478:or
760::
690:.
678:55
676:.
672:.
660:^
646:.
605:.
601:.
498:.
490:,
486:,
467:.
433:,
429::
698:.
684::
654:.
619:.
398:e
391:t
384:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
