688:
270:
1621:
933:, led by the Grand Vizier. The Divan was a council where the viziers met and debated the politics of the empire. It was the Grand Vizier's duty to inform the sultan of the opinion of the Divan. The sultan often took his vizier's advice into consideration, but he by no means had to obey the Divan. Sometimes the sultan called a Divan meeting himself if he had something important to inform his viziers of, such as imminent war. The viziers then carried out his orders. The Divan consisted of three viziers in the 14th century and eleven in the 17th century; four of them served as Viziers of the Dome, the most important ministers next to the Grand Vizier. Sometimes the commander (
823:: iç oğlanlar). It took seven years of professional development to graduate. The apprenticeship began in the Sultan's services; progressing to mastering natural and Islamic sciences (formal education); and finally to developing physical fitnesses, and vocational or artistic skills. It is reported by Madeline Zilfi that European visitors of the time commented "In making appointments, Sultan pays no regard to any pretensions on the score of wealth or rank. It is by merits that man rise..Among the Turks, honours, high posts and Judgeships are rewards of great ability and good service."
577: – there were many instances in which local governors acted independently, and even in opposition to the ruler. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in the whole of Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Osmanlı dynasty, both failures, which is suggestive of a political system which for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability.
904:
706:(Sultana Mother), mother of the reigning sultan, who held supreme power over the Harem and thus a powerful position in the court. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics and through her influence could diminish the power and position of the sultan. For a period of time beginning in the 16th century and extending into the 17th, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "
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or "lord of kings", served as the empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The
Ottoman family was originally Turkish in its ethnicity, as were its subjects; however the kingship quickly acquired many different
944:
Mehmed II conquered
Constantinople in (1453) and established his court there. The Sultan presided in person over the Council of State – called Divan, after the seat he sat on, until an incident arose (so it is related) when a ragged Turcoman blundered into a meeting of the Divan and
815:
The Palace
Schools were fairly successful in this trans-culturation of students, and many statesmen were products of this process. The system functioned strictly for government purposes, and (ideally) the graduates were permanently devoted to government service and had no interest in forming
1090:
states of varying size attached to it. Vassals paid taxes to the sultan and often contributed with troops in various
Ottoman military campaigns. Many of the imperial provinces were vassal states before being reduced to provinces. A vassal state that never became a province was the
792:) for the Muslims, which educated the scholars and the state officials in accordance with Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track, the
727:, chief consort of the sultan, who had the chance of becoming the next Valide Sultan when her son ascended to the throne. This position existed around the 16th and 17th centuries. The sultan also had four other official consorts, who were each called
945:
demanded "Well, which of you is the happy
Emperor ?". Mehmed was incensed and the Grand Vizier suggested he sit above the fray. Consequently, a latticed bay was constructed "The eye of the Sultan", enabling Mehmed to look down unseen.
447:
The expansion of the Empire called for a systematic administrative organization that developed into a dual system of military ("Central
Government") and civil administration ("Provincial System") and developed a kind of
1122:
As the empire weakened militarily, it would inevitably lose control through foreign victories (Russia took large chunks of territory and helped parts of the
Balkans secede, often after a vassalic stage, such as the
397:
464:. Most of the areas ruled by the Ottomans were explicitly mentioned in the official full style of the sultan, including various lofty titles adopted to emphasize imperial rank and show the empire as being "
1365:
1041:
858:
687:
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994:(who represented executive authority) could not carry out punishment without the sentence of a qadi. Likewise, qadis were not permitted to personally effect punishment. In the areas of
269:
800:
for converted
Christians, which conscripted 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between 8 and 20 years old from about one in forty families among the communities settled in
390:
1929:
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1127:) but also see real control over some of its (mainly remote) provinces slip away to a state of little more than formal sovereignty over tributary, de facto autonomous states.
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The central government was composed of the Sultan and his own staff (bookkeepers, etc.) in what was known as "House of Osman". The House of Osman was advised by the
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101:
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The latter happened in North Africa: the Beys/Deys of Tunis and
Algiers established themselves as 'regencies' and even Egypt went its own way under its great
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762:) were younger women who were either waiting to be married off to someone or who had not yet graduated out of the Harem School.
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granted descendants of the former dynasty the right to acquire
Turkish citizenship. The current head of the House of Osman is
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Civil and judicial administration was carried out under a separate parallel system of small municipal or rural units called
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Though the sultan was the "sublime monarch", he had a number of advisors and ministers. The most powerful of these were the
426:, officials and inhabitants. Wealth and rank could be inherited but were just as often earned. Positions were perceived as
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and represent the legal authority of the sultan. The civil system was considered a check on the military system since
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1280–1922) was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. The Ottoman sultan,
812:. Orphans, single children, married boys, Jews, Russians, and craftsmen's and shepherd's sons were exempted.
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957:. Both in contemporaneous and in modern usage, it refers to non-Muslim subjects in particular, also called
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and basic administration were carried out by civil authorities. Outside this system were various types of
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The harem had its own internal organization and order of formulating policies. Beneath the
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s), and then the other concubines whom the sultan favoured and who were termed
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was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the
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452:: higher executive functions were carried out by the military authorities and
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30:"Ottoman Government" redirects here. For the diplomatic accreditation, see
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Politics of Piety: The Ottoman Ulema in the Postclassical Age (1600–1800)
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Throughout Ottoman history, however – despite the supreme
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The Palace schools comprised not a single track, but two. First, the
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ethnicities through intermarriage with slaves and European nobility.
521:
492:
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491:. Over the years the Empire became an amalgamation of pre-existing
27:
Overview of the Ottoman Empire's governmental and societal structure
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Townspeople, villagers and farmers formed a lower class called the
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assigned to each vilayet. The idea of vilayet originated from the
1777:
731:. Next in rank below the sultan's wives were his eight favourite
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and the ruling class (nobles). The ruling class was called the
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A special case was the Greek orthodox 'monastic republic' of
1335:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
567:
authority of the sultans and the occasional exercise of
1251:
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800–1909
580:
After the dissolution of the empire, the new republic
1175:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 151.
104:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
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law, qadis were responsible directly to the sultan.
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Istanbul and the civilization of the Ottoman Empire
166:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1111:, where Constantinople was only represented by an
819:The incoming students were called the inner boys (
1337:, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company (2004)
1276:Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804
1082:Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
410:The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a
422:government that had an effective control of its
1278:. University of Washington Press. p. 56.
1224:Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters (2010).
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8:
949:Provincial governance (civil administration)
175:"Government of the classical Ottoman Empire"
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1048:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
865:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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244:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
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100:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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980:). Kazas in turn were subdivided into
499:, brought under the sway of the ruling
319:
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1304:. Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica.
1152:Government of the late Ottoman Empire
941:attended the Divan meetings as well.
7:
1228:. Infobase Publishing. p. 184.
1046:adding citations to reliable sources
863:adding citations to reliable sources
816:relations with lower social groups.
647:adding citations to reliable sources
444:service was a key to many problems.
164:adding citations to reliable sources
2225:(reform and constitutional period)
1324:The Ottoman Centuries Lord Kinross
1226:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
599:. Fifty years later, in 1974, the
25:
2113:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
2076:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1558:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
899:Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)
601:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
52:This article has multiple issues.
2930:Government of the Ottoman Empire
2108:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
1619:
1018:
910:receiving the French embassy of
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619:
588:and declared the members of the
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2189:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
1482:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
151:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1930:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1203:. Leiden: Brill. p. 204.
468:-in-law" to conquered states.
1:
550:
1086:The Ottoman Empire had many
789:
471:The empire was divided into
2374:Vassal and tributary states
1756:Vassal and tributary states
1543:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1300:Zilfi, Madeline C. (1988).
986:. The qadis came from the
372:Vassal and tributary states
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1253:. Springer. pp. 3–6.
1115:(officer) as its agent in
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896:
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418:as the supreme ruler of a
29:
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1947:
1893:Decline and modernization
1617:
1199:Karpat, Kemal H. (1973).
1142:, of France and Britain.
721:in the hierarchy was the
2421:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1957:Foreign Affairs Ministry
1548:Ministry of the Interior
1298:For more on this topic:
1274:Sugar, Peter F. (2012).
367:Administrative divisions
2414:Agha of the Janissaries
2061:List of Ottoman sultans
1579:(constitutional period)
1171:Lewis, Bernard (1963).
582:abolished the Sultanate
545:The Ottoman dynasty or
2616:Science and technology
2066:Roman succession claim
918:
916:Jean-Baptiste van Mour
695:
683:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2489:Dragoman of the Fleet
2204:Dragoman of the Porte
1994:Armenian Constitution
1881:Stagnation and reform
1497:Dragoman of the Porte
1095:in the region around
914:in 1699; painting by
906:
808:; a process known as
690:
320:Constitutional period
260:State organisation of
2209:Outer Palace Service
2125:Inner Palace Service
1042:improve this section
859:improve this section
643:improve this section
450:separation of powers
160:improve this article
93:factual accuracy is
2404:Classic period army
2245:Chamber of Deputies
2220:Imperial Government
1594:Chamber of Deputies
1553:Ministry of Justice
1538:Ministry of Finance
1513:Imperial Government
595:personae non gratae
348:Chamber of Deputies
328:Imperial Government
2031:Translation Office
1915:2nd Constitutional
1903:1st Constitutional
1857:Sultanate of Women
1673:Armenian Apostolic
1457:(classical period)
1375:State organisation
1249:Erdem, Y. (1996).
970:administered by a
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712:Kadınlar Saltanatı
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515:, composed of the
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2399:
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2360:Mutasarrifates
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2135:Palace Schools
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2049:House of Osman
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1869:Decline thesis
1864:Transformation
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1849:
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1845:Constantinople
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1427:Palace Schools
1419:
1417:Imperial Harem
1414:
1409:
1396:
1394:
1393:House of Osman
1387:
1386:Central system
1383:
1382:
1379:Ottoman Empire
1373:
1371:
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897:Main article:
893:
892:
843:
841:
834:
828:
825:
794:Enderun School
776:Enderun School
767:
766:Palace schools
764:
693:Topkapı Palace
681:Main article:
677:
676:
627:
625:
618:
612:
611:Imperial Harem
609:
590:House of Osman
547:House of Osman
541:House of Osman
539:Main article:
536:
535:House of Osman
533:
508:
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501:House of Osman
483:vassal state (
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292:Classic period
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216:September 2016
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114:September 2016
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2505:
2504:Naval battles
2502:
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2497:
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2487:
2483:
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2477:Kapudan Pasha
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2432:Reform period
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2096:
2094:
2093:Haseki sultan
2091:
2089:
2088:Valide sultan
2086:
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2077:
2074:
2072:
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2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
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1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:United States
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
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1946:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1926:
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1870:
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1866:
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1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:Classical Age
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Osman's Dream
1823:
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1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1311:0-88297-042-9
1307:
1303:
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1292:
1287:
1285:9780295803630
1281:
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1260:9780230372979
1256:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1235:9781438110257
1231:
1227:
1220:
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1212:
1210:90-04-03817-5
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:0-8061-1060-0
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1140:protectorates
1137:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
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1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1027:This section
1025:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1010:Vassal states
1009:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
993:
989:
985:
984:
979:
975:
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969:
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868:
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860:
854:
853:
849:
844:This section
842:
838:
833:
832:
826:
824:
822:
817:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
777:
773:
772:Palace school
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
724:Haseki Sultan
720:
719:Valide Sultan
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:Valide sultan
701:
694:
689:
684:
673:
670:
662:
652:
648:
644:
638:
637:
633:
628:This section
626:
622:
617:
616:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
596:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
575:Grand Viziers
573:authority by
572:
571:
566:
565:
559:
556:
548:
542:
534:
532:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:) in central
486:
482:
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469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
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421:
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401:
396:
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389:
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381:
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365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
349:
345:
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338:
337:
335:
331:
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325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
310:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
297:
296:
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283:
278:
277:
276:
275:
271:
267:
266:
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230:
227:
219:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177: –
176:
172:
171:Find sources:
165:
161:
155:
154:
149:This article
147:
143:
138:
137:
128:
125:
117:
107:
103:
97:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
32:Sublime Porte
19:
2906:
2901:Bibliography
2899:
2892:
2861:Coat of arms
2835:Christianity
2789:Demographics
2772:of Armenians
2713:Illumination
2698:Architecture
2579:Central bank
2530:Conscription
2456:
2447:Mansure Army
2430:
2402:
2309:Hakham Bashi
2277:Christianity
2224:
2174:Grand Vizier
2163:
2015:Civil codes
1989:Constitution
1835:Ghaza thesis
1695:Hakham Bashi
1663:Christianity
1578:
1517:
1467:Grand Vizier
1456:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1301:
1294:
1275:
1269:
1250:
1244:
1225:
1219:
1200:
1172:
1166:
1136:Mohammed Ali
1130:
1085:
1064:
1058:October 2016
1055:
1040:Please help
1028:
1001:
995:
981:
977:
971:
965:
963:
952:
943:
934:
920:
881:
875:October 2016
872:
857:Please help
845:
818:
814:
779:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
736:
728:
722:
718:
716:
711:
697:
665:
659:October 2016
656:
641:Please help
629:
594:
579:
568:
562:
560:
546:
544:
526:
520:
517:Grand Vizier
510:
484:
470:
446:
435:
409:
312:Grand Vizier
240:
222:
213:
203:
196:
189:
182:
170:
158:Please help
153:verification
150:
120:
111:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2728:Shadow play
2574:Agriculture
2567:Reformation
2563:Enlargement
2409:Janissaries
2118:Kizlar Agha
2103:Hanımefendi
2098:Kadınefendi
1910:Dissolution
1840:Interregnum
1109:Mount Athos
1099:, north of
939:Janissaries
804:and/or the
605:Harun Osman
420:centralized
2745:Literature
2658:Ottomanism
2353:Sanjakbeys
2336:Beylerbeys
2324:Provincial
2041:Government
2004:Family law
1735:Sanjakbeys
1718:Beylerbeys
1706:Provincial
1438:Government
1158:References
1080:See also:
908:Mustafa II
733:concubines
485:Uç Beyliği
430:, such as
186:newspapers
57:improve it
2797:Armenians
2762:Education
2718:Miniature
2668:Languages
2653:Devshirme
2626:Transport
2426:Timariots
2292:Bulgarian
2184:Kazaskers
2146:Central (
2130:Kapi Agha
1999:Electoral
1925:Abolition
1920:Partition
1633:divisions
1477:Kazaskers
1125:hospodars
1101:Black Sea
1029:does not
937:) of the
846:does not
827:The Divan
691:Harem of
630:does not
597:of Turkey
586:Caliphate
475:, with a
466:successor
424:provinces
414:with the
412:despotism
102:talk page
63:talk page
2924:Category
2908:Category
2822:Religion
2735:Clothing
2621:Taxation
2584:Currency
2525:Aviation
2499:Admirals
2452:Hamidieh
2388:Military
2369:Kadiluks
2343:Vilayets
2297:Armenian
2235:Assembly
1972:Treaties
1941:Politics
1898:Tanzimat
1751:Kadiluks
1725:Vilayets
1412:Seraglio
1146:See also
810:Devşirme
796:, was a
570:de facto
493:polities
489:Anatolia
477:governor
473:vilayets
454:judicial
442:Military
95:disputed
2894:Outline
2849:Symbols
2840:Judaism
2767:Schools
2740:Cuisine
2703:Mosques
2690:Culture
2680:Slavery
2636:Society
2599:Sultani
2560:By era
2553:Economy
2535:Weapons
2348:Sanjaks
2331:Eyalets
2304:Judaism
2257:Millets
2194:Nişancı
2179:Viziers
2024:Halakha
2019:Mecelle
1962:Safavid
1874:Köprülü
1817:History
1730:Sanjaks
1713:Eyalets
1690:Judaism
1643:Millets
1487:Nişancı
1472:Viziers
1422:Enderûn
1377:of the
1333:rayah,
1133:khedive
1117:Karyaes
1050:removed
1035:sources
983:nahiyas
925:of the
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2240:Senate
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2482:List
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2396:Army
1977:Wars
1830:Rise
1306:ISBN
1280:ISBN
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1177:ISBN
1033:any
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