511:, had proven capable of supplying to the newer domestic and urban newspaper and magazine markets which had become the primary demand. Supplies of pine were dwindling and there was also a decreased demand for sawn timber. Many sawmills converted to pulp mills for the paper industry during this period. The UK was able to resume its supply from the Baltics, and their policies, especially the reduction in protectionism of their colonies, led to a decrease in markets in the UK. Shipbuilding turned towards steel, and the Atlantic fishing industry which provided domestic demand collapsed. Before 1950, many operations began to discontinue or be purchased by larger operations, and later many mills were completely removed and the spoiled land began to be restored in
919:, son of Philemon, following a visit to Scandinavia to learn of lumbering techniques there. The slide was 26 feet wide and was used to bypass the falls. Prior to this, bypassing the falls was a difficult task, and at times met with fatalities. His first slide was built in 1829 and during the next few years, other locations on the river began to employ them. This section of the Chaudière Falls where the first slide was built was on the north side of the Ottawa river, near the nicknamed "Little Kettle" waterfall. This construction of inclined slide was not just the first in Ottawa but it was the first in Canada to accommodate an entire crib of square timber.
992:). The 300-kilometer trip was dangerous with treacherous sections of rapids, specifically the Long Sault on the lower Ottawa. Their raft accidentally came apart while traversing the river and ultimately 2 months were added onto their trip. This delay in their schedule cause Wright to miss his contract and left him unable to sell the lumber until months later. This delay unexpectedly turned positive as when the timber was sold in late November, Napoleon had just cut off the Baltic–British timber trade. These series of events led to Wright setting president for future squared timber trade in the Ottawa Valley. The first
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882:. Sticks were trapped by a boom "at the mouth of the tributary" to be assembled into cribs, each crib consisting of 30 or more sticks of timber. Then the cribs, up to 100 of them, were joined together into a raft that served as the "riverman's home for the month-long journey downriver to Quebec. The crew lived in bunk houses right on the raft, and one of the cribs contained the cookery. The rafts were large enough in some cases that thirty plus men could live aboard, even having quarters for the captain.
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409:.The Ottawa River being conveniently located with access via the St. Lawrence River, was a valuable region due to its great pine forests surpassing any others nearby. The industry lasted until around 1900 as both markets and supplies decreased, it was then reoriented to the production of wood pulp which continued until the late 1990s and early 2000s.
1055:, and his name became widely known. With profits, he financed a large sawmill at the falls. In 1865, he was the location's third largest producer and twenty-five years later he had the highest daily output in the world.Booth's operation in the 1870's was so immense, it produced more than 30 million board feet of pine lumber.
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There were several companies and individuals who created some timber operations, before the huge
American influx. There were two waves of American lumberers. In 1853, Baldwin, Bronson, Harris, Leamy and Young began to erect lumber mills, and from 1856 to 1860, Perley, Pattee, Booth and Eddy followed.
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The timber slides were used as forms of entertainment, visitors which were unfamiliar with the slides were quite intrigued with the rushing logs and men wrangling them. In one such occasion during the Prince of Wales visit in 1860, a specially crafted raft was constructed for the prince to experience
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There were two principal types of assemblages of logs, a dram and a crib. The crib was usually used on the Ottawa River whereas the dram was used on Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence. A crib consisted of two layers of logs where were about twenty-four feet wide at most, as they were designed to get
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The 1875 lumber merchants list included Jos Aumond; Batson & Carrier; Bennett, Benson & Co.; H. B. D. Bruce; T. C. Brougham; T. W. Currier & Co.; G. B. Hall; Hamilton & Bros.; J. T. Lambert; Moses W. Linton; M. McDougall; John Moir; Isaac Moore; Robert Nagle; R. Ryan; Albert W. Soper;
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and Amelia island going to "Harris, Bronson and Co., and Perley and Pattee, both lumber operators in the Lake
Champlain / Lake George area". Levi Young was on the mainland. "Harris and Bronson" mills had a capacity of 100,000 logs annually, more than twice that of nearby mills of Blasdell, Currier
700:
giving the whole log a squared appearance. It was wasteful but squared pine was preferred by the
British for resawing. The timber was bound with other sticks into two related configurations, cribs, and rafts. Squared timber "became the main export" and was easy to ship overseas and could be moved by
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Upper and Lower Canada's major industry in terms of employment and value of the product was the timber trade. Bytown was a major lumber and sawmill centre of Canada. When the Ottawa River first began to be used for floating timber en route to markets, squared timber was the preference. This required
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When the Ottawa River first began to be used for floating timber en route to markets, squared timber was the preference by the
British for resawing, and it "became the main export". Britain imported 15,000 loads of timber from Canada in 1805, and from the colonies, 30,000 in 1807, and nearly 300,000
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was part of a
Scottish merchant family whose lumber interests began in Canada in New Brunswick, then Montreal and then Bytown in 1841. In 1840, after his Montreal boss retired, Allan and his cousin James from Scotland took over the lumber business He dealt in square timber, and built mills on the
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a former employee of
Philemon Wright, with William M?? where they cut timber in Gloucester Township near Sawmill Creek, in 1810. The industry began in Bytown with St. Louis, who in 1830 used the bywash (a section, that no longer exists, of the early Rideau Canal which drained into the Rideau River)
423:
on non-Empire goods increased
Canadian imports. Leading into the early 1800s much of the pine in New Brunswick had been cut and Ottawa-Gatineau was considered the boundary for lumbering. Moving to the mid 1800s much of the pine in this once pristine area was now cut. The first part of the industry,
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and Weston, J.J. Harris, Pattee and Perley, John
Rochester, Levi Young. All were former Americans who had immigrated except for Rochester. J.?. Turgeon operated a sawmill in the canal basin (another no longer existing area of the canal used for turning watercraft, just south of the bridge by the
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British tariff concessions fostered the growth of the
Canadian timber trade. The British government instituted the tariff on the importation of foreign timber in 1795 in need of alternate sources for its navy and to promote the industry in its North American colonies. The "Colonial Preference" was
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Gatineau River, the South Nation River east of Ottawa, the Blanche River near Pembroke, and a mill in Trenton, Ontario. The firm employed over 1000 in the winter time. Their mills used more modern features in sawing and lifting, and turning logs over. Allan Gilmour was associated with the firm
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was one of Canada's largest lumber barons and most successful entrepreneurs; he also worked at the Chaudière. He had once helped build Andrew Leamy's sawmill in Hull, and later began producing shingles near the Chaudière Falls in a rented sawmill. He later built his own sawmill, was the lumber
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was an American who became one of the earliest major lumber barons, working on the Chaudière in the 1850s Bronson with his partner, John Harris in 1852 bought some land on Victoria Island, and the rights to use the water for industry. Harris and Bronson set up a large plant incorporating some
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To extract logs during the winter season it is estimated that logging firms had to supply 430 men for log extraction from the woods, 300 men for piling and moving logs, and 300 teamsters to control the horses and log sleighs for a 150,000 log yield. The supplies needed for these men included:
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In 1821 the tariff was reduced to 55 shillings and was abolished in 1842. The United Kingdom resumed its trade in Baltic timber. The change in Britain's tariff preferences was a result of Britain moving to Free Trade in 1840. The 1840s saw a gradual move from protectionism in Great Britain
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built up much of the logging infrastructure in the area and was known for charging rival loggers a fee for using his timber slide. Today the Coulonge chute is a popular tourist attraction with activities such as ziplining and obstacle courses or visitors can just get a view of the falls.
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The first raftsmen were ex-pat American, Scottish, and Irish settlers. As more rafts were sent downriver as the industry expanded, more French Canadians moved into the Ottawa Valley from Montreal. The mid-1820s saw a large number Irish immigrants arrive in Wright's Town to construct the
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Also in 1869, about a third of the lumber manufactured at Ottawa was shipped to foreign countries, and the area employed 6000 men in cutting and rafting logs, about 5,500 in the preparation of squared timber for European markets, and about 5,000 at the mills in Ottawa.
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Rafts were powered by oars, or occasionally sails. Rafts had to be dismantled and reassembled to get past rapids and obstructions. At Chaudière Falls 20 days could be lost in hauling the timber overland. Timber slides were an idea to solve that problem.
475:, founded mills and industries, alongside investing in public infrastructure and private residences, which were essential to the growth and development of early Ottawa. The sawed lumber industry benefited from transportation improvements, first the
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An American September 30, 1869 statement showed that lumber was, by far Canada's biggest export to the U.S., at over 424 million feet, worth $ 4,761,357. The other two largest exports were iron, pigs, and sheep, worth around the $ 500,000
980:, to go down the Ottawa River on June 11, 1806, taking 35 days to get to Montreal alone. It was manned by Philemon, his 17-year-old son Tiberius and three crewmen—London Oxford, Martin Ebert and John Turner—along its trip to
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became of interest economically for its oaks, pines, and maples, during the Napoleonic blockade. Its large oaks are of "high quality and particularly of large size, suitable for the construction of vessels."
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Somewhere between 1848 and 1861, a large increase in the number of sawmills in "the town" had occurred, as did dwellings, from 601 dwellings and 3 sawmills in 1845, to 2104 dwellings and 12 sawmills by 1861.
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Around 1906, the last raft was chuted down the Ottawa River. Squaring of timber to make rafts had become too wasteful and costly a solution to transportation, new hydro obstructions along the Ottawa and
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The industry contributed to the population growth in Ontario and Quebec both indirectly, as a result of its economic boost, as well as directly, when ships from Quebec City went to ports such as
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The reciprocity treaty of 1854 allowed for duty-free export of Ottawa Valley's lumber into the United States. Both the market was changing, as well as the entrepreneurs running the businesses.
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Sometime in the 1850s the islands at the Chaudière Falls became occupied with the express intent of harvesting the enormous power of the falls. An auction on September 1, 1852 had lots on
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and returned with hopeful immigrants, providing cheap transportation. It also stimulated economic growth in both provinces, and J.R. Booth contributed greatly to the construction of the
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1365:'s Irish Catholics mainly from Cork along with the Franco-Ontarians made up the majority of Rideau Canal builders and were heavily employed in the area's extensive lumber industry.
552:'s major industry in terms of employment and value of the product was the timber trade. The largest supplier of square red and white pine to the British market originated from the
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the trade in squared timber lasted until about the 1850s. The transportation for the raw timber was first by means of floating down the Ottawa River, first conducted in 1806 by
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is a boat commissioned by Booth to move white pine down the Ottawa River built by John Cockburn first in Ottawa who then moved to Pembroke, whose marina now holds its monument.
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was called Columbia Falls Village by Philemon Wright, Wright's Town (or Wrightstown) by most and Wright's Village by some during Philemon Wright's life. It later became
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with partners, and in 1861, he bought out his partners and, in 1866, he purchased the mills after McKay's death. In 1864, again with his partners, he bought sawmills at
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in Europe, forcing the United Kingdom to require a new source for timber, especially for its navy and shipbuilding. Later, Britain's application of gradually increasing
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Wm. Stubbs and Wm. Mackey, 99 Daly; Robert Skead, 288 Sparks; Hon. James Skead, 262 Wellington; William Skead, 10 Bell; and Joseph Smith, 286 Sussex.
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459:. American entrepreneurs at that time then began to immigrate and build their operations near the Ottawa River, creating some of the world's largest
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1000:, on the North Side near the Chaudière Falls following a visit to Scandinavia to learn of lumbering techniques there. Philemon had an employee,
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were the locations of some of Canada's largest lumber mills, including those of Booth and Bronson. All of that is now gone now as part of the
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and once completed, the labourers took to the rafts. Competition for jobs led to animosity and hatred. Many Irish had come to Canada after the
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removed a lot of the industrial structures in Ottawa and Hull in the 1960s. LeBreton, for various reasons, remained unoccupied for decades.
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Here is the production of some companies in 1873, M feet of lumber and number of employees and their 1875 address listed, where available.
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Rafts destined for Quebec have 2000 to 3000 pieces, almost all of them pine. The rafts are made up in cribs; each crib has 25 pieces.
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Lumbering in Canada:October 1873:Ottawa: Manufacturers of the Ottawa Valley:Williamsport Gazette and Bulletin, The Wisconsin Lumberman
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The trip to the timber shipping yards in Quebec, headquarters of many lumber exporting firms, often took as long as six weeks.
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caused pollution and damage to the lands. The beauty of the Chaudiere Falls had been completely changed by industry. The
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first 10 shillings per load, increasing to 25 in 1805 and after Napoleon's blockade ended, it was increased to 65 in 1814.
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1991:"Bonnechere River Facts – Fossils & Culture at the Bonnechere Museum in Eganville: Canada's Ordovician Fossil Capital"
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policies in Ottawa. The industry had contributed greatly to population increases, culture, and economic growth of
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988:(the original Anishinaabe name was Kinodjiwan, meaning long-rapids, invisible since the river was dammed at the
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A View of the Mill and Tavern of Philemon Wright at the Chaudière Falls, Hull on the Ottawa River, Lower Canada
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was a name given to areas in present day Ontario in the 18th and 19th centuries, until 1840 or 1841, when the
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modern features, which ushered in other entrepreneurs in an "American Invasion" to follow. Bronson had a son
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caused a shift to American markets. The source of timber in the UK changed, where its access to timber in the
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ordered a blockade to European ports, blocking Britain's access to timber required for the navy from the
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was a lumber businessman in 1852 on the Chaudière of Perley and Pattee, both Americans. His partner,
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and it created an entrepreneur known as a lumber baron. The trade in squared timber and later sawed
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when Ontario and Quebec became officially named, and became two of the four provinces of Canada.
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Map of the City of Ottawa Insurance Plan, 1888–1901, with business names and locations indicated
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Bronsons & Weston , 40, 400, Victoria Island (incorrectly listed as Bronson & Weston)
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Brault, Lucien. Hull 1800–1950. Ottawa: Les Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 1950, pg. 11
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Levi Young, 16, 100, Victoria Island Chaudiere (Numbers listed him as Capt. Young's mill.)
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Wright, Batson & Currier 17, 250 (only listing for address was Batson & Carrier)
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was not part of this firm, though he had much in common with the sawmills and Ottawa.
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Gilmour & Co. 40, 500–1000, 22 Bank (numbers were listed with Gilmore & Co.)
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Rivers had made it more difficult, and the growing road and rail networks, like the
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365:, was the nineteenth century production of wood products by Canada on areas of the
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Gooderham (not on the Ottawa River) southwest of Ottawa still has an active mill.
701:"pegged cribs". The rafts were floated on the Ottawa River to markets in Quebec.
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J. Maclaren & Co., 20, 150, 6 Sussex (address listed as J. MacLaren & Co.)
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was established in 1851 under the presidency of lumber businessman Allan Gilmour.
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1470:. Along the Bonnechere river there are 5 chutes they are located in Castleford,
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on the Ottawa River was built on the North Side near the Chaudière Falls by
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The second part of the industry involved the trade of sawed lumber, and the
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Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries (for 1869)
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There also was an environmental impact. The huge industrial operations at
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for use with grist and sawmills. In 1852, the Chaudière saw A.H. Baldwin,
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The first lumbering on the south side of the Kim River near Ottawa was by
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1748:"The Timber Industry – VENI, VIDI, VICI! (I came, I sawed, I conquered!)"
1695:"The Timber Industry – VENI, VIDI, VICI! (I came, I sawed, I conquered!)"
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1972:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaffieldChadHistory_of_the_Outaouais1997 (
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713:'s construction to escape poverty in Ireland. Irish gangs called the
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lumber barons, and lasted chiefly from about 1850 to 1900–1910. The
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Areas affected by the lumber industry on the Ottawa River include
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587:. The British naval shipyards were desperately in need of lumber.
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Other notable lumber barons, importers, and politicians included
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499:, founded by J.R. Booth in 1897 and spanning the region between
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which held living quarters for men on their six-week journey to
16:
Historic timber industry in the Ottawa Valley of Ontario, Canada
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389:
led to population growth and prosperity to communities in the
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is a large swath of land, much of it along the Ottawa River.
1209:
The Chaudière Falls and Chaudière Island before damming, 1838
1004:, who owned the land that would eventually form the heart of
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near Cumberland and York. In 2001 he moved to Rideau Falls.
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Felling timber using a crosscut saw in Ontario, c. 1870–1930
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984:. The raft had to be broken up into cribs to clear the
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was restored, and it no longer provided the protective
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Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec
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2050:
2048:
1951:
1949:
1875:
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formed. In 1867, this also no longer existed with the
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still carries lumber as one of its major commodities.
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contained the mills of the J. MacLaren & Co. by
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who later assumed control of his father's business.
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The industry came about just before Napoleon's 1806
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Where Rivers Meet: An Illustrated History of Ottawa
576:) was a major lumber and sawmill centre of Canada.
2996:Conseil des Ă©coles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario
2271:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDepartment_of_State (
1968:Gaffield, Chad & History of the Outaouais 1997
1911:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDepartment_of_State (
1712:"Timber Trade History | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
401:, the capital of Canada). The product was chiefly
1518:Workers cutting trees on the Upper Ottawa River,
1255:'s efforts at beautifying the capital of Canada.
996:on the Ottawa River was built by Philemon's son,
957:A list of passengers and supplies carried on the
3697:Settlers of the National Capital Region (Canada)
1985:
1983:
1301:List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa
2266:
1906:
1706:
1704:
976:, Quebec), built the first timber raft, called
1659:, the inspiration for Big Joe Mufferaw himself
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2611:
2583:- Ottawa River Heritage Designation Committee
2531:Boyd's combined business directory for 1875-6
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1130:Legislative Council of the Province of Canada
322:
8:
3001:Conseil des Ă©coles catholiques du Centre-Est
2488:, Belleville, Ont: Mika Publishing Company,
1466:, The town of Bonnechere sits alongside the
886:along the rapids at the Chaudière Falls and
2425:, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited,
2395:, Government Printing Office, United States
2377:, Ottawa historical information Institute,
2165:"Hull Timber Slide National Historic Event"
2112:"Hull Timber Slide National Historic Event"
647:Perley & Pattee, 30, 275, 105 Chaudiere
3281:
3217:
3203:
3195:
2618:
2604:
2596:
2520:Williamsport Gazette and Bulletin (1873),
1303:lists the Carkner Lumber Mill in Osgoode,
329:
315:
18:
949:Portrait of Philemon Wright by John James
432:. Squared timber would be assembled into
2470:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
2304:
2187:
2151:
2098:
1783:
1341:is often associated with the name. The
1090:Horses hauling logs in the Ottawa Valley
895:
608:
2235:
2223:
1683:http://ottawariver.org/pdf/09-ch2-7.pdf
1668:
1638:British timber trade#Trade restrictions
1508:
1261:was named after the lumber baron. The
74:
30:
2441:, Ottawa: Haig and Haig Publishing Co.
2252:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKnowles (
2039:
2020:
1941:Williamsport Gazette and Bulletin 1873
1925:
1862:
1760:
1572:J.R. Booth's timber rafts arriving at
1265:was founded due to the industry. The
817:from upstate New York, founder of the
650:A.H. Baldwin, 25, 200, Victoria Island
2986:Ottawa-Carleton District School Board
1879:
1734:
1554:Cookery on J.R. Booth's timber raft,
733:Supplying a winter logging expedition
7:
2292:
2139:
2069:todayinottawashistory (2020-06-20).
2056:
1955:
1891:
1837:
1804:
1451:joins the Ottawa River just east of
3605:
3501:Société de transport de l'Outaouais
3178:
2247:
1138:, who once established industry in
1008:, and whose name would be given to
802:Perley and Pattee's Sawmill at the
1536:Timber booms on the Ottawa River,
1116:. He was also known for building
874:The Ottawa River was the means of
662:Total here: 228 million feet(sic).
632:, 40, 400, Albert Island, Chaudier
14:
3496:Gatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport
3475:Université du Québec en Outaouais
3397:Gatineau Hot Air Balloon Festival
1633:Economic history of Canada#Timber
1474:, Douglas, Bonnechere caves, and
1154:, later buying out his partners.
1082:Other lumber companies and people
3604:
3593:
3592:
3225:
3177:
3165:
3154:
3153:
2626:
2486:Bytown: The Early Days of Ottawa
2406:. GeneralStore PublishingHouse.
2403:Giants of Canada's Ottawa Valley
1612:
1587:
1565:
1547:
1529:
1511:
1397:Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours, Quebec
1345:is a geologically related area.
1074:, who was also in the business.
298:
38:
3702:History of transport in Ontario
2484:Mika, Nick & Helma (1982),
717:began to develop, sparking the
463:. These lumber barons, such as
3707:History of transport in Quebec
3054:Embassies and high commissions
2555:Woods, Shirley E. Jr. (1980),
2504:Ottawa: An Illustrated History
1716:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
1277:'s lumber-related population.
932:the timber slides first hand.
854:and Co., and Philip Thompson.
1:
2559:, Toronto: Doubleday Canada,
2557:Ottawa: The Capital of Canada
2355:Bond, Courtney C. J. (1984),
1595:
1577:
1555:
1537:
1519:
1324:
1311:Places outside city of Ottawa
1142:in 1853, leased a sawmill in
829:In 1843, Philip Thompson and
2991:Ottawa Catholic School Board
2771:Communities / Neighbourhoods
2581:Logging in the Ottawa Valley
2450:, Ottawa: Book Coach Press,
2439:Ottawa: City of the Big Ears
2389:Department of State (1871),
1594:Lumber camp, Ottawa Valley,
1240:Places within city of Ottawa
936:Lumber barons and innovators
3667:Economic history of Ontario
3574:National Capital Commission
1234:National Capital Commission
1104:Pollok, Gilmour and Company
990:Carillon Generating Station
858:Timber slides, cribs, rafts
826:acquired the mill in 1837.
3723:
1482:Lumber industry and sports
692:the logs to be skillfully
530:
359:Ottawa Valley timber trade
3692:Timber industry in Canada
3587:
3444:Terrasses de la Chaudière
3247:Ottawa River timber trade
3148:
2981:Universities and Colleges
2446:Knowles, Valerie (2005),
2075:Today in Ottawa's History
1128:. McKay also was on the
497:Canadian Atlantic Railway
393:, especially the city of
363:Ottawa River lumber trade
355:Ottawa River timber trade
2502:Taylor, John H. (1986),
2421:Greening, W. E. (1961),
2359:, Windsor Publications,
1343:Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben
1319:Ships loading timber in
3579:National Capital Region
3424:Les Promenades Gatineau
3125:National Capital Region
2882:National Historic Sites
2464:Legget, Robert (1986),
2400:Finnigan, Joan (1981).
2373:Brault, Lucien (1946),
2205:www.communitystories.ca
1439:Highlands East, Ontario
1425:Carleton Place, Ontario
1357:Confederation of Canada
1219:Canada Atlantic Railway
369:and the regions of the
3682:History of Quebec City
2948:OPL-LAC Joint Facility
2201:"The "SWISHA" Project"
2071:"The Last Timber Raft"
1455:. A slide owner named
1330:
1307:in Rideau-Goldbourne.
1285:Ottawa Central Railway
1273:to serve the needs of
1269:came about as part of
1210:
1091:
1068:William Goodhue Perley
1064:William Goodhue Perley
1044:
1021:Henry Franklin Bronson
1016:Henry Franklin Bronson
962:
950:
904:
871:
843:Henry Franklin Bronson
815:United Empire Loyalist
806:
767:3,750 gallons of syrup
688:
614:
542:
469:Henry Franklin Bronson
350:
291:Historical individuals
3652:British North America
3548:Gatineau City Council
3267:1900 Hull–Ottawa fire
2902:Ottawa Valley English
2437:Haig, Robert (1975),
1488:Pembroke Lumber Kings
1318:
1208:
1089:
1039:
1026:Erskine Henry Bronson
956:
948:
899:
865:
801:
785:900 pairs of blankets
752:37000 bushels of oats
678:
612:
540:
344:
3465:CĂ©gep de l'Outaouais
3439:St. Joseph Cathedral
3340:Jacques-Cartier Park
2896:Ice hockey in Ottawa
2738:Parliament shootings
1417:North Gower, Ontario
1413:Stittsville, Ontario
1072:George Halsey Perley
1053:Parliament buildings
1048:John Rudolphus Booth
1032:John Rudolphus Booth
866:Timber slide at the
839:John Rudolphus Booth
749:925 bushels of beans
746:900 barrels of flour
533:British timber trade
479:linking Ottawa with
465:John Rudolphus Booth
414:Continental Blockade
357:, also known as the
257:Parliament shootings
177:Parliament Hill fire
3672:History of Gatineau
3558:Municipal elections
3419:Casino du Lac-Leamy
3391:Gatineau Olympiques
3044:Municipal elections
2862:Heritage properties
2267:Department of State
1970:, pp. 146–152.
1909:, pp. 195–216.
1907:Department of State
1498:Ottawa Curling Club
1421:Kemptville, Ontario
1409:Hawkesbury, Ontario
776:6,000 lb of tobacco
743:825 barrels of pork
3610:WikiProject Ottawa
3429:Palais des congrès
3063:Transportation and
3017:City of Ottawa Act
2743:Confederation Line
2375:Ottawa Old and New
1657:Joseph Montferrand
1476:Eganville, Ontario
1383:Buckingham, Quebec
1353:Province of Canada
1331:
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1152:Buckingham, Quebec
1099:Allan Gilmour, Sr.
1092:
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689:
687:, Ontario, c. 1895
615:
543:
449:Reciprocity Treaty
351:
305:Ontario portal
267:Confederation Line
3687:Pembroke, Ontario
3677:History of Ottawa
3662:Economy of Quebec
3632:Logging in Canada
3619:
3618:
3553:Maison du Citoyen
3449:Tallest buildings
3315:
3314:
3192:
3191:
3049:Federal elections
2748:COVID-19 pandemic
2678:Stony Monday Riot
2513:978-0-88862-981-4
2413:978-0-919431-00-3
2250:, pp. 66–71.
2238:, pp. 67–71.
1995:www.bonnechere.ca
1628:History of Ottawa
1464:Bonnechere Valley
1457:George Bryson Sr.
1453:Pembroke, Ontario
1429:Pembroke, Ontario
1375:in 1875 and then
1175:William Borthwick
1140:Wakefield, Quebec
1059:Perley and Pattee
1051:supplier for the
1043:and sons, c. 1900
986:Long Sault Rapids
968:, the founder of
903:by Henry DuVernet
878:to Quebec, using
876:transporting logs
811:Braddish Billings
764:1,500 boom chains
339:
338:
285:
284:
127:Stony Monday Riot
70:
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32:History of Ottawa
3714:
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3470:Heritage College
3434:Place du Portage
3282:
3262:Ezra Butler Eddy
3231:City of Gatineau
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1472:Renfrew, Ontario
1468:Bonnechere River
1377:Gatineau, Quebec
1339:Renfrew, Ontario
1329:
1328: 1860–1870
1326:
1291:Hog's Back Falls
1191:William Hamilton
1167:Daniel McLachlin
831:Daniel McLachlin
779:60 crosscut saws
773:1,875 lb of soap
758:1000 grindstones
727:French Canadians
473:Ezra Butler Eddy
345:Timber rafts by
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167:Hull–Ottawa fire
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3350:Chaudière Falls
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3252:Philemon Wright
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3077:Capital Pathway
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2911:Public services
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2801:River crossings
2757:
2753:Convoy protests
2728:Ottawa Senators
2713:Gouzenko Affair
2703:Sewer explosion
2688:Parliament Hill
2634:
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2587:The Timber Days
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2023:, pp. 177.
2019:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1989:
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1981:
1971:
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1962:
1958:, pp. 290.
1954:
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1750:. 3 April 2020.
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1393:Fassett, Quebec
1363:Eastern Ontario
1327:
1313:
1295:John Mactaggart
1249:Chaudière Falls
1242:
1230:Chaudiere Falls
1203:
1195:George Hamilton
1187:William Stewart
1120:, locks of the
1084:
1061:
1034:
1018:
1002:Nicholas Sparks
966:Philemon Wright
943:
941:Philemon Wright
938:
868:Chaudière Falls
860:
851:Victoria Island
835:Chaudière Falls
819:Billings Estate
804:Chaudière Falls
796:
791:
770:7,500 lb of tea
755:300 tons of hay
735:
723:Irish Catholics
673:
535:
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507:, and northern
426:Philemon Wright
347:Parliament Hill
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297:
277:Convoy protests
237:Ottawa Senators
197:Gouzenko Affair
187:Sewer explosion
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3171:Ontario portal
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3140:Notable people
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2575:External links
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1620:Ontario portal
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1387:James Maclaren
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1263:Bank of Ottawa
1259:Bronson Avenue
1245:LeBreton Flats
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1226:LeBreton Flats
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1163:John Rochester
1136:James Maclaren
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68:
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66:(1855–present)
64:
62:City of Ottawa
58:
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56:(founded 1826)
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44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
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15:
13:
10:
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4:
3:
2:
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3637:Log transport
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3364:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Gatineau Park
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3307:Masson-Angers
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Wright's Town
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
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3201:
3200:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3175:
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3168:
3163:
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3160:
3151:
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3147:
3141:
3138:
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3128:
3126:
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3110:
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3008:
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2999:
2997:
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2799:
2797:
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2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Ottawa Valley
2784:
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2779:
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2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
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2736:
2734:
2733:Trillium Line
2731:
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2721:
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2689:
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2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:ByWard Market
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2591:Bytown Museum
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2566:0-385-14722-8
2562:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2541:9780665037146
2537:
2533:
2532:
2528:Boyd (1875),
2526:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2495:0-919303-60-9
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2477:0-8020-6591-0
2473:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:0-9739071-1-8
2453:
2449:
2448:Capital Lives
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2404:
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2371:
2368:
2366:0-89781-111-9
2362:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:Greening 1961
2301:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:Greening 1961
2184:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:Greening 1961
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:Greening 1961
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
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1876:
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1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:Greening 1961
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1743:
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1731:
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1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:. April 2024.
1696:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:, a Canadian
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
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1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1610:
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1479:
1477:
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1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Fort-Coulonge
1442:
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1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
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1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Ottawa Valley
1322:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1305:Watson's Mill
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:ByWard Market
1264:
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1256:
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1144:New Edinburgh
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:Bytown Museum
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:New Edinburgh
1111:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:, had a son,
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1010:Sparks Street
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:(present-day
971:
970:Wright's Town
967:
960:
955:
947:
940:
935:
933:
929:
927:
923:
920:
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816:
812:
805:
800:
793:
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781:
778:
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772:
769:
766:
763:
761:75 dozen axes
760:
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745:
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563:
559:
558:Ottawa Valley
555:
551:
547:
539:
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526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:Urban Renewal
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Baltic region
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:Wright's Town
427:
422:
419:
418:protectionist
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Ottawa Valley
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Ottawa Valley
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
343:
332:
327:
325:
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312:
310:
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306:
296:
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289:
288:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
255:
254:
250:
248:
247:Trillium Line
245:
244:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
224:
220:
218:
215:
214:
210:
208:
205:
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185:
184:
180:
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158:
155:
154:
150:
148:
145:
144:
140:
138:
135:
134:
130:
128:
125:
124:
120:
118:
115:
114:
110:
108:
107:ByWard Market
105:
104:
100:
98:
95:
94:
90:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
73:
65:
63:
60:
59:
55:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3647:Ottawa River
3603:
3591:
3345:Ottawa River
3246:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3135:Coat of arms
3104:Rideau Canal
3034:City Council
2960:Tool Library
2852:Demographics
2837:Bilingualism
2822:Architecture
2796:Rideau River
2791:Ottawa River
2673:Shiners' War
2658:Rideau Canal
2653:Timber trade
2652:
2556:
2545:, retrieved
2530:
2521:
2503:
2485:
2466:
2447:
2438:
2422:
2402:
2391:
2374:
2356:
2348:Bibliography
2335:. Retrieved
2331:
2326:jordankent.
2321:
2312:
2300:
2262:
2243:
2236:Knowles 2005
2231:
2224:Knowles 2005
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2183:
2172:. Retrieved
2169:www.pc.gc.ca
2168:
2159:
2147:
2119:. Retrieved
2116:www.pc.gc.ca
2115:
2106:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1963:
1921:
1887:
1756:
1742:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1689:
1493:Dave Gilmour
1462:
1443:
1437:
1402:
1391:
1381:
1373:Hull, Quebec
1367:
1361:
1349:Upper Canada
1347:
1332:
1299:
1289:
1283:
1257:
1243:
1223:
1212:
1183:Andrew Leamy
1156:
1148:Thomas McKay
1134:
1122:Rideau Canal
1110:Thomas McKay
1108:
1097:
1093:
1076:David Pattee
1062:
1046:
1019:
994:timber slide
977:
964:
958:
930:
926:Pointer boat
924:
921:
913:timber slide
910:
906:
900:
892:
884:
873:
848:
828:
824:Thomas McKay
808:
736:
719:Shiners' War
711:Rideau Canal
707:Rideau Canal
703:
690:
671:Timber trade
665:
624:
620:
616:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
578:
554:Ottawa River
550:Lower Canada
544:
493:St. Lawrence
489:
485:Lake Ontario
477:Rideau Canal
442:
411:
383:Lower Canada
379:Upper Canada
373:and western
367:Ottawa River
362:
358:
354:
352:
117:Shiners' War
97:Rideau Canal
87:Timber trade
86:
3183:WikiProject
2832:BeaverTails
2827:Attractions
2708:Greber Plan
2040:Taylor 1986
2021:Brault 1946
1926:Brault 1946
1863:Brault 1946
1761:Legget 1986
1599: 1900
1581: 1891
1559: 1880
1541: 1872
1523: 1871
1395:along with
1321:Quebec City
1279:Booth House
1253:Greber Plan
1159:James Skead
1118:Rideau Hall
982:Quebec City
870:, 1880–1900
846:entrance).
782:225 sleighs
729:in Bytown.
681:lumber camp
445:New England
438:Quebec City
434:large rafts
207:Greber Plan
3626:Categories
3528:Government
3402:Winterlude
3297:Buckingham
3092:Transitway
3082:OC Transpo
3010:Government
2887:Synagogues
2718:Transitway
2693:Streetcars
2423:The Ottawa
2337:2021-03-25
2210:2021-02-11
2174:2021-03-18
2121:2021-02-11
2080:2021-03-18
2000:2021-03-25
1880:Woods 1980
1735:Woods 1980
1721:2021-03-18
1664:References
1576:, Quebec,
1271:Lower Town
1124:, and the
1041:J.R. Booth
911:The first
685:Aylen Lake
630:J.R. Booth
585:Baltic Sea
568:forests".
566:white pine
560:had "rich
531:See also:
503:, Ottawa,
501:Lake Huron
407:white pine
217:Transitway
157:Streetcars
3458:Education
3411:Buildings
3355:crossings
3325:Districts
3277:Geography
3039:City Hall
2969:Education
2933:Hospitals
2857:Festivals
2776:Greenbelt
2763:Geography
2547:29 August
2293:Bond 1984
2140:Haig 1975
2057:Mika 1982
1956:Boyd 1875
1892:Mika 1982
1838:Mika 1982
1805:Bond 1984
1652:tall tale
1379:in 2002.
1215:Liverpool
1171:John Egan
888:Des Chats
698:broadaxes
642:E.B. Eddy
599:in 1820.
579:In 1806,
3598:Category
3159:Category
3118:Features
3072:Airports
2847:Churches
2648:Timeline
2431:25441343
1606:See also
1405:Arnprior
1369:Gatineau
1293:were as
1247:and the
1228:and the
974:Gatineau
794:Sawmills
788:45 boats
721:between
581:Napoleon
556:and the
505:Montreal
481:Kingston
461:sawmills
76:Timeline
24:a series
22:Part of
3518:Bridges
3506:Rapibus
3382:Museums
3372:Cinemas
3366:Culture
3285:Sectors
3239:History
3087:O-Train
2976:Schools
2943:Library
2877:Museums
2867:Mosques
2842:Cinemas
2815:Culture
2683:Railway
2640:History
2383:2947504
2248:Knowles
1574:Sillery
1505:Gallery
1433:Lachute
978:Columbo
961:in 1806
959:Columbo
715:Shiners
527:Markets
517:Ontario
509:Vermont
457:tariffs
421:tariffs
349:in 1882
147:Capital
137:Railway
3387:Sports
3292:Aylmer
2955:Police
2918:By-law
2892:Sports
2668:Bytown
2563:
2538:
2510:
2492:
2474:
2454:
2429:
2410:
2381:
2363:
2328:"Home"
1447:, The
1431:, and
1275:Bytown
1201:Legacy
1193:, and
1006:Bytown
694:shaped
679:Booth
606:range.
574:Ottawa
570:Bytown
521:Quebec
471:, and
399:Ottawa
395:Bytown
387:lumber
375:Quebec
52:Bytown
3567:Other
3536:Mayor
3513:Roads
3377:Media
3109:Roads
3022:Mayor
2938:Hydro
2872:Media
2806:Wards
2781:Parks
1146:from
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397:(now
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3027:list
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2561:ISBN
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2273:help
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1333:The
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725:and
564:and
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281:2022
271:2019
261:2014
251:2001
241:1992
231:1985
221:1983
211:1950
201:1945
191:1929
181:1916
171:1900
161:1891
151:1857
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131:1849
121:1835
111:1827
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