301:. While that is Irish-influenced, there has also been evidence of its use in Early English. Until around the 1600s, citizens of the poorer and lower classes have been known to use "for to" in their speech and dialogues. The following are common uses of the phrase: It can be used in statements of purpose ("I went to the shop for to get the cheese"), in exclamations ("For to tell her like that!"), and sentences where the infinitive is featured as the subject ("For to stay here would just be as expensive"). This trait can also be found in another variety of Canadian English, namely
197:
The Irish were undoubtedly the most significant group of settlers in the Ottawa Valley in terms of numbers, as such they had the largest influence on the accents spoken there. In some townships, as many as 95% of the population claimed to be of Irish ethnicity in 1941. While much of Irish immigration
176:
settlers, those cultures managed to remain fairly distinct from one another. Concentrating in certain areas and preserving heritage languages and religions, the cultural pockets were what eventually led to the formation of the valley's townships. While the characteristics of the Ottawa Valley twang
321:
Although home to a large, diverse collection of heritages and cultures, the distinctive traits of the Ottawa Valley Twang are arguably in decline. Years ago in 1975, Chambers observed, "Little of this twang can be found today as most of the surrounding area and all the city have assimilated to
325:
Even though it is one of the most recognizable traits of the Ottawa Valley twang, the data available in regards to the use of "for to" is limited and susceptible to skewing. While speakers have historically used that syntactic feature, many sentences containing it are considered grammatically
292:
One of the strongest Irish influences on Ottawa Valley twang and the
English of the area, in general, is the introduction of "for to." That is a syntactic feature where "for" is added to the "to" infinitive before verbs. The use of "for to" is an important characteristic of
282:, bringing vocabulary elements of their heritage dialects as well. The term "ben," for example, is used to refer to what most Canadians would call a "living room" or what Ottawa Valley inhabitants would call a "parlour." "Rones" is used in place of "eavestroughs" and "
214:, particularly in the area known today as the Ottawa Valley. Over-represented in the British armed forces, Scottish men and their families received grants and ended up settling in the valley. Those who settled in Glengarry County were mostly
274:
words, an example being "gruamach" to describe a gloomy and overcast day. Some phonological features are also transferred from Gaelic, such as the marked devoicing of final voiced consonants as well as the alteration of consonant clusters.
322:
General
English." As a result, there is also a lack of literature in this subject. The study by Ian Pringle and Enoch Padolsky is among the only research entirely focused on Ottawa Valley and its linguistic features and characteristics.
148:
and they became the major cultural groups in the region. Work and trade opportunities and access to cheap land all made settlement in the Ottawa Valley attractive. The valley's population peaked in the years following 1891.
198:
can be attributed to the 19th-century famines, the Irish were also drawn to the Ottawa Valley for work opportunities, examples being in the thriving timber industry at the time as well as infrastructure projects.
326:
incorrect in today's
Standard Canadian English. As a result, the use of "for to" may be underreported or even further denounced by what is sometimes referred to as "negative over reporting."
108:
influence; however, the nature of such variation has never been thoroughly described. At a general phonetic level, the Ottawa Valley twang of Irish-descended people is characterized by
210:, Scottish groups settled primarily in the Glengarry, Lanark, and Renfrew Counties. Soldiers who had served the British Crown during the wars were offered free land grants throughout
104:
In the 1980s, linguist Ian
Pringle and colleagues claimed that there was a huge variation in dialect features throughout the thinly-populated Ottawa Valley, notably with large
1499:
313:, with the former expressing that the singer would "come home for to stay" and the latter expressing that the singer was "consigned to Harvey's wharf a cargo for to land".
254:
in any context, all of which is reminiscent of Irish and
Scottish English, have been reported in traditional speakers of the Ottawa Valley. The north shore of the
124:", which is context-dependent. In terms of syntax, the twang features the use of "for to" in place of the "to" initiative. Additionally, various regions of the
222:, who eventually learned English from the neighbouring Loyalists to the west and the south. Many of Lanark County's residents, however, originated from the
1594:
567:
523:
226:. While Renfrew County was also a Scottish Highland settlement, many of its original settlers seemed to have already known English upon their arrival.
189:, Grenville, Dundas, Stormont, Prescott, and Russell Counties, for example, each area also has its unique vocabulary and phonological traits as well.
289:
Phonologically, the
English of Renfrew County is influenced by Polish-speakers in the region but also by a greater contact with Irish populations.
454:
1644:
1429:
1664:
737:
622:
1145:
73:
1250:
511:
The Role of
Immigration in Ottawa’s Historic Growth and Development: A Multi-City Comparative Analysis of Census and Immigration Data.
411:
1049:
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1093:
1614:
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140:
were among the first to settle in the Ottawa Valley during the early-19th-century fur trade, they were later joined by the
1654:
1347:
1309:
1649:
1302:
1122:
939:
760:
467:
Trudgill, Peter. 2006. Dialect
Mixture versus Monogenesis in Colonial Varieties: The Inevitability of Canadian English.
1705:
1025:
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524:
http://www.ottawavalleyculture.ca/ottawa-valley-stories/culture-and-hertiage/the-valley-s-diverse-cultures-4337.html
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44:
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is home to
Loyalist dialect pockets from the United States, including a dominant trend of the absence of the
1526:
1359:
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1441:
1419:
1223:
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43:, particularly in reference to the historical local varieties of the area, now largely in decline. The
545:
1061:
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105:
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1534:
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Imperial
Immigrants : The Scottish Settlers in the Upper Ottawa Valley, 1815–1840.
355:
340:
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161:
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68:
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Padolsky, Enoch and Ian Pringle. 1983. The Linguistic Survey of the Ottawa Valley.
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157:
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17:
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310:
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64:
120:
in all contexts, as opposed to the Canadian English's more typical "
549:
128:
may possess their own vocabularies (lexical features) as well.
47:
of such traditional varieties are commonly referred to as an
513:
Ontario: Ottawa Local Immigration Partnership (OLIP), p. 9.
77:
identifies an Ottawa Valley traditional dialect enclave in
270:
English in Glengarry features occasional borrowing from
493:
Henry, Alison. 1992. Infinitives in a For-To Dialect.
455:
English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives
452:
Chambers, J. K. "Canada". In: Cheshire, Jenny (1991).
379:
English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives
373:
371:
305:, as shown in popular Newfoundland folk songs such as
262:, unlike most speakers of Standard Canadian English.
278:
Many residents of Lanark County originated from the
1572:
1525:
1480:
1460:
1372:
1288:
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1199:
1131:
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621:
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97:itself or in other nearby urban areas, which speak
55:. The Ottawa Valley historically extends along the
561:
8:
381:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 134.
93:, but neither feature is documented in the
1595:Comparison of American and British English
1464:
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916:
618:
609:
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495:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
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483:
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477:
367:
297:English, a prominent dialect spoken in
402:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp.
81:, which lacks the Canadian raising of
394:; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006).
27:Canadian English of the Ottawa Valley
7:
1665:Non-native pronunciations of English
458:. Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
469:The Canadian Journal of Linguistics
398:The Atlas of North American English
74:The Atlas of North American English
25:
522:The Valley’s Diverse Cultures.
1615:English-based creole languages
1:
1655:List of English-based pidgins
377:Cheshire, Jenny. (ed.) 1991.
1650:Linguistic purism in English
311:The Prisoner of Newfoundland
218:-speakers arriving from the
751:London & Thames Estuary
177:are evident throughout the
1722:
1610:English as a lingua franca
1590:Broad and general accents
1500:regional and occupational
1467:
1333:
1259:
996:
885:
535:Vance, Michael E.. 2012.
99:Standard Canadian English
509:Vineberg, Robert. 2010.
768:Received Pronunciation
962:Multicultural Toronto
539:Toronto: Dundurn, 53.
230:Phonological features
33:Ottawa Valley English
1123:Western Pennsylvania
303:Newfoundland English
85:and strongly fronts
63:through the city of
1660:Mid-Atlantic accent
1251:Trinidad and Tobago
256:St. Lawrence Valley
242:and the consistent
152:Although joined by
49:Ottawa Valley twang
18:Ottawa Valley twang
1706:Culture of Ontario
1183:Pennsylvania Dutch
220:Scottish Highlands
202:Scottish influence
59:from northwest of
1701:Culture of Ottawa
1683:
1682:
1568:
1567:
1368:
1367:
1277:
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1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1116:Pacific Northwest
977:Standard Canadian
908:
907:
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852:
793:
792:
351:Scottish Canadian
280:Scottish Lowlands
260:cot-caught merger
224:Scottish Lowlands
16:(Redirected from
1713:
1696:Canadian English
1580:English language
1465:
1286:
1269:Falkland Islands
1168:General American
1141:African-American
994:
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346:Canadian English
336:Canadian raising
299:Northern Ireland
266:Lexical features
253:
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241:
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234:The fronting of
122:Canadian raising
119:
115:
92:
88:
84:
37:Canadian English
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1712:
1711:
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1684:
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1564:
1521:
1476:
1456:
1364:
1360:Solomon Islands
1329:
1273:
1255:
1187:
1178:New York Latino
1153:American Indian
1133:
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988:
981:
922:
904:
890:Channel Islands
881:
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816:
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732:
694:
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441:American Speech
438:
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208:Napoleonic Wars
204:
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193:Irish influence
134:
106:Hiberno-English
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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1224:Cayman Islands
1221:
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1189:
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1180:
1175:
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1134:ethno-cultural
1129:
1128:
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1119:
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1096:
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585:Modern English
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541:
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445:
419:
412:
392:Labov, William
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366:
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356:Irish Canadian
353:
348:
343:
341:Canadian Shift
338:
331:
328:
318:
315:
307:Grey Foggy Day
267:
264:
231:
228:
206:Following the
203:
200:
194:
191:
133:
130:
95:City of Ottawa
69:Algonquin Park
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1718:
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1616:
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1326:
1323:
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1320:Torres Strait
1318:
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1087:
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1077:
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1055:North-Central
1053:
1051:
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1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:New York City
1031:
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1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
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984:
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968:
967:Ottawa Valley
965:
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951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
941:
938:
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935:
933:
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831:
828:
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796:
784:
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769:
766:
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761:Multicultural
759:
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741:
739:
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727:
724:
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721:Black Country
719:
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711:West Midlands
709:
707:
706:East Midlands
704:
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317:Current state
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126:Ottawa Valley
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67:and north of
66:
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42:
41:Ottawa Valley
38:
34:
30:
19:
1425:South Africa
1420:Sierra Leone
1173:Miami Latino
1062:Philadelphia
1050:Inland North
966:
955:Newfoundland
773:West Country
587:by continent
536:
531:
518:
510:
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448:
443:12, 325–327.
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212:Upper Canada
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135:
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72:
57:Ottawa River
52:
48:
32:
31:
29:
1550:Philippines
1343:New Zealand
1229:Bay Islands
1209:The Bahamas
1132:Social and
1089:New Orleans
1006:New England
900:Isle of Man
845:Port Talbot
746:East Anglia
663:Northumbria
497:2, 279–283.
471:51. p. 182.
1690:Categories
1490:Bangladesh
1482:South Asia
1435:Cape Flats
1385:The Gambia
1310:Aboriginal
1146:vernacular
1111:California
1084:High Tider
1079:Appalachia
940:Aboriginal
872:South-West
716:Birmingham
673:Sunderland
658:Manchester
648:Lancashire
362:References
136:While the
1555:Singapore
1517:Sri Lanka
1472:Hong Kong
1298:variation
1290:Australia
1201:Caribbean
1067:Baltimore
950:Lunenburg
895:Gibraltar
812:Highlands
690:Yorkshire
653:Liverpool
526:. (2014).
179:Glengarry
1675:Standard
1645:Learning
1633:Nerrière
1624:Globish
1540:Malaysia
1512:Pakistan
1452:Zimbabwe
1380:Cameroon
1214:Barbados
945:Atlantic
913:Americas
830:Abercraf
799:Scotland
778:Cornwall
699:Midlands
683:Teesside
678:Tyneside
668:Pitmatic
631:Cheshire
577:Dialects
330:See also
174:Loyalist
146:Scottish
79:Arnprior
61:Montreal
1605:Engrish
1600:E-Prime
1573:Related
1560:Vietnam
1545:Myanmar
1415:Nigeria
1410:Namibia
1400:Liberia
1282:Oceania
1264:Bermuda
1236:Jamaica
1163:Chicano
1001:Midland
987:United
923:America
859:Ireland
835:Cardiff
807:Glasgow
756:Cockney
636:Cumbria
614:England
605:Britain
581:accents
406:, 221.
295:Belfast
284:gutters
244:raising
238:before
187:Renfrew
162:Italian
154:Belgian
132:History
110:raising
89:before
45:accents
39:of the
1628:Gogate
1535:Brunei
1447:Uganda
1430:accent
1405:Malawi
1373:Africa
1348:accent
1303:accent
1246:Samaná
1219:Bequia
1038:accent
1011:Boston
989:States
972:Quebec
932:Canada
921:North
877:Ulster
867:Dublin
783:Dorset
641:Barrow
603:Great
594:Europe
410:
272:Gaelic
216:Gaelic
183:Lanark
172:, and
170:Polish
166:German
138:French
65:Ottawa
53:brogue
1670:Plain
1585:Basic
1507:Nepal
1495:India
1395:Kenya
1390:Ghana
1355:Palau
1315:South
1158:Cajun
1099:Texas
1094:Older
1074:South
1045:North
1021:Maine
840:Gower
822:Wales
738:South
623:North
158:Swiss
142:Irish
1461:Asia
1338:Fiji
1325:West
1241:Saba
1106:West
1026:West
1016:East
579:and
408:ISBN
309:and
252:/aʊ/
250:and
248:/aɪ/
144:and
118:/aʊ/
116:and
114:/aɪ/
83:/aʊ/
583:of
404:217
286:."
246:of
240:/r/
236:/ɑ/
112:of
91:/r/
87:/ɑ/
51:or
35:is
1692::
502:^
476:^
422:^
370:^
185:,
181:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
101:.
71:.
569:e
562:t
555:v
416:.
20:)
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