80:
with a 10-million-rupee loan. Although its principal did not have to be repaid, the loan's five-percent annual interest had to be applied to specific objects (including four women: Nawwab
Mubarak Mahal, Sultan Maryam Begam, Mumtaz Mahal, and Sarfaraz Mahal, who received 10,000, 2,500, 1,100 and 1,000
126:, the British became involved in distributing the bequest. It was decided by the Indian government to change the distribution system because of allegations of misuse. Under the new system, the fund was distributed by British agents in the two cities to a group of ten
170:
Iran as "buffer zones to protect
British India". To use this "leverage", two British officials (Ramsay and Lorimer) tried to give more power to British residents of Baghdad by persuading the Indian government between 1909 and 1911. Najaf and Karbala
202:
According to Meir Litvak, the
British attempts ended in "dismal failure" and proved that charity cannot replace "the need of religious leaders to maintain popular support by distancing themselves from foreign patronage and tutelage". Suri Pasa, the
115:, Persian and Arab students, the custodians of the shrines, and the poor." Although Ansari was involved in the bequest's distribution, he withdrew in 1860 "presumably" to avoid a close relationship with the British and was replaced by
92:
equalled about 10 rupees. The first portion of the Oudh
Bequest reached Najaf and Karbala around 1850, after Maryam Begam and Sultan Mahal's deaths. About 120,000 rupees (Ā£10,000) annually reached the cities by the end of the 1850s.
81:
rupees per month respectively). Others, including servants and associates of
Sarfaraz Mahal, were to receive 929 rupees. After the women's deaths, two-thirds of the allowance (or all of it in case of "intestacy") would be given to
138:"benefited" from it. In 1912 the British took over the bequest's distribution, shifting from a policy of leverage in Iran to "acquiring goodwill" from the Shia Muslims in India and "enhancing their prestige" in Iraq.
157:
at the time, called the Oudh
Bequest a "powerful lever" for promoting "good relations" with him and the Persian clerics. According to the British, the bequest was "a means to enhance their influence over the
130:
in each city. Although the alleged misuse was the rationale behind the distribution-system change, another factor may have been a
British goal to influence Iranian politics through the shrine cities'
56:, one from each city. The British later gradually took over the bequest and its distribution; according to scholars, they intended to use it as a "power lever" to influence Iranian
712:
662:
717:
557:
707:
435:
624:
520:
486:
241:
123:
361:
Litvak, Meir (1 January 2000). "A Failed
Manipulation: The British, the Oudh Bequest and the ShÄ«'Ä« 'UlamÄ' of Najaf and KarbalÄ'".
657:
105:) transferred the bequest from India through agents. Morteza Ansari had devised a mode of distribution which included "junior
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682:
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652:
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and Shia. The attempts by the
British to disburse the Oudh Bequest was one of the principle causes of the rise of the
409:
264:
Litvak, Meir (1 January 2001). "Money, Religion, and
Politics: The Oudh Bequest in Najaf and Karbala', 1850ā1903".
77:
702:
61:
672:
512:
Empire and Education Under the Ottomans: Politics, Reform and Resistance from the Tanzimat to the Young Turks
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in Najaf and Karbala for it to reach "deserving persons". This financial aid was known as the Oudh Bequest.
31:
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were encouraged to interfere in Iranian internal affairs. The British also tried to force Iranian
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of Iraq at the time, expressed concern at the growth of Shia and linked it to the Oudh Bequest.
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as the distributor for Najaf. Bahr al-Ulum and al-Tabatabie made the distributions until 1903.
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between 1850 and 1903. The bequest first reached the cities in 1850. It was distributed by two
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From its beginning in 1850, two Iraqi religious leaders (Sayyid Ali Naqi al-Tabatabie and
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Religion and State in Iran, 1785ā1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period
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According to some scholars, the British used the Oudh Bequest to manipulate the
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Sacred Space And Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam
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in the two shrine cities. However, British authorities could not influence
76:
experienced economic problems, Oudh king Ghazi al-Din Haydar supported the
436:"The Finances of the 'ulamÄ' Communities of Najaf and KarbalÄ, 1796ā1904"
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The maximum amount the cities could receive was 186,148 rupees when one
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27:
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The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement, Parts 1ā2
134:. A few opposed the bequest's British involvement, but many
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which led to the gradual transfer of more than six million
616:The Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890ā1908
8:
266:International Journal of Middle East Studies
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539:
179:to move against the "Russian second loan."
162:in Iran" enabling the British to establish
363:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
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613:Ćetinsaya, Gƶkhan (7 September 2006).
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314:Nakash, Yitzhak (16 February 2003).
549:Anglo-Iranian Relations since 1800
236:. University of California Press.
14:
124:Persian Constitutional Revolution
546:Martin, Vanessa (13 May 2013).
434:Litvak, Meir (1 January 2000).
320:. Princeton University Press.
1:
713:IraqāUnited Kingdom relations
663:19th century in British India
509:Evered, Emine (27 May 2012).
230:Algar, Hamid (January 1980).
122:That year, on the eve of the
718:19th century in Ottoman Iraq
475:Cole, Juan (28 June 2002).
734:
410:Cambridge University Press
78:British East India Company
62:Society of Islamic Revival
375:10.1080/13530190050010994
278:10.1017/S0020743801001015
452:10.1163/1570060001569875
658:Shia Islam and politics
585:. Brill. January 1980.
464:(subscription required)
404:Tripp, Charles (2007).
142:British political usage
109:, low-ranking indigent
117:Sayid Ali Bahr al-Ulum
693:19th century in India
194:through the bequest.
147:Arthur Henry Hardinge
708:IndiaāIraq relations
683:Shia Islam in India
440:Die Welt des Islams
186:by determining the
698:History of Karbala
678:Shia Islam in Iraq
653:19th-century Islam
317:The Shi'is of Iraq
412:. pp. 30ā59.
408:. Cambridge, UK:
406:A History of Iraq
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703:History of Najaf
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38:(Awadh) to the
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192:Morteza Ansari
166:territory and
151:consul general
149:, the British
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103:Morteza Ansari
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97:Administration
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72:In 1825, when
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333:13 November
272:(1): 1ā21.
249:19 November
647:Categories
592:9004061673
327:0691115753
213:References
68:Background
391:153498972
294:155865344
188:mujtahids
128:mujtahids
107:mujtahids
83:mujtahids
64:in 1918.
53:mujtahids
30:from the
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48:Karbala
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198:Result
173:ulamas
155:Tehran
28:rupees
688:Awadh
668:Loans
387:S2CID
379:JSTOR
290:S2CID
282:JSTOR
177:ulama
168:Qajar
160:ulama
136:ulama
132:ulama
112:ulama
74:Burma
58:ulama
44:Najaf
20:is a
634:2016
621:ISBN
600:2016
587:ISBN
567:2016
554:ISBN
530:2016
517:ISBN
496:2016
483:ISBN
459:2016
335:2016
322:ISBN
251:2016
238:ISBN
206:vali
184:Shia
46:and
40:Shia
36:Oudh
23:waqf
16:The
448:doi
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153:in
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