445:
368:
44:
145:
180:
196:
210:
1248:
473:(1871–72) but did not play a major role. In the 1870s and 1880s local politics in Algeria were dominated by Europeans, commercial farming by French immigrants expanded, and funding for Islamic courts was cut, as was funding for schools that trained interpreters and judges. It was in this context that the Awlad Sidi Shaykh staged the last, desperate rural revolts along the frontier with Morocco.
288:. As the population pressure slackened in the following centuries the Awlad Sidi Shaykh gradually took control of the prayer-meditation center and grew into a mid-sized tribe. The religious ideals of cooperation were replaced by a system where the Awlad Sidi Shaykh used alms to maintain their dominance. They became the dominant tribal and religious federation in the
166:
477:
152:
465:) who were insensitive to the traditions of the Awlad. One of the main military leaders of the revolt was Si Sliman, head of one of the main families. The French suppressed the revolt through greatly superior force. Awlad Sidi Ahmad Majdub of the Amir Bedouin tribe of Morocco participated in the revolt, but was pardoned and placed in the
240:, the first caliph. In the 16th century the growing population in the south-western Algerian Sahara created a need for more intense farming and for collaboration between farmers and nomads. Saint Sidi Shaykh founded a community of date farmers and nomads engaged in the caravan trade.
440:
in his struggle with the Emir 'Abd al-Qadir. However, in the southern desert regions they supported 'Abd al-Qadir. In the early 1850s the confederation was still divided. Some, led by Si Hamza, cooperated with the French. Others, led by
Mohammed bin Abdallah, opposed them.
530:, a relatively enlightened secularist and republican, succeeded in convincing the Mekhedma tribe of the Sud-Oranais that they need not pay tribute. There were still disturbances until 1902, and one of Awlad's leaders, Bu 'Imama, continued to resist until 1904.
507:. They knew the planned route and were kept informed by the expedition guides, who helped sabotage the expedition by leading it past wells. Six hundred men of the three tribes gathered to ambush the expedition near the wells of
416:
when he built a military highway through two functioning cemeteries with no respect for the human remains, and converted several mosques into
Catholic churches. Algerians opposed to the French occupation came to accept
132:
saint Sidi Shaykh. The Awlad had religious authority, and also owned agricultural settlements and engaged in trade. During the French occupation of
Algeria they alternately cooperated with and opposed the colonialists.
444:
526:
of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh turned to rebuilding their business, demanding donations to their shrine from the peasants, who still thought they had strong influence with God. The colonial administrator
522:
retreated to
Morocco in 1882 the French conquest of the south of Algeria was complete. After this the Awlad Sidi Shaykh largely accepted French authority. As the rebellion died down, the itinerant
335:, where they were religious scholars, teachers and traders. In the Hoggar Mountains they established agricultural settlements using slave labour, and these sometimes became staging posts on
1236:
367:
43:
957:
273:
Berbers. Their headquarters was a prayer-meditation center that taught the ethics of hard work and sharing among and between the farmers and nomads.
408:
it became clear that they might try to occupy the whole country and impose a rule much less acceptable than that of the
Turkish Bey. In 1831 the
144:
1214:
1196:
1129:
1103:
1055:
1029:
1003:
941:
915:
1229:
223:
455:
Between 1864 and 1865 the Awlad Sidi Shaykh rose in rebellion against the French. The rebellion stopped southward French expansion near
1428:
1222:
514:
Until 1883 the Awlad continued to occasionally mount raids against the colonialists. The rebellion in the southwest led by
1146:"Alms and Arms: The Combative Saintliness of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh in Algerian Sahara, Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries"
405:
308:
owned large gardens worked by slaves and served as markets and travel lodges. They sent their earnings to the mother
1079:
421:
as leader of their movement. Some of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh recognized 'Abd al-Qadir as sultan, as did the powerful
511:. The result was a massacre of half the expedition members, while many of the others died during a long retreat.
246:
449:
437:
313:
1372:
1409:
1362:
241:
658:
527:
488:
1317:
1071:
1382:
1267:
550:
trace their genealogy to the prophet
Mohamed through his daughter Fatima and his son-in-law Ali.
1337:
429:. These groups of the Oran Plateau and the Plain of Gharis accepted Muhyi al-Din, chief of the
1192:
1125:
1099:
1051:
1045:
1025:
999:
993:
937:
911:
680:
1186:
1119:
1093:
1019:
931:
905:
518:(Shaykh Bu 'Amamah) from 1881 to 1883 fell apart due to disagreements among the tribes. When
1347:
1332:
1277:
1252:
670:
496:
332:
292:
region of the central northern
Algerian desert. They owned houses and storage places in the
262:
1433:
519:
515:
418:
285:
113:
461:
383:
since the 17th century. By the late 1950s, the Awlad Sidi Shaykh nomadized between the
1422:
1352:
508:
470:
426:
409:
384:
232:
The Awlad Sidi Shaykh trace their ancestry to the saint Sidi Shaykh, a descendant of
1327:
1297:
336:
1095:
Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional
Connectivity in the Twentieth Century
289:
1145:
17:
1377:
1272:
492:
476:
422:
388:
380:
356:
100:
1387:
1322:
1302:
339:. There were trading communities of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh far to the south in
684:
359:. The confederation often came under the influence of the Sultan of Morocco.
1292:
1282:
430:
974:
897:
Les contradictions sociales et leur expression symbolique dans le Sétifois
1392:
1307:
523:
352:
340:
237:
233:
79:
659:"L'atlas saharien occidental d'Algérie : " Ksouriens " et Pasteurs"
1287:
1256:
1247:
504:
500:
413:
376:
293:
68:
128:
tribes in the west and south of
Algeria led by the descendants of the
1397:
1312:
675:
466:
348:
277:
270:
266:
129:
90:
280:
such as the
Khenafsa became faithful to the Awlad Sidi Shaykh, the
1357:
1342:
933:
The Ethnographic State: France and the Invention of Moroccan Islam
475:
443:
366:
344:
125:
57:
962:, Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford: University of California Press
436:
In the 1840s the Awlad Sidi Shaykh assisted the Governor-General
1168:
480:
456:
297:
258:
253:
1218:
387:
and the pastures of the Wadi Seggueur and Wadi Gharbi, and the
995:
Rebel Power: Why National Movements Compete, Fight, and Win
586:
584:
582:
899:(in French), Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion
778:
776:
774:
772:
747:
745:
628:
626:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
304:
religious strongholds throughout the greater Tuat. The
696:
694:
601:
599:
433:
Sufis, as the "Champion of Islam" against the French.
459:. It was triggered by officers of the Arab Bureau (
96:
86:
74:
63:
53:
29:
319:Descendants of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh lived in the
1021:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa
499:, the Awlad Sidi Shaykh confederation and the
1230:
1144:Sivers, Peter von (September–December 1983),
165:
8:
1121:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
712:
617:
794:
1237:
1223:
1215:
469:circle. The Awlad were restive during the
42:
674:
375:The Awlad Sidi Shaykh have been nomadic
209:
1191:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
1050:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
644:
632:
557:
539:
907:Les oasis du Gourara (Sahara algérien)
878:
842:
830:
782:
763:
751:
736:
724:
700:
605:
590:
573:
371:Territory of Awlad Sidi Shaykh in 1842
26:
1188:Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins
1072:"The Proposed Trans-Saharian Railway"
866:
854:
806:
7:
48:Notable of Awlad Sidi Shaykh in 1885
818:
117:
276:Arab tribes in the Gurara and the
25:
1118:Shillington, Kevin (2013-07-04),
1044:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015-05-07),
179:
1246:
1047:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
269:ideology to the villages of the
208:
194:
178:
164:
150:
143:
1185:Suwaed, Muhammad (2015-10-30),
956:Clancy-Smith, Julia A. (1994),
663:Cahiers de géographie du Québec
1098:, Cambridge University Press,
1092:Scheele, Judith (2012-04-30),
1024:, Cambridge University Press,
331:. They also owned land in the
1:
316:in the northwest of Algeria.
251:dates this to 1651, when the
1018:Martin, B. G. (2003-02-13),
998:, Cornell University Press,
992:Krause, Peter (2017-05-15),
936:, Univ of California Press,
930:Burke, Edmund (2014-09-10),
491:of 1880–81 were made by the
487:Plans to destroy the second
448:Mausoleum of Sidi Shaykh in
195:
151:
503:before the expedition left
406:invasion of Algiers in 1830
323:, where they were known as
78:Sidi Shaykh (descendant of
1450:
1167:Sivers, Peter von (2012),
1406:
1263:
124:) was a confederation of
41:
36:
1080:Charles Scribner's Sons
904:Bellil, Rachid (1999),
300:region, and controlled
1429:Arab tribes in Algeria
1070:Ney, Napoleon (1891),
910:, Peeters Publishers,
657:Despois, Jean (1959).
484:
452:
372:
895:Aīssa Ouitis (1977),
479:
450:El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
447:
438:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
370:
351:, and to the east in
314:El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
172:El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
37:Arab tribe in Algeria
973:Grandjean, Charles,
483:of Awlad Sidi Shaykh
412:caused a scandal in
227:Locations in Algeria
224:class=notpageimage|
1076:Scribner's Magazine
766:, pp. 100–101.
528:Alfred Le Chatelier
489:Flatters expedition
485:
453:
373:
1416:
1415:
1368:Awlad Sidi Shaykh
1198:978-1-4422-5451-0
1131:978-1-135-45669-6
1105:978-1-107-02212-6
1057:978-0-8108-7919-5
1031:978-0-521-53451-2
1005:978-1-5017-1266-1
943:978-0-520-27381-8
917:978-90-429-0721-8
881:, pp. 39–40.
869:, pp. 53–54.
821:, pp. 636ff.
713:Clancy-Smith 1994
618:Aīssa Ouitis 1977
593:, pp. 113ff.
404:After the French
236:'s father-in-law
122:Ouled Sidi Cheikh
110:Awlad Sidi Shaykh
106:
105:
30:Awlad Sidi Shaykh
18:Ouled Sidi Cheikh
16:(Redirected from
1441:
1373:Awlad Sidi Yahya
1251:
1250:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1014:
1013:
1012:
988:
987:
986:
969:
968:
967:
952:
951:
950:
926:
925:
924:
900:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
795:Shillington 2013
792:
786:
780:
767:
761:
755:
749:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
689:
688:
678:
676:10.7202/020194ar
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
621:
615:
609:
603:
594:
588:
577:
571:
551:
544:
497:Hoggar Mountains
333:Hoggar Mountains
250:
216:Hoggar Mountains
212:
211:
198:
197:
182:
181:
168:
167:
154:
153:
147:
119:
118:أولاد سيدي الشيخ
46:
32:أولاد سيدي الشيخ
27:
21:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1363:Awlad Sidi Abid
1259:
1245:
1243:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
991:
984:
982:
972:
965:
963:
959:Rebel and Saint
955:
948:
946:
944:
929:
922:
920:
918:
903:
894:
890:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
801:
793:
789:
781:
770:
762:
758:
750:
743:
735:
731:
723:
719:
711:
707:
699:
692:
669:(6): 408, 414.
656:
655:
651:
643:
639:
631:
624:
616:
612:
604:
597:
589:
580:
572:
559:
555:
554:
545:
541:
536:
520:Cheikh Bouamama
516:Cheikh Bouamama
495:Tuaregs of the
402:
397:
379:inhabiting the
365:
286:Atlas Mountains
284:of the Saharan
244:
242:A. G. P. Martin
230:
229:
228:
226:
220:
219:
218:
217:
213:
205:
204:
203:
199:
191:
190:
189:
187:
183:
175:
174:
173:
169:
161:
160:
159:
155:
139:
120:, also spelled
49:
31:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1182:
1164:
1150:Maghreb Review
1141:
1130:
1115:
1104:
1089:
1067:
1056:
1041:
1030:
1015:
1004:
989:
970:
953:
942:
927:
916:
901:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
785:, p. 101.
768:
756:
741:
729:
717:
705:
690:
649:
637:
622:
610:
595:
578:
576:, p. 100.
556:
553:
552:
538:
537:
535:
532:
462:bureaux arabes
401:
398:
396:
393:
364:
361:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
206:
201:
200:
193:
192:
185:
184:
177:
176:
171:
170:
163:
162:
157:
156:
149:
148:
142:
141:
140:
138:
135:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
76:
75:Descended from
72:
71:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1446:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1124:, Routledge,
1123:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
997:
996:
990:
980:
976:
971:
961:
960:
954:
945:
939:
935:
934:
928:
919:
913:
909:
908:
902:
898:
893:
892:
887:
880:
875:
872:
868:
863:
860:
857:, p. 53.
856:
851:
848:
844:
839:
836:
832:
827:
824:
820:
815:
812:
808:
803:
800:
797:, p. 89.
796:
791:
788:
784:
779:
777:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
754:, p. 23.
753:
748:
746:
742:
739:, p. 61.
738:
733:
730:
727:, p. 51.
726:
721:
718:
715:, p. 71.
714:
709:
706:
703:, p. 50.
702:
697:
695:
691:
686:
682:
677:
672:
668:
665:(in French).
664:
660:
653:
650:
647:, p. 46.
646:
641:
638:
635:, p. 45.
634:
629:
627:
623:
620:, p. 94.
619:
614:
611:
608:, p. 80.
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
558:
549:
543:
540:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
509:Bir el-Garama
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
478:
474:
472:
471:Kabyle Revolt
468:
464:
463:
458:
451:
446:
442:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:'Abd al-Qadir
415:
411:
410:Duc de Rovigo
407:
399:
394:
392:
390:
386:
385:Saharan Atlas
382:
378:
369:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
248:
243:
239:
235:
225:
146:
136:
134:
131:
127:
123:
115:
111:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
45:
40:
35:
28:
19:
1367:
1328:Banu Hudhayl
1298:Ouled Djerir
1211:
1202:, retrieved
1187:
1176:, retrieved
1172:
1158:, retrieved
1153:
1149:
1135:, retrieved
1120:
1109:, retrieved
1094:
1083:, retrieved
1075:
1061:, retrieved
1046:
1035:, retrieved
1020:
1009:, retrieved
994:
983:, retrieved
978:
964:, retrieved
958:
947:, retrieved
932:
921:, retrieved
906:
896:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
802:
790:
759:
732:
720:
708:
666:
662:
652:
645:Scheele 2012
640:
633:Scheele 2012
613:
547:
542:
513:
486:
460:
454:
435:
403:
400:Colonial era
374:
337:trade routes
328:
324:
320:
318:
309:
305:
301:
281:
275:
265:brought the
252:
231:
121:
109:
107:
1410:Arab tribes
1383:Banu Suwayd
1378:Banu Sulaym
1318:Beni Ḥassān
1273:Ahl Rachida
1268:Ahl Ben Ali
1253:Arab tribes
981:(in French)
979:Imago Mundi
879:Martin 2003
843:Sivers 2012
831:Krause 2017
783:Naylor 2015
764:Naylor 2015
752:Suwaed 2015
737:Martin 2003
725:Martin 2003
701:Martin 2003
606:Bellil 1999
591:Sivers 1983
574:Naylor 2015
493:Kel Ahaggar
423:Banu Hashim
389:Ksour Range
381:Ksour Range
245: [
101:Sunni Islam
1423:Categories
1388:Banu Tamim
1353:Ouled Naïl
1338:Banu Latif
1323:Banu Hilal
1303:Doui-Menia
1204:2017-09-23
1178:2017-09-24
1160:2017-09-23
1137:2017-09-23
1111:2017-09-23
1085:2017-07-29
1063:2017-09-23
1037:2017-09-24
1011:2017-09-24
985:2017-09-03
975:"Flatters"
966:2017-09-24
949:2017-09-24
923:2017-09-23
867:Burke 2014
855:Burke 2014
427:Banu 'Amir
1293:Dhouaouda
1283:Beni Amer
1173:Islamicus
1169:"Algeria"
807:Grandjean
685:0007-9766
524:marabouts
431:Qadiriyya
363:Territory
329:Ahl 'Azzi
290:Aïn Madhi
267:Sharifian
54:Ethnicity
1408:Part of
1393:Thaaliba
1308:Ghenanma
833:, PT175.
819:Ney 1891
377:Bedouins
353:Ghadames
341:Timbuktu
238:Abu Bakr
234:Muhammad
97:Religion
87:Language
80:Abu Bakr
67:Western
64:Location
1288:Chaamba
1257:Algeria
888:Sources
548:mrabtin
505:Ouargla
501:Senussi
414:Algiers
395:History
294:Gourara
282:mrabtin
257:of the
137:Origins
69:Algeria
1434:Tribes
1398:Zughba
1348:Mirdas
1333:Jusham
1313:Hamyan
1278:Athbaj
1195:
1128:
1102:
1054:
1028:
1002:
940:
914:
683:
467:Sebdou
349:Agadez
321:zawaya
310:zawiya
306:zawaya
302:zawaya
278:Sahara
271:Zenata
263:Gurara
114:Arabic
91:Arabic
1358:Riyah
1343:Maqil
1156:(5–6)
534:Notes
481:Qa'id
345:Kidal
254:walis
249:]
188:Madhi
1193:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1026:ISBN
1000:ISBN
938:ISBN
912:ISBN
681:ISSN
546:The
457:Oran
425:and
357:Ghat
355:and
347:and
325:Zuwa
298:Tuat
296:and
261:and
259:Tuat
202:Tuat
158:Oran
130:Sufi
126:Arab
108:The
58:Arab
1255:in
671:doi
327:or
312:in
186:Aïn
1425::
1171:,
1152:,
1148:,
1078:,
1074:,
977:,
771:^
744:^
693:^
679:.
661:.
625:^
598:^
581:^
560:^
391:.
343:,
247:fr
116::
1238:e
1231:t
1224:v
1154:8
845:.
809:.
687:.
673::
667:3
112:(
82:)
20:)
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