552:: "This locality is a mart of the country of the Moors, to which merchants come to sell their goods: gold is carried hither, and bought by those who come up from the coast. This place is De Amament , and there are many rich men here. The generality, however, are very poor, for they do not sow, nor do they harvest anything, save the dates upon which they subsist. They eat no meat but that of castrated camels, which are scarce and very dear." He also comments on the Jewish population: "There are many Jews, who lead a good life here, for they are under the protection of the several rulers, each of whom defends his own clients. Thus they enjoy very secure social standing. Trade is in their hands, and many of them are to be trusted with the greatest confidence."
486:"Then we arrived at Būda, which is one of the biggest villages of the Tuwāt. Its land consists of sand and salt pans. It has many dates which are not good, but its people prefer them to the dates of Sijilmāsa. There is no cultivation there nor butter nor oil. Oil is only imported to it from the land of the Maghrib. The food of its people is dates and locusts. These are abundant with them; they store them as dates are stored and use them for food. They go out to hunt them before sunrise, for at that time they do not fly on account of the cold."
116:
47:
149:
104:
295:
1769:
1745:, in: Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, N°41-42, 1986. Désert et montagne au Maghreb. pp. 136-157: « les Divisions d'Oran et d'Alger du 19e Corps d'armée n'ont pu conquérir le Touat et le Gourara qu'au prix de durs combats menés contre les semi-nomades d'obédience marocaine qui, depuis plus d'un siècle, imposaient leur protection aux oasiens »
2157:
170:
156:
810:, French soldier, ceramicist and Islamologist, Tuat, at any moment of history, had not been an integral part of Morocco. The inhabitants never depended from them more than a few years. On every occasion they would affirm their independence and free themselves of any religious vassalage. In 1893, the French government authorized
818:, then only rescinded the order at the very last moment when his troops were about to depart. The actual intervention in the Gourara-Tuat-Tidikelt did not take place until the very end of 1899. The military contingent escorting the mission quickly routed the Saharans and took advantage of the opportunity to occupy the oasis of
867:. After maintaining the fight for over seven hours the French were reinforced and their attackers drew off. Out of 115 combatants the French lost 38 killed and 47 wounded. To consolidate their position the French authorities determined to connect the oases with the Algerian Sahara proper by carriage roads and railways.
532:, used to be the point of departure for Wālātan, the outpost of the Mālī territory, but it was abandoned when the bedouin Arabs from the desert of the Sūs took to acts of brigandry on the highway and molesting the caravans. They left that place and followed the route to the land of the Sudān by way of Tamanțīt.
787:
decided to reinstate the old
Moroccan administration in Gourara-Tuat-Tidikelt. The first Moroccan envoys reached the Saharan oases in 1889 and in 1890. In 1891 Moulay Hassan called on the oasis peoples to begin paying taxes, thus formalizing the recognition of his suzerainty. That same year the Tuat
363:, of which only 358 were functioning. The total combined flow rate was approximately 2000 L/s. Foggaras are expensive to construct and to maintain. As they collapse they are often not repaired. Instead, water is obtained from vertical wells and electric pumps allowing grain to be grown using a
527:
strung out from west to east, of which the most easterly is called Tamanțīt, nowadays a flourishing place and a point of departure for merchants who pass to and fro between the
Maghrib and the land of Māli of the Sūdān. ... The town of Būdā, the most westerly of these
805:
In the 1890s, the French administration and military called for the annexation of the Tuat, the
Gourara and the Tidikelt, a complex that had been part of the Moroccan Empire for many centuries prior to the arrival of the French in Algeria. According to
536:
Note that in reality Adrar is 540 km southeast of
Sijilmasa, considerably more than the three stages mentioned by Ibn Khaldun. Also, the oases are strung out from north-northwest to south-southeast rather than from west to east.
765:
In 1800, the Tuat population agreed to pay taxes when Moulay
Slimane granted them local autonomy, preferring to entrust the administration of their territory to a local council of notables. Prior to
355:
into the aquifer under the nearby higher ground. Vertical access holes every 10–20 m along the tunnel provide ventilation and facilitate construction and maintenance. Many of the
2228:
705:
took control of the Tuat and the
Gourara oases. The Moroccan conquest of Tuat stopped Ottoman expansion into the Sahara, which had started with the occupation of the oasis of
115:
2128:
Reise durch
Marokko, Uebersteigung des grossen Atlas, Exploration der Oasen von Tafilet, Tuat und Tidikelt, und Reise durch die grosse Wüste über Rhadames nach Tripoli
1738:
271:. Adrar was established by the French after their conquest in 1900 and had a population of 43,903 in 2002. Associated with each oasis are small walled villages called
738:, and for one hundred years after, Gourara-Tuat-Tidikelt was administered by a succession of Moroccan governors. Faced with constant rebellion throughout his empire,
1525:
1790:
855:". During 1903, attacks on the lines of communication by local tribes caused the French troops to suffer serious losses. To punish the tribes the town of
378:(CNODC) have constructed a refinery near the village of Sbaa, 40 km north of Adrar. This refinery began operating in 2006. Separate projects led by
332:
periods that extends over 600,000 km, an area that includes parts of
Algeria, Libya and Tunisia. It forms the deeper of the two aquifers of the
463:
lived in the oases at an early date as a tombstone discovered in a village of the Bouda region has an inscription in Hebrew with a date of 1329.
359:
are over a kilometre in length. They typically provide flow rates of between 2 L/s and 3 L/s. In 1963 the region of Tuat contained 531
336:(NWSAS). Tuat is situated at the southwestern boundary of the Continental Intercalary where the aquifer lies only 2–6 m below the surface.
1626:
1376:
374:, the Algeria state-owned oil company, collaborates with foreign companies in joint ventures to exploit these gas reserves. Sonatrach and the
1923:
1592:
1481:
1424:
1370:
713:
in 1577, and secured the
Moroccan advance toward the south. The area remained politically dependent upon Morocco but the sovereignty of the
2233:
2218:
375:
351:, traditional gravity catchment systems which consist of a tunnel constructed with a gentle uphill gradient from the low ground near the
1712:
2223:
2014:
1945:
1868:
1301:
1247:
1126:
1038:
1002:
2179:
2026:
Quatre siècle d'histoire marocaine, au Sahara de 1504 à 1902, au Maroc de 1894 à 1912. D'après archives et documentations indigènes
1981:
1781:
993:
859:
was bombarded by the French on 8 June. On the following 2 September a band of nomads attacked the escort of a convoy going to
103:
2045:
1504:
724:
embarked on an eastern
Saharan expedition and conquered Tuat first in 1645 and again in 1652, at which point he assigned his
460:
1733:
1598:
1548:
1335:
1307:
1989:(in French), République Algérienne, Ministère des Ressources en Eau, Agence de Bassin Hydrographique Sahara, archived from
255:
plateau. It contains a string of small oases strung out along the eastern edge of the Wadi Messaoud, a continuation of the
915:
183:
1211:
333:
2054:
148:
2238:
766:
746:
509:
of the region. Tamentit was more centrally situated and perhaps easier to defend. The Arabic geographer and historian
1186:"Tlemcen-Touat-Tombouctou : un réseau transsaharien de diffusion du mālikisme (fin viii/xive-xi/xviie siècle)"
774:
757:
in 1830. as they revolted many times against the Alawites and their nominal at best control over the Tuat region.
1684:
635:
325:
2112:
826:
783:, regions that were nominally Moroccan but which had not submitted to the authority of the central government.
317:
513:(born Tunis 1332, died Egypt 1406) provides a description of Tuat, a place he had not visited himself, in his
802:. Then, in 1892, a complete administrative organization was established in all of the Gourara-Tuat-Tidikelt.
364:
523:
One of their homelands lies three stages to the south of Sijilmāsa and is called Tuwāt. It consists of 200
1833:
The Voyages of Cadamosto and other documents on Western Africa in the second half of the fifteenth century
482:, a distance of 1390 km. He travelled with a large caravan that included 600 slave girls. He wrote:
2047:
The North-Western Aquifer System: Joint management of a trans-border water basin. Synthesis Collection 1
1916:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents
28:
2138:
1842:
694:
393:
To the north of Tuat is Gourara, a similar region also containing oases with date palms irrigated by
244:
1620:
1360:
807:
784:
721:
650:
425:
341:
833:
1899:
1676:
1519:
1203:
754:
739:
686:
682:
615:
2167:
2161:
634:
on credit and refused to pay for them, the Jews of Tamantit called upon the sultan of Tlemcen,
2010:
1941:
1919:
1864:
1668:
1588:
1477:
1420:
1366:
1297:
1243:
1122:
1034:
881:
876:
735:
693:
efforts to gain control over Tuat misfired in 1578, by the Turks of Algiers, and 1582, by the
618:. According to a Touati source, quoted by Alfred Georges Paul Martin, a French officer of the
580:
490:
Ibn Battuta stayed in Bouda for a few days and then continued on to Sijilmasa with a caravan.
1500:
Nouvelle géographie universelle : la terre et les hommes. Vol. 11 / par Élisée Reclus...
844:
confederation. The conflict ended by the annexation of the Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt complex to
259:. The oases extend over a distance of 160 km from the district of Bouda in the north to
2002:
1891:
1817:
1774:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1706:
1660:
1442:
Political and military developments within Morocco during the early Alawi Period (1659-1727)
1193:
750:
619:
604:
560:
541:
498:
35:
386:
are both scheduled to start supplying gas in 2013. A pipeline is being built to connect to
1961:"Exploitabilité des eaux souterraines du Gourara-Touat (Sahara Nord-Occidental - Algérie)"
1742:
1708:
Questions sahariennes Touat, Châamba, Touareg. Mission dans le Sud Algerien juin-août 1890
702:
698:
677:
in the Tuat region in 1578, the dignitaries of the oasis implored the intervention of the
572:
410:
814:
to occupy the Gourara and the Tidikelt, letting him go so far as to gather his forces at
421:
traditionalists and the fact that Tuat always had settlers representing him in Timbuktu.
2100:
459:
The oases are not mentioned by any of the early Arabic geographers, but it appears that
294:
60:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
845:
690:
597:(dubbed «Capital of the Gourara»). The ksar in question still bears the sultan's name,
575:
region where he was well received. The sultan stayed there a while before reconquering
445:
387:
268:
264:
212:
196:
2088:
2212:
2140:
Touat, Sahara et Soudan : étude géographique, politique, économique et militaire
2079:
Villages désertés et structures agraires anciennes du Touat-Gourara (Sahara algérien)
1990:
1785:
1775:
1207:
829:
714:
515:
494:
379:
228:
1882:
Hunwick, J.O. (1985), "Al-Mahîlî and the Jews of Tuwât: the demise of a community",
1933:
1911:
1006:
811:
778:
611:
568:
345:) in an area of 4,500 hectares. The palm groves are irrigated by a system of
2058:
1735:
Ayt Khebbach, impasse sud-est. L'involution d'une tribu marocaine exclue du Sahara
1498:
901:"Répartition des sièges des assemblées populaires communales: 01 — Wilaya d'Adrar"
2126:
1952:
1875:
1582:
1540:
1471:
1414:
1329:
1291:
1237:
841:
789:
510:
467:
414:
309:
252:
900:
540:
We learn more about Tuat from a letter written in Latin in 1447 by the Italian
1185:
1031:
Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900
429:
383:
329:
2194:
2181:
1672:
370:
In addition to water, the rock beneath Tuat contains pockets of natural gas.
1960:
1861:
Resistance in the Desert: Moroccan responses to French Imperialism 1881-1912
1822:
678:
662:
631:
449:
371:
321:
302:
248:
1810:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
1539:
texte, Société bourguignonne de géographie et d'histoire Auteur du (1896).
2156:
819:
815:
799:
731:
674:
627:
594:
549:
502:
441:
418:
398:
1794:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 353.
777:. Prior to 1890, the Saharan oases were a part of what was known as the
681:
of Algiers. The Tuat-Gourara called upon the Beylerbey of Algiers since
2102:À la frontière du Maroc. Les Oasis Sahariennes (Gourara-Touat-Tidikelt)
1903:
1198:
794:
706:
658:
576:
564:
475:
453:
433:
367:
system. A single well can provide 30 L/s to 50 L/s of water.
347:
313:
260:
220:
192:
188:
129:
17:
1680:
1648:
493:
Bouda, as well as Sijilmasa, Timbuktu and Gao, are marked on the 1375
376:
China National Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Corporation
1968:
International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Publication
860:
856:
710:
654:
590:
556:
471:
308:
There is almost no rainfall in the region and agriculture depends on
287:
256:
232:
216:
1895:
1664:
614:, political relations between the region were established with the
1541:"Mémoires de la Société bourguignonne de géographie et d'histoire"
1416:
Le conflit du Sahara occidental: Réédition d'un livre paru en 1982
545:
479:
293:
224:
626:
opposing a group of nomads (Ouled Ali Ibn Hariz) and the Jews of
120:
Topographic map of Algeria with the location of the Touat region.
1622:
Mémoires de la Société bourguignonne de géographie et d'histoire
726:
643:
639:
623:
585:
273:
730:
to the oasis, who was then accepted as suzerain as far east as
1938:
Jews of a Saharan oasis: elimination of the Tamantit community
770:
548:. Malfante describes a village which is believed to have been
437:
40:
622:, a text written by a certain al-Amuri recites a conflict in
940:
938:
936:
934:
697:. Sometime between 1583 and 1588 the forces of the Moroccan
792:
were placed under the authority of the son of the Moroccan
646:), the sultan sent a small expedition to end the conflict.
1619:
Société bourguignonne de géographie et d'histoire (1896).
742:
recalled his governor from Gourara-Tuat-Tidikelt in 1796.
2173:
About the Gourara region which lies to the north of Tuat.
1983:
La foggara dans les Oasis du Touat-Gourara et de Tidikelt
661:, the Moslem population of Tamentit destroyed the Jewish
1497:
Reclus, Élisée (1830-1905) Auteur du texte (1876–1894).
1293:
Les oasis du Gourara Sahara algérien Fondation des ksour
1239:
Les oasis du Gourara Sahara algérien Fondation des ksour
753:
and the rest of the Algerian Deys until the fall of the
1076:
1074:
1164:
1162:
1808:
Berger, P. (1903), "Une inscription juive du Touat",
1649:"Morocco's Boundary in the Guir-Zousfana River Basin"
1362:
Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology
428:
because of their location at the northern end of the
2143:(in French), Paris: Société d'Éditions Scientifiques
501:. At some point Bouda was abandoned and replaced by
409:
Saad asserts that Tuat may have been founded by the
1625:(in French). Impr. Darantiere (Dijon). p. 91.
1334:(in French). L'Imprimerie Algérienne. p. 187.
135:
125:
82:
1331:Les oasis Sahariennes (Gourara - Touat - Tidikelt)
195:lies at the southern boundary of the region while
1587:. Middle East & North African Studies Press.
2036:Les Juifs au Sahara : le Touat au Moyen Age
1190:Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée
263:in the south. The largest town in the region is
34:"Gourara" redirects here. For the language, see
1419:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan. p. 39.
1153:
1141:
1104:
1092:
484:
2081:(in French), Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques
2007:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa
944:
851:Under French rule, the area was known as the "
470:. He visited Bouda in 1353 after crossing the
339:The oases contain 700,000-800,000 date palms (
1843:"Un patrimoine menacé: les foggaras du Touat"
466:The earliest written reference to Tuat is by
8:
1365:. Indiana University Press. pp. 68–69.
1033:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–9.
956:
908:Journal Officiel de la République Algérienne
436:is around 1150 km north of the town of
227:. In the past, the oases were important for
2229:Historic Jewish communities in North Africa
2168:Les Zénètes du Gourara d’hier à aujourd’hui
2105:(in French), Alger: L'Imprimerie Algérienne
1524:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
673:Following the expeditions of the tribes of
448:would continue northwards to towns such as
2093:(in French), Paris: Librairie Armand Colin
769:, the Tuat population paid tribute to the
79:
1821:
1296:(in French). Isd. pp. 17, 106, 124.
1242:(in French). Isd. pp. 17, 106, 124.
1197:
980:
749:, the tribes continued to pay tribute to
734:. Beginning in 1692, during the reign of
1444:. SOAS University of London. p. 48.
607:had a certain influence over the Touat.
2044:Sokona, Y.; Diallo, O.S., eds. (2008),
1584:Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman
1274:
1262:
1080:
1053:
892:
665:and forced the Jews to move elsewhere.
134:
124:
112:
100:
2117:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd Ed. Vol. 10
1517:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1400:
1354:
1352:
1285:
1283:
1065:
968:
401:, is 162 km north east of Adrar.
2009:, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press,
1231:
1229:
1179:
1177:
1168:
825:An armed conflict opposed the French
424:The Tuat oases were important in the
7:
1754:
1568:
1396:
1328:Martin, Alfred Georges Paul (1908).
334:North Western Sahara Aquifer System
1476:. Librairie Droz. pp. 24–31.
1222:– via Open Edition Journals.
788:and the oases which lay along the
25:
2119:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 757–758
2038:(in French), Paris: CNRS Éditions
1841:Dubost, D.; Moguedet, G. (1998),
1003:Energy Information Administration
2155:
2131:(in German), Bremen: J. Kühtmann
2111:Moussaoui, Abderrahmane (2000),
2005:; Hopkins, J.F.P., eds. (2000),
1780:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "
1767:
1214:from the original on 14 May 2023
1121:. London: Picador. p. 294.
853:Territoire des oasis sahariennes
720:The Alawite Sultan of Tafilalt,
223:that contains a string of small
168:
154:
147:
114:
102:
45:
1940:, Princeton NJ: Marcus Wiener,
1715:from the original on 2024-03-10
1687:from the original on 2023-05-23
1629:from the original on 2023-05-14
1601:from the original on 2023-03-26
1551:from the original on 2024-01-12
1507:from the original on 2023-04-24
1413:Barbier, Maurice (2003-06-01).
1379:from the original on 2023-11-14
1338:from the original on 2023-11-14
1310:from the original on 2024-05-21
995:Algeria: Country Analysis Brief
921:from the original on 2014-08-08
836:, a faction of the Aït Ounbgui
717:sultans became almost nominal.
571:(1359-1389) took refuge in the
169:
1359:Loimeier, Roman (2013-06-05).
1290:Bellil, Rachid (August 2001).
1236:Bellil, Rachid (August 2001).
603:Through tribal alliances, the
544:from 'Tueto' to a merchant in
285:). There are also some forts (
243:Tuat lies to the south of the
199:is near the northern boundary.
1:
1705:Alfred, Le Chatelier (1890).
1440:Mercer, Patricia Ann (1974).
1399:, pp. 46–48. Dunn cites
1184:Voguet, Elise (18 Dec 2018).
832:and Algiers divisions to the
251:and to the south west of the
155:
2055:Sahara and Sahel Observatory
2028:(in French), Paris: F. Alcan
1581:Mansour, Mohamed El (1990).
440:and a similar distance from
417:, based on information from
2234:Jews and Judaism in Algeria
2219:Geography of Adrar Province
1473:Morocco's Saharan Frontiers
1154:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
1142:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
1119:The Travels of Ibn Battutah
1105:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
1093:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
747:Algerian expedition to Tuat
649:Around 1490, encouraged by
636:Abū l-‘Abbās Aḥmad al-‘Akil
291:), most of them abandoned.
2255:
2020:. First published in 1981.
1653:African Historical Studies
945:Dubost & Moguedet 1998
267:, 20 km southeast of
33:
26:
2224:Natural regions of Africa
1835:, London: Hakluyt Society
1831:Crone, G.R., ed. (1937),
773:, but stopped during the
630:. The nomads bought some
113:
108:Towns in the Touat Region
101:
94:
77:Natural region in Algeria
54:This article needs to be
2125:Rohlfs, Gerhard (1868),
2077:Echallier, J.C. (1972),
1711:(in French). p. 6.
1647:Trout, Frank E. (1970).
1470:Trout, Frank E. (1969).
957:Sokona & Diallo 2008
722:Sidi Muhammed ibn Sharif
685:had been annexed by the
318:Continental intercalaire
139:260 m (850 ft)
2099:Martin, A.G.P. (1908),
2024:Martin, A.G.P. (1923),
1823:10.3406/crai.1903.19383
1791:Encyclopædia Britannica
1029:Saad, Elias N. (1983).
365:center pivot irrigation
2087:Gautier, E.F. (1908),
1980:Khadraoui, A. (2007),
1863:, London: Croom Helm,
1192:(141): 141259–141479.
1117:Battutah, Ibn (2002).
610:From the start of the
534:
488:
324:deposited between the
305:
2137:Sabatier, C. (1891),
2057:(OSS), archived from
798:, who resided in the
740:Sultan Moulay Slimane
521:
297:
247:, to the east of the
29:Tuat (disambiguation)
2195:27.33333°N 0.21667°W
2164:at Wikimedia Commons
785:Sultan Moulay Hassan
736:Sultan Moulay Ismail
444:. Caravans from the
397:. The largest town,
320:, a layer of porous
245:Grand Erg Occidental
187:Location of Tuat in
184:class=notpageimage|
27:For other uses, see
2191: /
1959:Kassir, A. (1983),
1859:Dunn, R.E. (1977),
1095:, pp. 303–304.
848:by France in 1901.
808:Alfred Le Chatelier
745:Following the 1579
669:Early modern period
651:Muhammad al-Maghili
426:trans-Saharan trade
342:Phoenix dactylifera
2239:Date palm orchards
2200:27.33333; -0.21667
2034:Oliel, J. (1994),
1741:2015-09-24 at the
1503:pp. 866–867.
1277:, pp. 61, 65.
1199:10.4000/remmm.9963
1144:, p. 425 n79.
863:at a place called
761:Late modern period
755:Regency of Algiers
687:Regency of Algiers
616:Kingdom of Tlemcen
306:
2160:Media related to
1925:978-90-04-12560-5
1918:, Leiden: Brill,
1732:Claude Lefébure,
1594:978-0-906559-32-1
1483:978-2-600-04495-0
1426:978-2-296-27877-6
1403:, pp. 1–366.
1372:978-0-253-00797-1
882:Tidikelt language
877:Taznatit language
312:from an enormous
143:
142:
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
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751:Hassan Veneziano
709:in 1552 and the
695:Turks of Tripoli
620:Legion of Honour
561:Ziyyanid dynasty
542:Antonio Malfante
499:Abraham Cresques
172:
171:
158:
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118:
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36:Gourara language
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2090:Sahara algérien
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2071:Further reading
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2017:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1963:
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1896:10.2307/1595412
1890:(61): 155–183,
1884:Studia Islamica
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1056:, p. 9 n6.
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899:
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894:
890:
873:
763:
703:Ahmad al-Mansur
671:
478:in present-day
407:
382:(GDF Suez) and
241:
202:
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2150:External links
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1828:
1816:(3): 235–239,
1803:
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1786:Chisholm, Hugh
1759:
1757:, p. 146.
1747:
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1107:, p. 304.
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981:Khadraoui 2007
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2064:on 2011-07-27
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2016:1-55876-241-8
2012:
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1996:on 2011-07-19
1992:
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1970:(in French),
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1934:Hunwick, J.O.
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1912:Hunwick, J.O.
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1849:(in French),
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1812:(in French),
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1170:
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1012:on 2010-11-17
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516:Kitab al-ibar
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380:Gaz de France
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231:crossing the
230:
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210:
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198:
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190:
185:
150:
138:
131:
128:
117:
105:
93:
89:
81:
69:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
30:
19:
2176:
2139:
2127:
2116:
2101:
2089:
2078:
2059:the original
2046:
2035:
2025:
2006:
2003:Levtzion, N.
1991:the original
1982:
1974:(1): 149–158
1971:
1967:
1937:
1915:
1887:
1883:
1860:
1853:(2): 117–122
1850:
1846:
1832:
1813:
1809:
1789:
1762:
1750:
1734:
1728:
1717:. Retrieved
1707:
1700:
1689:. Retrieved
1659:(1): 37–56.
1656:
1652:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1621:
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1583:
1576:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1544:
1534:
1509:. Retrieved
1499:
1492:
1472:
1441:
1435:
1415:
1408:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1361:
1340:. Retrieved
1330:
1323:
1312:. Retrieved
1292:
1275:Hunwick 2006
1270:
1263:Hunwick 1985
1258:
1238:
1216:. Retrieved
1189:
1149:
1137:
1118:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1083:, p. 1.
1081:Hunwick 2006
1061:
1054:Hunwick 2003
1049:
1030:
1024:
1014:, retrieved
1007:the original
994:
988:
976:
964:
952:
923:, retrieved
911:
907:
895:
864:
852:
850:
837:
834:Aït Khabbash
824:
812:Jules Cambon
804:
793:
780:bled es-siba
779:
764:
744:
725:
719:
672:
648:
612:15th century
609:
600:Tal n Hammu.
599:
598:
584:
569:Abu Hammu II
554:
539:
535:
529:
524:
522:
514:
506:
505:as the main
492:
489:
485:
465:
458:
423:
408:
394:
392:
369:
360:
356:
352:
346:
340:
338:
307:
298:
286:
282:
278:
272:
242:
208:
204:
203:
87:
63:
55:
2198: /
2171:(in French)
1401:Martin 1923
1066:Berger 1903
969:Kassir 1983
790:Oued Saoura
511:Ibn Khaldun
468:Ibn Battuta
415:Mali Empire
388:Hassi R'Mel
310:groundwater
257:Wadi Saoura
219:in central
2213:Categories
2183:27°20′00″N
1951:. Google:
1847:Sécheresse
1802:References
1719:2024-03-10
1691:2017-09-17
1633:2022-03-13
1605:2023-08-31
1555:2024-01-12
1511:2024-04-21
1383:2023-08-31
1342:2023-08-31
1314:2023-03-20
1169:Crone 1937
1016:2010-11-28
925:2010-11-30
827:19th Corps
430:Tanezrouft
330:Cenomanian
277:(singular
2186:0°13′00″W
2053:, Tunis:
1874:. Google
1755:Dunn 1977
1673:0001-9992
1569:Dunn 1977
1520:cite book
1397:Dunn 1977
1208:165558924
865:El Mungar
679:Beylerbey
663:synagogue
605:Ziyyanids
579:from the
450:Sijilmasa
372:Sonatrach
326:Moscovian
322:sandstone
303:Timimoune
249:Erg Chech
239:Geography
136:Elevation
1936:(2006),
1914:(2003),
1739:Archived
1713:Archived
1685:Archived
1627:Archived
1599:Archived
1549:Archived
1505:Archived
1377:Archived
1336:Archived
1308:Archived
1218:13 March
1212:Archived
916:archived
914:, 2002,
871:See also
842:Aït Atta
820:In Salah
816:El Golea
800:Tafilalt
732:Aougrout
675:Tafilalt
628:Tamantit
595:Timimoun
581:Merinids
550:Tamentit
503:Tamentit
442:Timbuktu
419:Timbuktu
399:Timimoun
395:foggaras
361:foggaras
357:foggaras
348:foggaras
328:and the
316:in the
253:Tademaït
229:caravans
66:May 2023
2113:"Tuwat"
1953:Preview
1904:1595412
1876:Preview
1788:(ed.).
1778::
1545:Gallica
846:Algeria
840:of the
795:khalifa
715:Alawite
707:Ouargla
701:Sultan
691:Ottoman
683:Tlemcen
659:Tlemcen
589:near a
577:Tlemcen
573:Gourara
565:Tlemcen
559:of the
476:Takedda
454:Tlemcen
434:Reggane
432:route.
413:of the
411:Malinke
405:History
314:aquifer
288:kasbahs
261:Reggane
221:Algeria
211:, is a
193:Reggane
189:Algeria
176:Reggane
130:Algeria
126:Country
56:updated
18:Gourara
2013:
1944:
1922:
1902:
1867:
1784:". In
1772:
1681:216479
1679:
1671:
1591:
1480:
1423:
1369:
1300:
1246:
1206:
1125:
1037:
861:Taghit
857:Figuig
711:Fezzan
655:Maliki
591:sebkha
557:Sultan
472:Sahara
233:Sahara
217:desert
2162:Touat
2062:(PDF)
2051:(PDF)
1994:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1900:JSTOR
1677:JSTOR
1204:S2CID
1010:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
888:Notes
838:khams
727:qaids
699:Saadi
632:dates
583:in a
546:Genoa
530:qușūr
525:qușūr
507:ksour
480:Niger
474:from
446:Sudan
384:Total
274:ksour
269:Bouda
265:Adrar
225:oases
209:Touat
207:, or
197:Adrar
162:Adrar
88:Tuwat
84:Touat
2011:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1782:Tuat
1669:ISSN
1589:ISBN
1526:link
1478:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1220:2022
1123:ISBN
1035:ISBN
830:Oran
767:1830
653:, a
644:1466
640:1430
624:1435
586:ksar
555:The
461:Jews
353:wadi
299:ksar
283:gsar
279:ksar
205:Tuat
1972:142
1892:doi
1818:doi
1661:doi
1194:doi
593:in
563:of
497:of
452:or
438:Gao
301:in
281:or
215:of
2215::
2115:,
1966:,
1898:,
1888:61
1886:,
1845:,
1814:47
1683:.
1675:.
1667:.
1655:.
1651:.
1597:.
1547:.
1543:.
1522:}}
1518:{{
1450:^
1375:.
1351:^
1306:.
1282:^
1228:^
1210:.
1202:.
1188:.
1176:^
1161:^
1073:^
1001:,
933:^
912:47
906:,
822:.
689:.
567:,
519::
456:.
390:.
235:.
191:.
2145:.
2133:.
2121:.
2107:.
2095:.
2083:.
2066:.
2040:.
2030:.
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