1202:
4500:
4495:
3585:
3599:
1097:
4482:
1021:
950:
141:
3592:
4506:
119:
690:
655:
1725:
4489:
613:, forelimbs lacking a few hand bones, and most of the right hindlimb and a few bones of the left. Additional description for bones unpreserved in the holotype was based on Taquet's MNHN GDF 381, which was not mentioned as having been sent to Venice and renumbered as MSNVE 3714, although this was confirmed by Italian palaeontologist Filippo Bertozzo and colleagues in
2459:
833:
454:
817:, which is bounded by the maxilla in front and below, lacrimal above, and jugal behind. The jugal overlaps only the posterior end of the maxilla, which is unlike hadrosaurids where there is more overlap. The dental edge of the maxilla is slightly arced, and above the toothrow is a shallow depression bearing
1706:
bears more similarities to other derived iguanodonts than more basal ornithopods. Remodeling is present in the subadult paratype, and high vascular density and circumferential arrangement of the microstructure suggests fast growth. Faster growth occurs in the same phylogenetic groups as higher body
1012:
are unknown; the fifth already bears a 32-centimetre-long spine (1.05 ft) that is pointed and slightly hooked; Taquet presumed it might have anchored a tendon to support the neck or skull. The tenth, eleventh and twelfth spines are the longest, at about 63 cm (25 in). The last dorsal
940:
with the beak, there were large batteries of cheek teeth on the sides of the jaws: the gaps between the teeth crowns were filled by the points of a second generation of replacement teeth, the whole forming a continuous surface. Contrary to the situation with some related species, a third generation
674:
in 2017, although they would have been close to adult size. MSNVE 3714 is 6.5 m (21 ft) long as mounted, although a few caudals are missing, and is roughly 90% the length of the holotype, which would be 7.22 m (23.7 ft) long. The variation between the sizes fits within the range
512:
in the "Camp des deux Arbres" locality, which were given the field numbers GDF 300 and GDI 381. Both were collected in the
February–April 1966 expedition, the former including a nearly complete but scattered skeleton, and the latter a skeleton that was two-thirds preserved. The skeletons then in
645:
refers to Niger, the country of discovery. Taquet had used the name "Ouranosaurus nigeriensis" previously, first in a public presentation of the skeleton MNHN GDF 300 in July 1972, then later in
September 1972 in a news article and again in December 1972 in a book; only the book bore any images
1686:
probably used its teeth to chew up tough plant food. A diet has been suggested of leaves, fruit, and seeds as the chewing would allow to free more energy from high quality food; the wide beak on the other hand indicates a specialisation in eating large amounts of low quality fodder.
1005:(as well as the afformentioned sail-backed reptiles and amphibians) the spines actually become thicker distally and flatten. The posterior spines were also bound together by ossified tendons, which stiffened the back. Finally, the spine length peaks over the forelimbs.
535:
uncovered a nearly complete and partially articulated skeleton lacking the skull, 4 km (2.5 mi) south of the "niveau des
Innocents" site, and was also given the field number GDF 381. This specimen was collected and taken to the MNHN by the fifth expedition in
1674:. The back of the skull was rather narrow and could not compensate for the lack of a greater area of attachment for the jaw muscle, that the openings normally would provide, allowing for more power and a stronger bite. A lesser muscle, the
1085:(number 5) was long. In related species the fifth finger is presumed to have been prehensile: used for picking food like leaves and twigs or to help lower the food by lowering branch to a manageable height. Taquet assumed that with
1751:
is known from the Elrhaz
Formation of the Tegama Group in an area called Gadoufaoua, located in Niger. Only two mostly complete skeletons and up to 3 additional individuals have been found. The Elrhaz Formation consists mainly of
928:
are unique among ornithischians. The bones are unfused suggesting mobility, and at their ends on the top of the skull are rounded domes, which were described by Taquet (1976) as distinct and rugose "nasal protuberances".
848:. The jugal below and behind the orbit bears the same shape as in hadrosaurids, with a high rear process, and articulated with the quadratojugal and quadrate that are also very similar to more derived taxa. As in other
1124:
was not a good runner because the fourth trochanter, the attachment point for the large retractor muscles connected to the tail base, was weakly developed. The foot was narrow with only three toes and relatively long.
701:
is 67.0 cm (26.4 in) long. It was rather low, being 24.4 cm (9.6 in) wide and only 26.0 cm (10.2 in) tall. The top of the skull was flat, the highest point being just in front of the
669:
was a relatively large iguanodontian, measuring 7–8.3 metres (23–27 feet) long and weighing 2.2 tonnes (2.4 short tons). The holotype and paratype specimens were suggested to belong to subadults by
Bertozzo
749:
and similar to hadrosaurids the nares are entirely visible from above. Neither premaxilla bears any teeth, although the very anterior tip has "pseudo-teeth" formed by multiple
508:
specimens were discovered at the "niveau des
Innocents" site, east of the Emechedoui wells. An additional two skeletons were discovered 7 km (4.3 mi) southeast of
1017:
is locked. The spines over the six sacral vertebrae are markedly lower, but those of the tail base again longer; towards the end of the tail the spines gradually shorten.
4978:
757:
is known. although it is well preserved forming a triangle 28.0 cm (11.0 in) long and 11.7 cm (4.6 in) tall, much taller proportionally than
5037:
518:
1032:
or a display structure. An alternative hypothesis is that the back might have carried a hump consisting of muscle tissue or fat, resembling that of a
4965:
4499:
829:. 20 teeth are preserved in the maxilla, although the anterior end of the toothrow is broken and Taquet (1976) predicted the total number to be 22.
1187:
appears to represent an early specialized branch in this group, showing in some traits independent convergence with the hadrosaurids. It is thus a
3584:
5067:
5062:
4494:
1047:
consisted of eleven neck vertebrae, seventeen dorsal vertebrae, six sacral vertebrae and forty tail vertebrae. The tail was relatively short.
2571:
2075:
1678:, used to open the lower jaws, was located at the back of the skull and was connected to a strongly projecting, broad and anteriorly oblique
371:
measured about 7–8.3 metres (23–27 ft) long and weighed 2.2 metric tons (2.4 short tons). Two rather complete fossils were found in the
3598:
1201:
932:
The snout was toothless and covered in a horny sheath during life, forming a very wide beak together with a comparable sheath on the short
2197:
McDonald, A.T.; Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D.; Madsen, S.K.; Cavin, J.; Milner, A.R.C.; Panzarin, L. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).
559:
127:
617:. The holotype itself was returned to Niger after being described and having its bones cast and mounted, and is now on display at the
809:
to the rear. The lacrimal process is the highest point of the maxilla, and behind this process is a smooth and curved margin for the
2517:
2146:
1944:
544:
that turned up a potential additional iguanodontian specimen, Ligabue offered to donate the nearly complete specimen and a skull of
565:
Taquet formally described the two mostly-complete specimens MNHN GDF 300 and MNHN GDF 381 from the first and fourth expeditions as
4481:
2541:
1663:
1961:
4860:
743:, the premaxillae flare gently laterally into a rugose surface for a beak, like other iguanodontians, although dissimilar from
1198:
below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald and colleagues, published in
November 2010 with information from McDonald, 2011.
1050:
The front limbs were rather long with 55% of the length of the hind limbs. A quadrupedal stance would have been possible. The
941:
of erupted teeth was lacking. There were twenty-two tooth positions in both lower and upper jaw, for a total of eighty-eight.
4883:
4870:
5072:
4875:
618:
1108:
The hindlimbs were large and robust to accommodate the weight of the body and strong enough to allow a bipedal walk. The
918:
906:
898:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
763:
740:
733:
725:
603:
595:
587:
521:
of Paris, where they were prepared. GDF 381 was recategorized with the number MNHN GDF 1700 and then later described in
140:
4505:
2508:
The Simon & Schuster
Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures: A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life
1768:
is from the upper portion of the formation, probably Aptian in age. It likely lived in habitats dominated by inland
1675:
1013:
spine, the seventeenth, has a grooved posterior edge, in which the anterior corner of the lower spine of the first
3591:
1168:, a series of subsequent offshoots from the main stem-line of iguandontian evolution. It is instead placed in the
5057:
5052:
2564:
840:
Many of the central bones of the skull are the same form as those of hadrosaurids or related iguanodontians like
2199:"New Basal Iguanodontians from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs"
2671:
750:
1679:
2325:
642:
531:. While the third expedition did not turn up additional iguanodontian material, the fourth in January–March
723:
Bones of the snout are more loosely articulated with each other than the bones of the posterior skull. The
4918:
3030:
2882:
1096:
398:
2299:"Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger"
1659:
714:, the length being 3.8 times the maximum height, although the skull is proportionally wider than related
5004:
4840:
3396:
2698:
1188:
309:
5047:
5042:
5032:
4260:
2557:
2419:
2360:
2347:
Sereno, P. C.; Wilson, J. A.; Witmer, L. M.; Whitlock, J. A.; Maga, A.; Ide, O.; Rowe, T. A. (2007).
2210:
2171:
2100:
954:
937:
614:
570:
555:
537:
532:
527:
522:
514:
478:
474:
286:
4488:
1164:
is no longer usually placed in the iguanodontid family, a grouping that is now generally considered
1020:
646:
associated with the name, and none of the earlier mentions had a diagnosis to make the name valid.
681:, so there is a chance that the larger holotype and smaller paratype were same ontogenetic stage.
493:
4612:
4223:
2808:
2116:
405:
a word with multiple meanings ("an Arabic name that signifies valor, courage, recklessness"; the
135:
1884:
shark, and freshwater bivalves have been found. Grass did not evolve until the late
Cretaceous.
949:
5009:
4956:
2067:
1803:
was the "dominant element in the assemblage." Other herbivores from the same formation include
4991:
4983:
4619:
4358:
4279:
4239:
3123:
3009:
2955:
2926:
2513:
2435:
2388:
2238:
2142:
2071:
2040:
1940:
1761:
1655:
1133:
1078:
980:
585:, and was the primary specimen described, including a semi-articulated skull lacking the left
541:
4996:
2091:
Butler, R.J.; Upchurch, P.; Norman, D.B. (2008). "The phylogeny of ornithischian dinosaurs".
984:) which has a moderate sail on its back, and to a lesser extent the sail-backed temnospondyl
540:. Following a subsequent Italian-French expedition led by Taquet and Italian palaeontologist
4760:
4753:
4563:
4556:
4085:
3996:
3834:
3735:
3721:
3435:
3403:
3038:
2947:
2861:
2796:
2464:
2427:
2378:
2368:
2320:
2310:
2276:
2228:
2218:
2179:
2108:
2030:
2020:
1787:
1490:
1172:
1117:
1029:
610:
581:
that bore the numbers MNHN GDF 301 and MNHN GDF 302 respectively. MNHN GDF 300 was made the
509:
501:
489:
425:
406:
372:
356:
265:
41:
1040:, rather than a sail. It could have been used for energy storage to survive a lean season.
871:
863:
4845:
4640:
4591:
4454:
4385:
4288:
4108:
3827:
3813:
3792:
3410:
3283:
3050:
2818:
2656:
2162:
Bailey, J.B. (1997). "Neural spine elongation in dinosaurs: sailbacks or buffalo-backs?".
1845:
1082:
1014:
1009:
634:
485:
482:
388:
991:
These tall neural spines did not closely resemble those of sail-backed synapsids such as
706:
and sloping down towards both the rear of the skull and the tip of the snout. This makes
2423:
2364:
2257:
2214:
2175:
2104:
1962:"Sur le gisement de Dinosauriens et de Crocodiliens de Gadoufaoua (RĂ©publique du Niger)"
812:
118:
17:
4855:
4850:
4788:
4725:
4598:
4447:
4410:
4392:
4337:
3969:
3785:
3778:
3707:
3629:
3616:
3544:
3532:
3501:
3476:
3340:
3262:
3223:
3209:
3086:
2997:
2919:
2897:
2890:
2631:
2493:
2383:
2348:
2233:
2198:
2035:
2004:
1868:
1799:
in the Elrhaz formation, however this runs counter to Taqet and Russel, who state that
1554:
1521:
1460:
1287:
1226:
1176:
1149:
1044:
716:
638:
410:
384:
345:
217:
2431:
1073:-like, and anatomically were good for walking. To support the walking hypothesis, the
820:
5026:
4795:
4739:
4718:
4689:
4605:
4542:
4440:
4433:
4419:
4329:
4309:
4302:
4199:
4149:
4142:
4126:
4101:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4031:
3982:
3944:
3909:
3890:
3862:
3806:
3469:
3462:
3417:
3347:
3216:
3075:
3060:
3022:
2933:
2826:
2789:
2782:
2506:
2060:
1862:
1809:
1796:
1780:
1773:
1713:
1477:
1393:
1314:
1249:
1180:
711:
466:
414:
249:
76:
2533:
2120:
689:
4703:
4679:
4667:
4633:
4626:
4577:
4570:
4376:
4320:
4295:
4267:
4156:
3958:
3923:
3869:
3799:
3771:
3657:
3650:
3455:
3382:
3375:
3297:
3238:
3193:
3095:
2969:
2962:
2911:
2875:
2833:
2683:
2622:
1301:
1275:
1213:
1165:
1153:
986:
978:
also known from northern Africa as well as those of the modern
Crested chamaeleon (
965:
904:
are small, and articulates with the broadened and textured lacrimal. Only a single
826:
734:
505:
201:
772:
654:
596:
2373:
2223:
1001:
Period as the supporting spines in synapsids become thinner distally, whereas in
907:
4950:
4892:
4781:
4746:
4584:
4426:
4399:
4351:
4344:
4177:
4163:
4135:
4115:
4094:
4038:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3937:
3930:
3883:
3848:
3820:
3756:
3749:
3518:
3368:
3354:
3326:
3304:
3246:
3109:
2940:
2904:
2868:
2764:
2751:
2710:
2580:
2407:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1791:
1783:
1735:
1692:
1426:
970:
855:
849:
832:
546:
233:
51:
2408:"A massively-constructed iguanodont from Gadoufaoua, lower Cretaceous of Niger"
1724:
899:
726:
4834:
4809:
4802:
4774:
4767:
4658:
4647:
4533:
4232:
4212:
4170:
4045:
3897:
3764:
3714:
3679:
3672:
3643:
3483:
3361:
3333:
3202:
3175:
3150:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2854:
2454:
2280:
2183:
2112:
1877:
1828:
1814:
1769:
1729:
1671:
1376:
1262:
1090:
993:
933:
796:
604:
462:
383:, Niger, in 1965 and 1970, with a third indeterminate specimen known from the
376:
96:
61:
4941:
2439:
1054:
was very straight. The hand was lightly built, short and broad. On each hand
1028:
The dorsal "sail" is usually explained as either functioning as a system for
879:
788:
764:
4816:
4732:
4711:
4549:
4246:
4184:
3693:
3665:
3525:
3389:
3319:
3290:
3116:
3102:
2845:
1873:
1840:
1818:
1757:
1504:
1443:
1195:
887:
745:
677:
588:
152:
101:
2392:
2242:
2044:
1929:
936:
bone at the extreme front of the lower jaws. However, after a rather large
2315:
2298:
2139:
The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
1939:. Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris: 1–191.
919:
804:
780:
4935:
4696:
4365:
4253:
4053:
4024:
3951:
3876:
3841:
3742:
3728:
3686:
3510:
3311:
3276:
3182:
3168:
3130:
2640:
2613:
2604:
1881:
1822:
1756:
sandstones with low relief, much of which is obscured by sand dunes. The
1717:
which has slow growth, so either faster growth is caused by body size or
1328:
975:
761:. The maxilla bears faces for articulation with the premaxilla in front,
582:
574:
364:
348:
185:
172:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
4970:
3989:
3424:
2025:
1930:"Géologie et Paléontologie du Gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptien du Niger)"
1753:
1345:
1051:
998:
633:
meaning "valour", "bravery " or "recklessness" and also from the local
453:
417:
106:
81:
3855:
3448:
2598:
1666:
on the lower jaw bone. Small rounded horns in front of its eyes made
1183:(also known as "duck-billed dinosaurs") and their closest relatives.
1129:
703:
630:
622:
551:
504:. On the first expedition, lasting from January–February 1965, eight
497:
380:
352:
162:
4912:
1116:. This may indicate that the legs were used as pillars, and not for
554:, which accepted the offer and subsequently mounted the skeleton in
387:
of Cameroon. The animal was named in 1976 by French paleontologist
3700:
3230:
2504:
Cox, Barry; Colin Harrison; R.J.G. Savage; Brian Gardiner (1999).
1723:
1200:
1169:
1113:
1109:
1104:
based on skeletal diagrams and casts, fossils, and related species
1095:
1074:
1059:
1037:
1033:
1019:
948:
831:
688:
653:
578:
470:
452:
433:
360:
341:
3068:
1077:
was large and its component bones fused together to prevent its
1070:
1062:
461:
Five French palaeontological expeditions were undertaken in the
4916:
4521:
3614:
2749:
2591:
2553:
445:
could be interpreted as "brave lizard originating from Niger".
2549:
1721:
is the maximum size of an ornithopod with a slow growth rate.
1650:
The jaws were apparently operated by relatively weak muscles.
825:, also known as the buccal emargination that is diagnostic of
968:, that spanned its entire rump and tail, resembling that of
437:, its country of discovery (in Latin, the adjectival suffix
1760:
are coarse- to medium-grained, with almost no fine-grained
1093:, reduced to a spur, could no longer be directed sideways.
1136:
was very large, rounded and directed obliquely upwards.
1065:
or spike that was much smaller than that of the earlier
964:
is a large "sail" on its back, supported by long, wide,
836:
Restoration of the head displaying "nasal protuberances"
488:. These deposits come from GAD 5, a layer in the upper
860:
is a tri-radiate bone surrounding sides of the orbit,
2003:
Bertozzo, F.; Dalla Vechia, F.M.; Fabbri, M. (2017).
1156:. However, although it shares some similarities with
753:
on the margin of the bone. Only the right maxilla of
731:
are 46.0 cm (18.1 in) long, with very deep
4925:
4826:
4677:
4657:
4532:
4409:
4375:
4319:
4278:
4222:
4198:
4125:
4084:
3968:
3907:
3627:
3543:
3500:
3434:
3260:
3192:
3148:
3085:
3049:
3008:
2844:
2807:
2762:
2709:
2682:
2655:
2406:Taquet, Philippe; Russell, Dale A. (January 1999).
916:, which projects into the orbit above the eye. The
2505:
2492:
2059:
1969:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2326:20.500.11820/5d55ed2e-52f2-4e4a-9ca1-fd1732f2f964
629:carries a double meaning, it is both taken from
2349:"Structural extremes in a Cretaceous dinosaur"
1707:size, although their relationship is unclear.
1089:this function had been lost because the fifth
2565:
1069:. The second and third digits were broad and
8:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1872:also lived there. In addition, remains of a
637:of Niger where it is the name they call the
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
4913:
4529:
4518:
4204:
3974:
3915:
3635:
3624:
3611:
3440:
3268:
3160:
3156:
3014:
2774:
2770:
2759:
2746:
2688:
2661:
2652:
2588:
2572:
2558:
2550:
2292:
2290:
2141:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 144.
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1739:in the environment of the Elrhaz Formation
876:. Contact between the postorbital and the
675:of variation between adult individuals of
117:
31:
2475:Dinosaurs and other Prehistoric Creatures
2382:
2372:
2324:
2314:
2232:
2222:
2034:
2024:
710:have the most elongate skull of any non-
2484:Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Animals
2297:Sereno, P. C.; Brusatte, S. L. (2008).
2066:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1893:
1658:behind the eyes, from which the larger
457:Location of the Gadoufaoua within Niger
2132:
2130:
2062:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
2486:. Smithsonian Handbooks. p. 108.
2477:. Salamander Books. pp. 152–154.
2258:"The taxonomy of species assigned to
7:
5038:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Africa
892:from the supratemporal fenestra. In
519:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
2093:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1496:
1418:
1368:
1361:
1320:
1293:
1268:
1241:
1219:
1209:
560:Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia
441:means "originating from"). And so,
128:Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia
25:
1205:Paratype MSNVE 3714 in front view
525:as the holotype of the new taxon
496:, which was deposited during the
424:, the Greek word for lizard. The
4504:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4480:
3597:
3590:
3583:
2457:
1711:is a similar size to more basal
960:The most conspicuous feature of
884:excludes the flattened and wide
139:
4861:List of informal dinosaur names
4871:Timeline of hadrosaur research
2495:The Complete Book of Dinosaurs
2473:Ingrid Cranfield, ed. (2000).
1817:. It also lived alongside the
1:
5068:Taxa named by Philippe Taquet
5063:Fossil taxa described in 1976
2432:10.1016/s0753-3969(99)80009-3
2303:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1779:It has been claimed that the
1676:musculus depressor mandibulae
1112:was slightly longer than the
420:of Niger & Algeria), and
2374:10.1371/journal.pone.0001230
2224:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075
739:as in other iguanodontians.
2256:Andrew T. McDonald (2011).
1662:muscle was attached to the
1144:Taquet originally assigned
126:Mounted paratype skeleton,
5089:
2482:Richardson, Hazel (2003).
2262:(Dinosauria: Ornithopoda)"
2009:(Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)"
619:Musée National Boubou Hama
27:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
4528:
4517:
4478:
4207:
3977:
3918:
3638:
3623:
3610:
3581:
3443:
3271:
3163:
3159:
3017:
2777:
2773:
2758:
2745:
2691:
2664:
2651:
2587:
2281:10.11646/zootaxa.2783.1.4
2184:10.1017/S0022336000036076
2113:10.1017/S1477201907002271
1552:
1535:
1518:
1501:
1494:
1474:
1457:
1440:
1423:
1416:
1390:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1342:
1325:
1318:
1298:
1291:
1273:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1217:
1175:, closely related to the
1160:(such as a thumb spike),
391:; the type species being
315:
308:
136:Scientific classification
134:
125:
116:
34:
2512:. Simon & Schuster.
2412:Annales de Paléontologie
2137:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
2007:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
2005:"The Venice specimen of
1937:Cahiers de Paléontologie
1680:processus paroccipitalis
1120:. Taquet concluded that
1102:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
573:, along with a referred
567:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
443:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
394:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
322:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
18:Ouranosaurus nigeriensis
2164:Journal of Paleontology
1795:were the most numerous
953:Mounted skeleton cast,
2491:Dixon, Dougal (2006).
1740:
1670:the only known horned
1206:
1105:
1025:
957:
872:supratemporal fenestra
864:infratemporal fenestra
837:
694:
663:
552:Municipality of Venice
458:
351:that lived during the
5005:Paleobiology Database
4841:Basturs Poble bonebed
2316:10.4202/app.2008.0102
1727:
1204:
1179:, which contains the
1099:
1023:
952:
896:and related taxa the
835:
692:
657:
456:
344:of herbivorous basal
5073:Ornithischian genera
4863:(contains hadrosaur
4261:Probrachylophosaurus
1152:, within the larger
987:Platyhystrix rugosus
976:meat-eating dinosaur
945:Postcranial skeleton
609:, almost the entire
528:Lurdusaurus arenatus
517:were brought to the
449:Discovery and naming
401:is a combination of
2424:1999AnPal..85...85T
2365:2007PLoSO...2.1230S
2215:2010PLoSO...514075M
2176:1997JPal...71.1124B
2105:2008JSPal...6....1B
2058:Paul, G.S. (2010).
1960:Taquet, P. (1970).
1928:Taquet, P. (1976).
1660:capiti-mandibularis
981:Trioceros cristatus
813:antorbital fenestra
662:compared to a human
625:. The generic name
301:O. nigeriensis
4613:Ornithopodichnites
4224:Brachylophosaurini
2809:Hypsilophodontidae
2026:10.7717/peerj.3403
1741:
1207:
1106:
1026:
958:
838:
695:
664:
481:and led by French
459:
5020:
5019:
4992:Open Tree of Life
4919:Taxon identifiers
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4620:Shiraminesauropus
4513:
4512:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4359:Naashoibitosaurus
4280:Austrokritosauria
4240:Brachylophosaurus
4194:
4193:
3606:
3605:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3256:
3255:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3124:Transylvanosaurus
3010:Rhabdodontomorpha
2956:Notohypsilophodon
2927:Macrogryphosaurus
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2077:978-0-691-13720-9
1813:, and an unnamed
1656:temporal openings
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1405:
1404:
821:nutrient foramina
542:Giancarlo Ligabue
333:
332:
289:
16:(Redirected from
5080:
5058:Fossils of Niger
5053:Cretaceous Niger
5013:
5012:
5000:
4999:
4987:
4986:
4974:
4973:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4914:
4887:mummy S.M. R4036
4761:Microhadrosaurus
4754:Mandschurosaurus
4564:Camptosaurichnus
4557:Bonaparteichnium
4530:
4523:Related articles
4519:
4508:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4205:
4086:Parasaurolophini
3997:Angulomastacator
3975:
3916:
3835:Shuangmiaosaurus
3736:Huehuecanauhtlus
3722:Gongpoquansaurus
3636:
3625:
3612:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3441:
3436:Hadrosauriformes
3404:Ratchasimasaurus
3269:
3161:
3157:
3039:Muttaburrasaurus
3015:
2948:Muttaburrasaurus
2862:Atlascopcosaurus
2797:Thescelosauridae
2775:
2771:
2760:
2747:
2689:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2589:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2523:
2511:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2478:
2467:
2465:Dinosaurs portal
2462:
2461:
2460:
2444:
2443:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2318:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2170:(6): 1124–1146.
2159:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2000:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1934:
1925:
1664:coronoid process
1497:
1491:Hadrosauriformes
1419:
1369:
1362:
1321:
1294:
1269:
1242:
1220:
1210:
1191:hadrosauriform.
1173:Hadrosauriformes
1030:thermoregulation
1024:Dorsal vertebrae
1010:dorsal vertebrae
921:
909:
901:
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
822:
814:
806:
801:internally, and
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
736:
728:
611:vertebral column
606:
598:
590:
502:Early Cretaceous
490:Elrhaz Formation
426:specific epithet
373:Elrhaz Formation
357:Early Cretaceous
324:
320:
284:
277:
266:Hadrosauriformes
264:
248:
232:
216:
200:
144:
143:
121:
111:
48:
42:Early Cretaceous
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5008:
5003:
4995:
4990:
4982:
4977:
4969:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4921:
4911:
4898:
4879:mummy AMNH 5060
4846:Dakota (fossil)
4822:
4673:
4653:
4641:Tetrapodosaurus
4592:Hadrosaurichnus
4524:
4509:
4486:
4460:
4455:Shantungosaurus
4405:
4386:Augustynolophus
4371:
4315:
4289:Bonapartesaurus
4274:
4218:
4190:
4121:
4109:Parasaurolophus
4080:
3964:
3912:
3903:
3828:Qianjiangsaurus
3814:Probactrosaurus
3793:Penelopognathus
3632:
3619:
3602:
3589:
3559:
3539:
3496:
3430:
3411:Riabininohadros
3284:Bayannurosaurus
3265:
3252:
3188:
3153:
3136:
3081:
3051:Tenontosauridae
3045:
3004:
2840:
2819:Gideonmantellia
2803:
2767:
2754:
2725:
2705:
2678:
2672:Avemetatarsalia
2657:Avemetatarsalia
2647:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2530:
2520:
2503:
2499:. Hermes House.
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2002:
2001:
1980:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1895:
1890:
1846:Crocodylomorphs
1746:
1701:
1654:had only small
1648:
1643:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1406:
1194:The simplified
1142:
1100:Restoration of
1015:sacral vertebra
1008:The first four
974:, a well-known
947:
923:
912:was present in
911:
903:
891:
883:
875:
867:
859:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
738:
730:
687:
652:
635:Tuareg language
608:
600:
592:
486:Philippe Taquet
483:palaeontologist
451:
389:Philippe Taquet
329:
326:
318:
317:
304:
283:
275:
262:
246:
230:
214:
198:
138:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5086:
5084:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5001:
4988:
4975:
4962:
4947:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4868:
4858:
4856:Hypsilophodont
4853:
4851:Hadrosaur diet
4848:
4843:
4838:
4830:
4828:
4827:Other articles
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4789:Stephanosaurus
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4726:Fulgurotherium
4722:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4683:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4599:Iguanodontipus
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4538:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4451:
4448:Laiyangosaurus
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4413:
4411:Edmontosaurini
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4393:Prosaurolophus
4389:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4338:Coahuilasaurus
4334:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3972:
3970:Lambeosaurinae
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3786:Nanyangosaurus
3782:
3779:Nanningosaurus
3775:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3708:Gilmoreosaurus
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3630:Hadrosauroidea
3628:
3621:
3620:
3617:Hadrosauroidea
3615:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3545:Hadrosauroidea
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:Mantellisaurus
3529:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3502:Iguanodontidae
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3477:Mantellisaurus
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3341:Iguanacolossus
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3266:
3263:Ankylopollexia
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3224:Eousdryosaurus
3220:
3213:
3210:Dysalotosaurus
3206:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3087:Rhabdodontidae
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:Weewarrasaurus
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2920:Leaellynasaura
2916:
2908:
2901:
2898:Gasparinisaura
2894:
2891:Galleonosaurus
2887:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2632:Neornithischia
2625:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2546:(with picture)
2539:
2529:
2528:External links
2526:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2501:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2398:
2332:
2286:
2248:
2209:(11): e14075.
2189:
2154:
2147:
2126:
2083:
2076:
2050:
1978:
1952:
1945:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1869:Stolokrosuchus
1797:megaherbivores
1788:rebbachisaurid
1745:
1742:
1700:
1697:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:Hadrosauroidea
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:Mantellisaurus
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:Iguanacolossus
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:Ankylopollexia
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:Rhabdodontidae
1223:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1177:Hadrosauroidea
1150:Iguanodontidae
1141:
1140:Classification
1138:
946:
943:
917:
905:
897:
885:
877:
869:
861:
853:
846:Mantellisaurus
818:
810:
802:
794:
786:
778:
770:
762:
735:external nares
732:
724:
717:Mantellisaurus
686:
683:
651:
648:
639:desert monitor
602:
594:
586:
465:region of the
450:
447:
411:desert monitor
385:Koum Formation
359:of modern-day
346:hadrosauriform
331:
330:
327:
313:
312:
306:
305:
297:
295:
291:
290:
273:
269:
268:
260:
253:
252:
244:
237:
236:
228:
221:
220:
218:Neornithischia
212:
205:
204:
196:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5085:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4885:Edmontosaurus
4882:
4880:
4878:
4877:Edmontosaurus
4874:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4796:Syngonosaurus
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4740:Koutalisaurus
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:Eucercosaurus
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4690:Arstanosaurus
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4606:Orcauichnites
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4543:Amblydactylus
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4483:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4441:Kundurosaurus
4438:
4436:
4435:
4434:Kerberosaurus
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4420:Edmontosaurus
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:Anasazisaurus
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4310:Secernosaurus
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:Kelumapusaura
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Saurolophinae
4197:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:Hypacrosaurus
4147:
4145:
4144:
4143:Corythosaurus
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4127:Lambeosaurini
4124:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:Charonosaurus
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4075:Tsintaosaurus
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:Pararhabdodon
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:Nipponosaurus
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:Jaxartosaurus
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3983:Adynomosaurus
3980:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:Lapampasaurus
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:Hadrosauridae
3906:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3891:Zhanghenglong
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:Telmatosaurus
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3807:Portellsaurus
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3586:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:Jinzhousaurus
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:Hypselospinus
3460:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:Theiophytalia
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:Lanzhousaurus
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:Elrhazosaurus
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3076:Tenontosaurus
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:Convolosaurus
3058:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:Ampelognathus
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:Mahuidacursor
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:Hypsilophodon
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:Callovosaurus
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:Burianosaurus
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2519:9780684864112
2515:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2455:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:(11): e1230.
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2148:1-84028-152-9
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1946:2-222-02018-2
1942:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:Araripesuchus
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1810:Elrhazosaurus
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:iguanodontian
1777:
1775:
1774:riparian zone
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:Tenontosaurus
1716:
1715:
1714:Tenontosaurus
1710:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:Lanzhousaurus
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:Theiophytalia
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:Styracosterna
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:Tenontosaurus
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:Hadrosauridae
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
988:
983:
982:
977:
973:
972:
967:
966:neural spines
963:
956:
951:
944:
942:
939:
935:
930:
927:
922:
915:
910:
902:
895:
890:
882:
874:
866:
858:
851:
847:
843:
834:
830:
828:
823:
815:
807:
799:
793:and possibly
791:
783:
775:
773:ectopterygoid
767:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
737:
729:
721:
719:
718:
713:
709:
705:
700:
697:The skull of
691:
684:
682:
680:
679:
673:
668:
661:
656:
649:
647:
644:
643:specific name
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
599:
597:quadratojugal
591:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:
543:
539:
534:
530:
529:
524:
520:
516:
511:
507:
506:iguanodontian
503:
500:stage of the
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Sahara Desert
464:
455:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:
413:given by the
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:stage of the
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
338:
325:
323:
314:
311:
310:Binomial name
307:
303:
302:
296:
293:
292:
288:
282:
281:
274:
271:
270:
267:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:Styracosterna
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:Aptian–Albian
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4957:Ouranosaurus
4927:Ouranosaurus
4926:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4864:
4833:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4704:Claorhynchus
4702:
4695:
4688:
4680:Nomina dubia
4678:
4668:Guegoolithus
4666:
4646:
4639:
4634:Staurichnium
4632:
4627:Sousaichnium
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4578:Dakotasaurus
4576:
4571:Caririchnium
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4485:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:Saurolophini
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4321:Kritosaurini
4308:
4301:
4296:Huallasaurus
4294:
4287:
4268:Wulagasaurus
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4211:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4157:Lambeosaurus
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3959:Yamatosaurus
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3924:Aquilarhinus
3922:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3870:Tethyshadros
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3800:Plesiohadros
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3772:Lophorhothon
3770:
3763:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3658:Batyrosaurus
3656:
3651:Bactrosaurus
3649:
3642:
3588:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3491:Ouranosaurus
3490:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3456:Brighstoneus
3454:
3447:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3383:Osmakasaurus
3381:
3376:Oblitosaurus
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3298:Camptosaurus
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3245:
3239:Kangnasaurus
3237:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:Dryosauridae
3181:
3174:
3167:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3096:Matheronodon
3094:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3037:
3029:
3021:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2970:Sektensaurus
2968:
2963:Qantassaurus
2961:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2912:Kangnasaurus
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2876:Diluvicursor
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2834:Vectidromeus
2832:
2825:
2817:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2699:Ornithischia
2684:Ornithischia
2636:
2627:
2623:Ornithischia
2618:
2609:
2543:Ouranosaurus
2542:
2535:Ouranosaurus
2534:
2507:
2494:
2483:
2474:
2451:Bibliography
2418:(1): 85–96.
2415:
2411:
2401:
2356:
2352:
2309:(1): 15–46.
2306:
2302:
2272:
2268:
2260:Camptosaurus
2259:
2251:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2138:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2061:
2053:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1972:
1968:
1955:
1936:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1808:
1805:Ouranosaurus
1804:
1801:Ouranosaurus
1800:
1790:
1778:
1766:Ouranosaurus
1765:
1749:Ouranosaurus
1748:
1747:
1744:Paleoecology
1734:
1728:
1718:
1712:
1709:Ouranosaurus
1708:
1704:Ouranosaurus
1703:
1702:
1689:Ouranosaurus
1688:
1684:Ouranosaurus
1683:
1668:Ouranosaurus
1667:
1652:Ouranosaurus
1651:
1649:
1641:Paleobiology
1553:
1539:Ouranosaurus
1538:
1537:
1536:
1520:
1519:
1503:
1502:
1476:
1475:
1459:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1425:
1424:
1392:
1391:
1375:
1374:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1326:
1302:Camptosaurus
1300:
1299:
1276:Dryosauridae
1274:
1248:
1247:
1225:
1214:Iguanodontia
1193:
1185:Ouranosaurus
1184:
1166:paraphyletic
1162:Ouranosaurus
1161:
1157:
1154:Iguanodontia
1146:Ouranosaurus
1145:
1143:
1127:
1122:Ouranosaurus
1121:
1107:
1101:
1087:Ouranosaurus
1086:
1066:
1056:Ouranosaurus
1055:
1049:
1045:axial column
1042:
1027:
1007:
1003:Ouranosaurus
1002:
992:
985:
979:
969:
962:Ouranosaurus
961:
959:
931:
926:Ouranosaurus
925:
914:Ouranosaurus
913:
908:supraorbital
894:Ouranosaurus
893:
845:
841:
839:
827:Ornithischia
758:
755:Ouranosaurus
754:
744:
722:
715:
708:Ouranosaurus
707:
699:Ouranosaurus
698:
696:
676:
671:
667:Ouranosaurus
666:
665:
660:Ouranosaurus
659:
627:Ouranosaurus
626:
566:
564:
545:
526:
494:TĂ©gama Group
460:
442:
438:
432:
428:
421:
409:name of the
402:
399:generic name
393:
392:
369:Ouranosaurus
368:
337:Ouranosaurus
336:
335:
334:
328:Taquet, 1976
321:
316:
300:
299:
280:Ouranosaurus
279:
278:
256:
240:
224:
208:
202:Ornithischia
192:
179:
36:Ouranosaurus
35:
29:
5048:Aptian life
5043:Albian life
5033:Iguanodonts
4951:Wikispecies
4893:Willinakaqe
4865:nomina nuda
4782:Siluosaurus
4747:Loncosaurus
4585:Dinehichnus
4427:Kamuysaurus
4400:Saurolophus
4352:Kritosaurus
4345:Gryposaurus
4178:Sahaliyania
4164:Magnapaulia
4136:Amurosaurus
4116:Tlatolophus
4095:Adelolophus
4039:Kazaklambia
4018:Blasisaurus
4011:Arenysaurus
4004:Aralosaurus
3938:Hadrosaurus
3931:Eotrachodon
3884:Yunganglong
3849:Sirindhorna
3821:Protohadros
3757:Koshisaurus
3750:Jintasaurus
3519:Comptonatus
3369:Napaisaurus
3355:Lurdusaurus
3327:Fukuisaurus
3305:Cedrorestes
3247:Valdosaurus
3110:Pareisactus
2941:Morrosaurus
2905:Isasicursor
2869:Chakisaurus
2765:Ornithopoda
2752:Ornithopoda
2711:Ornithopoda
2581:Ornithopoda
2099:(1): 1–40.
1857:Anatosuchus
1851:Sarcosuchus
1835:Eocarcharia
1792:Nigersaurus
1784:Lurdusaurus
1770:floodplains
1736:Nigersaurus
1693:river delta
1691:lived in a
1427:Cedrorestes
1081:. The last
1079:dislocation
971:Spinosaurus
920:nasal bones
900:prefrontals
856:postorbital
850:ornithopods
727:premaxillae
712:hadrosaurid
650:Description
547:Sarcosuchus
431:alludes to
429:nigeriensis
234:Ornithopoda
5027:Categories
4835:Arkharavia
4810:Tichosteus
4803:Thespesius
4775:Pteropelyx
4768:Orthomerus
4648:Wintonopus
4233:Acristavus
4213:Barsboldia
4171:Olorotitan
4046:Latirhinus
3898:Zuoyunlong
3765:Levnesovia
3715:Gobihadros
3680:Datonglong
3673:Claosaurus
3644:Altirhinus
3554:see below↓
3484:Morelladon
3362:Magnamanus
3334:Hippodraco
3203:Dryosaurus
3176:Hesperonyx
3151:Dryomorpha
2991:Trinisaura
2984:Tietasaura
2977:Talenkauen
2855:Anabisetia
2720:see below↓
2614:Dinosauria
1888:References
1880:, fish, a
1878:chelonians
1829:Suchomimus
1815:titanosaur
1730:Suchomimus
1672:ornithopod
1377:Hippodraco
1263:Dryomorpha
1091:metacarpal
994:Dimetrodon
934:predentary
741:Anteriorly
605:articulars
463:Gadoufaoua
379:deposits,
377:Gadoufaoua
186:Dinosauria
4817:Trachodon
4733:Glishades
4712:Diclonius
4550:Anomoepus
4534:Ichnotaxa
4247:Maiasaura
4185:Velafrons
3694:Equijubus
3666:Choyrodon
3526:Iguanodon
3390:Planicoxa
3320:Dakotadon
3291:Calvarius
3117:Rhabdodon
3103:Mochlodon
2846:Elasmaria
2597:Kingdom:
2537:on Nature
2440:0753-3969
2275:: 52–68.
2019:: e3403.
1874:pterosaur
1841:Afromimus
1819:theropods
1758:sediments
1699:Histology
1505:Iguanodon
1444:Dakotadon
1196:cladogram
1158:Iguanodon
1118:sprinting
1067:Iguanodon
842:Iguanodon
797:pterygoid
759:Iguanodon
751:denticles
746:Iguanodon
678:Iguanodon
294:Species:
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
4936:Wikidata
4697:Cionodon
4366:Rhinorex
4254:Ornatops
4054:Minqaria
4025:Canardia
3952:Malefica
3877:Xuwulong
3842:Siamodon
3743:Jeyawati
3729:Gonkoken
3687:Eolambia
3511:Barilium
3312:Cumnoria
3277:Barilium
3183:Owenodon
3169:Draconyx
3131:Zalmoxes
3031:Fostoria
2883:Fostoria
2641:Cerapoda
2605:Chordata
2603:Phylum:
2599:Animalia
2393:18030355
2353:PLOS ONE
2243:21124919
2203:PLOS ONE
2121:86728076
2045:28649466
1975:: 38–40.
1882:hybodont
1823:Kryptops
1786:and the
1762:horizons
1329:Cumnoria
1134:prepubis
938:diastema
888:frontals
880:parietal
789:palatine
765:lacrimal
658:Size of
601:and the
593:, right
583:holotype
575:coracoid
473:between
365:Cameroon
349:dinosaur
285:Taquet,
173:Chordata
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
4997:4946367
4984:1197907
4971:4823043
4942:Q131124
3990:Ajnabia
3425:Uteodon
2420:Bibcode
2384:2077925
2361:Bibcode
2269:Zootaxa
2234:2989904
2211:Bibcode
2172:Bibcode
2101:Bibcode
2036:5480399
1754:fluvial
1346:Uteodon
1148:to the
1128:In the
1058:bore a
1052:humerus
999:Permian
997:of the
769:above,
589:maxilla
558:at the
550:to the
492:of the
439:-iensis
418:Berbers
403:ourane,
319:†
298:†
272:Genus:
4659:Ootaxa
3856:Tanius
3449:Bolong
2516:
2438:
2391:
2381:
2241:
2231:
2145:
2119:
2074:
2043:
2033:
1943:
1866:, and
1838:, and
1132:, the
1130:pelvis
852:, the
704:orbits
672:et al.
641:. The
631:Arabic
623:Niamey
510:Elrhaz
498:Aptian
422:sauros
415:Tuareg
407:Tuareg
397:. The
381:Agadez
353:Aptian
5010:38751
4979:IRMNG
3701:Fylax
3231:Iyuku
2637:Clade
2628:Clade
2619:Clade
2610:Clade
2265:(PDF)
2117:S2CID
2013:PeerJ
1965:(PDF)
1933:(PDF)
1848:like
1189:basal
1170:clade
1114:tibia
1110:femur
1083:digit
1075:wrist
1060:thumb
1038:camel
1034:bison
805:jugal
781:vomer
693:Skull
685:Skull
579:femur
471:Niger
434:Niger
361:Niger
342:genus
340:is a
257:Clade
241:Clade
225:Clade
209:Clade
193:Clade
180:Clade
130:3714
4966:GBIF
3397:Proa
3069:Iani
2697:see
2670:see
2514:ISBN
2436:ISSN
2389:PMID
2273:2783
2239:PMID
2143:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2041:PMID
1941:ISBN
1776:).
1733:and
1646:Diet
1071:hoof
1063:claw
1043:The
868:and
844:and
615:2017
577:and
571:1976
556:1975
538:1972
533:1970
523:1999
515:1967
479:1972
477:and
475:1965
363:and
287:1976
52:Preęž’
2428:doi
2379:PMC
2369:doi
2321:hdl
2311:doi
2277:doi
2229:PMC
2219:doi
2180:doi
2109:doi
2068:292
2031:PMC
2021:doi
1973:271
1772:(a
1036:or
955:ROM
924:of
621:in
569:in
469:in
5029::
5007::
4994::
4981::
4968::
4953::
4938::
2639::
2630::
2621::
2612::
2434:.
2426:.
2416:85
2414:.
2410:.
2387:.
2377:.
2367:.
2355:.
2351:.
2335:^
2319:.
2307:53
2305:.
2301:.
2289:^
2271:.
2267:.
2237:.
2227:.
2217:.
2205:.
2201:.
2178:.
2168:71
2166:.
2129:^
2115:.
2107:.
2095:.
2070:.
2039:.
2029:.
2015:.
2011:.
1981:^
1971:.
1967:.
1935:.
1896:^
1876:,
1860:,
1854:,
1844:.
1832:,
1826:,
1807:,
1764:.
1695:.
1682:.
785:,
777:,
720:.
562:.
375:,
367:.
259::
243::
227::
211::
195::
182::
102:Pg
44:,
4867:)
4707:?
4333:?
4271:?
4049:?
3760:?
3661:?
3536:?
3514:?
3315:?
3242:?
3234:?
3064:?
3053:?
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3034:?
3026:?
3001:?
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2886:?
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2822:?
2811:?
2800:?
2573:e
2566:t
2559:v
2522:.
2442:.
2430::
2422::
2395:.
2371::
2363::
2357:2
2329:.
2323::
2313::
2283:.
2279::
2245:.
2221::
2213::
2207:5
2186:.
2182::
2174::
2151:.
2123:.
2111::
2103::
2097:6
2080:.
2047:.
2023::
2017:5
1949:.
989:.
276:â€
263:â€
247:â€
231:â€
215:â€
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97:K
92:J
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82:P
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