1618:"Amoor, Territory of, a name applied to Russian Manchooria, or the region of Southeastern Siberia acquired from the Chinese and Japanese by the Russians since 1858. It is bounded on the N. by Siberia proper, on the E. by the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan, the coast being Russian as far S. as the river Toomen, which divides it from Corea (the island of Saghalin being now included) ; on the W. by Chinese Manchooria, the rivers Oosooree, Argoon, Soongaree, and Amoor forming (for the most part) the boundary; and on the N.W. by the government of Transbaikalia. Its area, 905,462 square miles, is over four times that of France. It is divided into the provinces of Amoor and Primorsk."
975:
day, Sept. 3, 2024, TASS, the
Russian state-run news agency issued an article entitled "Russia, China officially confirm renunciation of territorial claims, diplomat says." The article purported to cite Maria Zakharova, the spokeperson for the Russian Foreign Ministry. What Zakharova actually said was quite telling. She said, "We are confident that our friends in Beijing share the same position." This statement acknowledge some doubt as she was "confident," but not completely sure. Zakharova also threw in some disparaging comments about Lai (referring to him as a "fringe politician").
1076:. The Allies in 1918 consisted of over 12 countries (including dominions of the British Empire) who sought to remove the Bolsheviks and the ideology of communism from the former Russian Empire. At the time in Manchuria, there were over 150,000 former Russian (Tsarist) citizens most of whom were anti-Bolshevik. Thus, and due to the uncertain times, the Bolsheviks wanted to return the Chinese Eastern Railway and other territories to China to gain China's allegiance and to protect Russia from another Allied front based in Manchuria.
240:
1342:, 1860)....The Convention of Peking, one of several unequal treaties, moreover assigned the parts in the East of the Ussuri River (Wusulijiang) to Russia. Outer Manchuria, also called Russian Manchuria was never claimed to be part of a Chinese nation-state. Today it belongs to the Russian Federation, is no longer referred to as Outer Manchuria, and is considered to be part of Siberia. Consequently, the name Manchuria refers only to Inner Manchuria today. In the following, I will refer to Inner Manchuria as Manchuria."
116:
653:
1001:
1500:"New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow."
164:
128:
140:
79:
152:
907:
was seen as tenuous by the
Russians. Despite warnings, Qing authorities remained indecisive about how to respond to the Russian presence. In 1856, Russian military entered the area north of the Amur on pretext of defending the area from France and the UK, Russian settlers founded new towns and cut down forests in the region, and the Russian government created a new maritime province,
1585:"MANCHURIA, man-cho͞oʹre-a (the land of the Manchus). The northeastern part of the Chinese Empire, situated east of Mongolia and the Argun River (which formerly traversed Manchurian territory), south of the Amur River (which separates it from Siberia), and west of the Usuri, which separates it from Primorsk (Maritime Province) or Russian Manchuria (a Chinese possession until 1860)."
997:
the two
Karakhan Manifestos. During 1991 and 2004, there were border-treaties between Russia and China. The Karakhan Manifestos are not border treaties. They are unilateral, but legally binding offers of the return of territory to China. Here are three excerpts from the first Karakhan Manifesto (I) according to the translated, English version published by Allen S. Whiting:
95:
1400:"For these services Moscow exacted a staggering territorial price: a broad swath of territory in so-called Outer Manchuria along the Pacific coast, including the port city now called Vladivostok.¹⁴ In a stroke, Russia had gained a major new naval base, a foothold in the Sea of Japan, and 350,000 square miles of territory once considered Chinese."
996:
in which he promised to return to China all territories taken in
Siberia and Manchuria during the Tsarist period and to return the Chinese Eastern Railway and other concessions. He signed his name on both documents as deputy minister of foreign affairs. To date, China has never renounced the offer of
906:
settlement in
Manchuria; nevertheless, there was significant Han Chinese migration into areas south of the Amur and west of the Ussuri. By the mid-19th century, there were very few subjects of the Qing Empire living in the areas north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri, and Qing authority in the area
987:
generally) further noting that "ignificant portions of this region were under
Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking". However, two American historians, Jon K. Chang and Bruce A. Elleman disagree with Larin, Radchenko and other Russian historians. Chang and Elleman note that in 1919 and
1041:
The Soviet
Government has renounced the conquests made by the Tsarist Government which deprived China of Manchuria and other areas....The Soviet Government is well aware ... that the return to the Chinese people of what was taken from them requires first of all putting an end to the robber invasion
974:
Sergey
Radchenko, speaking for China's government stated, "China fully recognizes Russia's sovereignty over these territories ." He also called Taiwan's President Lai, "seriously misguided" for attempting to suggest to China to take back her "lost territories," rather than invade Taiwan. The next
1064:
With the
Karakhan manifestos, the Soviets/Bolsheviks offered to return territories that they held to China. The Soviets and their representative, Lev Karakhan, the Soviet Deputy-Minister of Foreign Affairs, made China significant offers without requiring China to give back anything in return.
1009:
We bring help not only to our own labouring classes, but to the
Chinese people too, and we once more remind them of what they have been told ever since the great October revolution of 1917, but which was perhaps concealed from them by the venal press of America, Europe, and Japan.
967:, said that the fact that Russia had built Vladivostok “is a historical fact that cannot be rewritten,” and that the notion that Vladivostok was ever a Chinese town is a “myth” based on a misreading of evidence that a few Chinese sometimes came to the area to fish and collect
978:
Despite the potential for territorial claims (in theory) coextensive with the Qing dynasty, Chinese leaders as of 2014 had not suggested that Mongolia and part of Outer or Russian Manchuria would be a legitimate objective. In April 2023, US diplomat
971:. The main point of Viktor Larin was that the Russian Far East (outer Manchuria) is Russia's. They developed the region and thus, will not give it back. Larin was a state historian and ethnographer. He would not stray from the government "line."
2166:
957:
1467:
1025:
But the Chinese people, the Chinese workers and peasants, could not even learn the truth, could not find out the reason for this invasion by the American, European, and Japanese robbers of Manchuria and Siberia.
2094:
1143:
919:, Qing China was forced to sign a series of treaties that gave away territories and ports to various Western powers as well as to Russia and Japan; these were collectively known by the Chinese side as the
2040:
2152:
1234:
1334:"In the mid-19th century, the Qing government gave over (so-called) Outer Manchuria, where mostly non-Manchu Tungusic people dwelled, to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (
2126:
1494:
935:
rivers. As a result, China lost the region that came to be known as Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria (an area of 350,000 square miles (910,000 km)) and access to the
888:. When the Qing sent officials to erect boundary markers, the markers were set up far to the south of the agreed limits, ignoring some 23,000 square miles of territory.
1056:
The Karakhan Manifestos I and II are similar. Both promise to return "the conquests made by the Tsarist Government which deprived China of Manchuria and other areas."
1811:
639:
1770:
78:
1073:
2291:
2015:
2050:
572:
2271:
2118:
2159:
419:
1197:
2089:
983:
speculated that China (PRC) is "undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth," (referring to
1984:
1703:
1653:
1377:
1311:
1212:
2276:
2266:
2296:
1528:
479:
739:, with the terms "Outer Manchuria" and "Russian Manchuria" arising after the Russian annexation. The same general area became known as
632:
1956:
1929:
1444:
1419:
2286:
751:"Manchuria" was coined in the 19th century to refer to the northeastern part of the Qing Empire, the traditional homeland of the
992:, the Soviet deputy minister (also called "commissar") of foreign affairs, issued two legally binding "declarations" called the
1217:
1119:
In 1973, the Soviet Union renamed several locations in the region that bore names of Chinese origin. Names affected included
818:
792:
577:
1837:
1072:
raged between the Bolsheviks (the Reds) and the White movement (the Whites). The Whites or White Guards were backed by the
2281:
810:
784:
625:
532:
490:
219:
1750:
Fletcher, Joseph (1978). "Sino-Russian Relations, 1800-62: The loss of north-east Manchuria". In Fairbank, John K (ed.).
1139:
for Mankovka; Gurskoye for Khungari; Cherenshany for Sinan cha; Rudny for Lifudzin; and Uglekamensk for Severny Suchan.
528:
460:
2045:
939:. In the wake of these events, the Qing government changed course and encouraged Han Chinese migration to Manchuria (
2065:
1796:
1645:
1559:
108:
1851:
660:, and subsequent losses of territory to Russia in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun (beige) and 1860 Treaty of Peking (red)
485:
342:
2025:
1202:
562:
500:
475:
465:
1605:
1146:
relabelled eight cities and areas inside Russia in the region with Chinese names. The eight names are Boli for
1004:
Karakhan Manifesto I (signed July 25, 1919) courtesy of Allen S. Whiting's Soviet Policies in China, 1917-1924.
858:
410:
239:
121:
872:
The northern part of the area was disputed by Qing China and the Russian Empire, in the midst of the Russia's
1901:
1884:
1695:
1472:
773:
1635:
1580:
1510:
963:, the director of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East in
567:
392:
1972:
1520:
652:
1751:
2099:
895:
to Sakhalin and the region of the Amur to determine the extent of Russian influence and penetration.
552:
322:
228:
1000:
2261:
2223:
2144:
1685:
1599:
1553:
1163:
927:, the Treaty of Peking in 1860, the Sino–Russian border was realigned in Russia's favour along the
912:
877:
657:
1574:
2256:
2251:
1816:
1775:
1689:
1192:
1113:
993:
908:
885:
881:
712:
700:
542:
1639:
1514:
2119:"The Legacy of a War: How the Legacy of the Russo-Japanese War Affected the US-Japan Relations"
1996:
1988:
1952:
1946:
1925:
1829:
1821:
1788:
1780:
1709:
1699:
1667:
1659:
1649:
1609:
1534:
1524:
1485:
1477:
1440:
1415:
1391:
1383:
1373:
1325:
1317:
1307:
1301:
1069:
591:
587:
254:
65:
656:
Map showing the original border (in pink) between Manchuria and Russia according to the 1689
924:
920:
873:
764:
736:
676:
610:
169:
51:
37:
2211:
2205:
1631:
1357:
1265:
1222:
1187:
1151:
1128:
1105:
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941:
854:
756:
732:
728:
684:
601:
546:
523:
518:
435:
430:
133:
892:
2229:
2066:"OPINION: China Challenges Russia by Restoring Chinese Names of Cities on Their Border"
1227:
1207:
1171:
1101:
850:
760:
720:
696:
672:
537:
145:
2245:
1369:
1132:
752:
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708:
557:
470:
387:
377:
317:
292:
282:
206:
1641:
Strategic Reassurance and Resolve: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century
1089:
989:
984:
968:
936:
880:
signed in 1689 after a series of conflicts, defined the Sino–Russian border as the
724:
704:
494:
450:
440:
415:
367:
2133:
1919:
2187:
1463:
1261:
1155:
1093:
1084:
Today, there are reminders of the ancient Manchu domination in English-language
980:
964:
903:
862:
382:
307:
297:
157:
1362:
911:, including Sakhalin, the mouth of the Amur, and Kamchatka with its capital at
83:
Outer Manchuria, north and east of the China-Russia border, shown in light red.
2199:
2020:
1395:
1300:
Schneider, Julia C. (2017). "The New Setting: Political Thinking after 1912".
1147:
1136:
1124:
1120:
928:
916:
692:
357:
352:
2041:"Territorial dispute between China and Russia risks clouding friendly future"
1992:
1825:
1784:
1713:
1671:
1538:
1489:
1481:
1329:
1321:
683:(until the mid-19th century). While Manchuria now more normatively refers to
2217:
2193:
2070:
1613:
1175:
1167:
688:
680:
597:
582:
362:
181:
2000:
1833:
1792:
763:, the ceded areas were known as "Outer Manchuria" or "Russian Manchuria". (
2075:
1159:
866:
455:
337:
272:
176:
1601:
A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer or Geographical Dictionary of the World
1085:
445:
372:
327:
302:
201:
1109:
932:
899:
826:
800:
425:
312:
287:
277:
100:
69:
1867:
923:. Starting with the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and, in the wake of the
1868:
Russia, China officially confirm rununciation of territorial claims
1663:
1387:
999:
743:
after a large number of settlers from Ukraine came to the region.
651:
347:
332:
1756:. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38, 332–351.
2148:
2095:
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China
1437:
Spirit Voices: The Mysteries and Magic of North Asian Shamanism
1144:
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China
1812:"Vladivostok Lures Chinese Tourists (Many Think It's Theirs)"
1112:, a non-Manchu Tungusic people, who speak a closely related
1468:"A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China"
1116:, make up a significant part of the indigenous population.
849:
Outer Manchuria comprises the modern-day Russian areas of
1412:
History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Manchuria (1833-2022)
2098:(in Simplified Chinese). 2023. p. 7. Archived from
1948:
Burnt by the Sun: The Koreans of the Russian Far East
902:
character of Manchuria, the Qing dynasty discouraged
778:
1303:
Nation and Ethnicity: Chinese Discourses on History,
1060:
Background and reasoning to the Karakhan manifestos
200:
192:
187:
175:
107:
88:
24:
2016:"China's ironic reticence on land grab in Ukraine"
1973:"NCNA Condemns New Soviet Place Names in Far East"
1513:(2015). "Conflicts Real, Latent, and Imaginable".
1493:
1361:
703:which covered the area in the right bank of both
1638:(2014). "The Determinants of Chinese Strategy".
1039:
1023:
1007:
891:In 1809, the Japanese government sent explorer
1338:, 1858) and the (First) Convention of Peking (
2160:
1745:
1743:
1232:
954:
687:, it originally included areas consisting of
633:
43:
29:
8:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1626:
1624:
1593:
1591:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
836:
719:, but control of the area was ceded to the
2167:
2153:
2145:
1765:
1763:
1558:. Vol. XXI (9th ed.). New York:
1239:(1972 Russian Far East Place Name Changes)
640:
626:
213:
21:
1104:and other small mountain ranges; and the
196:910,000 km (350,000 sq mi)
1977:Daily Report: People's Republic of China
1951:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1458:
1456:
573:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
1924:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1360:(2011). "From Preeminence to Decline".
1281:
1260:usually refers to a narrower region of
1249:
227:
216:
199:
186:
87:
75:
1604:(New Revised ed.). Philadelphia:
711:. The region was ruled by a series of
2064:Nahaylo, Bohdan (February 26, 2023).
1985:Foreign Broadcast Information Service
1885:Beijing's claims to Russian territory
1213:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
191:
174:
106:
7:
1900:Jon K. Chang and Bruce A. Elleman, "
1883:Jon K. Chang and Bruce A. Elleman, "
1170:, Outer Khingan (Outer Xing'an) for
2039:Jan van der Made (March 21, 2023).
1921:Soviet Policies in China, 1917-1924
1576:The New International Encyclopaedia
16:Historical region in Northeast Asia
1198:1991 Sino–Russian Border Agreement
1096:; the Amur and Ussuri rivers; the
14:
2272:Geography of the Russian Far East
2175:Chinese historical placenames in
1902:Russian far east belongs to China
1810:Higgins, Andrew (July 23, 2016).
1771:"China Assails New Siberia Names"
1439:. Red Wheel Weiser. p. 140.
707:and the lower Amur River to the
679:but historically formed part of
238:
162:
150:
138:
126:
114:
93:
77:
2014:Pao, Jeff (February 25, 2023).
1092:, the great coastal range; the
1068:From 1918 to October 1922, the
405:Medieval to Early Modern period
2292:China–Russian Empire relations
1753:The Cambridge History of China
1691:China: The Pessoptimist Nation
1218:1900 Amur anti-Chinese pogroms
1154:, Haishenwai (Haishenwei) for
831:
822:
814:
805:
796:
788:
1:
1414:. Soyinfo Center. p. 6.
876:, between 1643 and 1689. The
491:Sino-Russian border conflicts
841:'outer northeast').
2277:Historical regions of China
2267:Geography of Northeast Asia
2139:— 1903 illustrated article.
2046:Radio France Internationale
1579:. Vol. XII. New York:
1555:The Encyclopædia Britannica
1410:Shurtleff, William (2022).
779:
267:Ancient to Classical period
19:Historical region of Russia
2313:
1918:Whiting, Allen S. (1953).
1646:Princeton University Press
1516:The Future of Land Warfare
1142:On February 14, 2023, the
1042:of Manchuria and Siberia.
2183:
1552:"SAGHALIN, or SAKHALIN".
1233:
1203:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
958:Виктор Лаврентьевич Ларин
955:
953:In 2016, Victor L. Larin
768:
691:between the left bank of
563:Kwantung Leased Territory
76:
63:
44:
30:
1908:, Sept. 18, 2024 edition
1891:, Sept. 11, 2024 edition
1606:J. B. Lippincott Company
1174:, and Shuangchengzi for
859:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
675:that is now part of the
671:, refers to a region in
411:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
122:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
1874:, Sept. 3, 2024 edition
1857:, Sept. 2, 2024 edition
1696:Oxford University Press
1598:"Amoor, Territory of".
1560:Charles Scribner's Sons
1473:The Wall Street Journal
2297:China–Russia relations
1945:Chang, Jon K. (2016).
1581:Dodd, Mead and Company
1054:
1038:
1022:
1005:
661:
568:Nationalist government
2102:on February 16, 2023.
2078:on February 26, 2023.
2028:on February 25, 2023.
1987:: A 1. 7 March 1973.
1608:. 1898. p. 489.
1521:Brookings Institution
1131:for Teyukhe‐Pristan;
1003:
655:
2282:History of Manchuria
1686:Callahan, William A.
1583:. 1906. p. 782.
1562:. 1886. p. 147.
1519:. Washington, D.C.:
1511:O'Hanlon, Michael E.
553:Far Eastern Republic
323:Yan (Three Kingdoms)
298:Yan (Warring States)
2287:China–Russia border
2224:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
2136:Russia in Manchuria
2134:Books.google.com:
1636:Michael E. O'Hanlon
1523:Press. p. 55.
1435:Shi, David (2023).
1164:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
1088:: for example, the
994:Karakhan Manifestos
915:. After losing the
913:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
878:Treaty of Nerchinsk
819:traditional Chinese
793:traditional Chinese
667:, sometimes called
658:Treaty of Nerchinsk
461:Jurchen Jin dynasty
420:Andong Protectorate
2117:Karaoğlu, Semiha.
2053:on March 21, 2023.
1850:Micah McCartney, "
1817:The New York Times
1776:The New York Times
1648:. pp. 36–37.
1466:(April 12, 2023).
1193:Karakhan Manifesto
1006:
909:Primorskaya Oblast
882:Stanovoy Mountains
874:Far East expansion
865:and the island of
811:simplified Chinese
785:simplified Chinese
699:to the north, and
662:
543:Beiyang government
249:Prehistoric period
193: • Total
2239:
2238:
1840:on July 27, 2016.
1799:on June 22, 2023.
1779:. March 8, 1973.
1705:978-0-19-960439-5
1655:978-0-691-15951-5
1498:on 29 April 2023.
1379:978-1-59420-271-1
1313:978-90-04-33011-5
1114:Tungusic language
1070:Russian Civil War
839:
777:
713:Chinese dynasties
669:Russian Manchuria
650:
649:
592:Chinese Civil War
588:Liaoshen Campaign
578:Japanese invasion
533:Russian invasions
393:Göktürk Khaganate
255:Liao civilization
212:
211:
66:Historical region
58:Russian Manchuria
2304:
2232:(Waixing'anling)
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2130:
2129:on 10 July 2022.
2125:. Archived from
2104:
2103:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2074:. Archived from
2061:
2055:
2054:
2049:. Archived from
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:. Archived from
2011:
2005:
2004:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1836:. Archived from
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:. Archived from
1767:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1718:
1717:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1632:Steinberg, James
1628:
1619:
1617:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:. Archived from
1460:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1367:
1358:Kissinger, Henry
1354:
1343:
1333:
1297:
1269:
1254:
1238:
1237:
1235:1972年俄罗斯远东地区地名变更
1150:, Hailanpao for
1052:
1036:
1020:
962:
961:
925:Second Opium War
921:Unequal Treaties
898:To preserve the
840:
837:
833:
824:
816:
807:
798:
790:
782:
772:
770:
737:Treaty of Peking
677:Russian Far East
642:
635:
628:
611:Russian Far East
343:Sima Jin dynasty
242:
232:
214:
170:Zabaykalsky Krai
168:
166:
165:
156:
154:
153:
144:
142:
141:
132:
130:
129:
120:
118:
117:
109:Federal subjects
99:
97:
96:
81:
55:
47:
46:
41:
33:
32:
22:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2212:Sakhalin Island
2206:Blagoveshchensk
2196:(Shuangchengzi)
2179:
2177:Outer Manchuria
2173:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1917:
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1698:. p. 240.
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1340:Beijing tiaoyue
1314:
1306:. p. 277.
1299:
1298:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1266:Khabarovsk Krai
1255:
1251:
1246:
1223:Amur Annexation
1188:Chinese Tartary
1184:
1152:Blagoveshchensk
1129:Rudnaya Pristan
1106:Shantar Islands
1098:Greater Khingan
1082:
1062:
1053:
1049:Soviet Policies
1046:
1037:
1033:Soviet Policies
1030:
1021:
1017:Soviet Policies
1014:
990:Lev M. Karakhan
951:
949:Modern opinions
942:Chuang Guandong
855:Khabarovsk Krai
847:
757:Amur Annexation
749:
733:Treaty of Aigun
729:Amur Annexation
685:Northeast China
665:Outer Manchuria
646:
617:
616:
607:Outer Manchuria
602:Northeast China
547:Fengtian Clique
524:Chuang Guandong
519:Amur Annexation
514:
506:
505:
436:Dongdan Kingdom
431:Little Goguryeo
406:
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268:
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127:
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59:
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42:
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27:
26:Outer Manchuria
20:
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2230:Stanovoy Range
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2184:
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2111:External links
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1166:, Nibuchu for
1162:, Miaojie for
1127:for Tetyukhe;
1102:Lesser Khingan
1081:
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721:Russian Empire
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673:Northeast Asia
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1370:Penguin Press
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741:Green Ukraine
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717:Mongol Empire
714:
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709:Pacific Coast
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2190:(Haishenwai)
2176:
2142:
2135:
2127:the original
2123:researchgate
2122:
2100:the original
2093:
2090:"公开地图内容表示规范"
2084:
2076:the original
2069:
2059:
2051:the original
2044:
2034:
2026:the original
2019:
2009:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1947:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1906:Taipei Times
1905:
1896:
1889:Taipei Times
1888:
1879:
1871:
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1838:the original
1815:
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1495:the original
1471:
1464:Bolton, John
1436:
1430:
1411:
1405:
1368:. New York:
1363:
1339:
1335:
1302:
1257:
1252:
1141:
1123:for Suchan;
1118:
1090:Sikhote-Alin
1083:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
985:Asian Russia
977:
973:
952:
940:
937:Sea of Japan
897:
893:Mamiya Rinzō
890:
871:
848:
830:
804:
755:. After the
750:
731:in the 1858
705:Ussuri River
668:
664:
663:
606:
451:Liao dynasty
441:Later Balhae
416:Tang dynasty
368:Northern Yan
103:(since 1860)
2208:(Hailanpao)
2188:Vladivostok
1262:Amur Oblast
1158:, Kuye for
1156:Vladivostok
1094:Khanka Lake
1080:Place names
981:John Bolton
965:Vladivostok
904:Han Chinese
886:Argun River
863:Amur Oblast
853:, southern
832:Wài Dōngběi
806:Wài Mǎnzhōu
727:during the
701:Primorskaya
308:Han dynasty
229:History of
158:Amur Oblast
2262:Inner Asia
2246:Categories
2200:Khabarovsk
2021:Asia Times
1664:2013035849
1396:1025648355
1388:2011009265
1276:References
1148:Khabarovsk
1137:Sibirtsevo
1135:for Iman;
1125:Dalnegorsk
1121:Partizansk
917:Opium Wars
769:Приаму́рье
725:Qing China
693:Amur River
358:Former Qin
353:Former Yan
31:Приаму́рье
2257:East Asia
2252:Manchuria
2226:(Miaojie)
2220:(Nibuchu)
2218:Nerchinsk
2214:(Kuyedao)
2194:Ussuriysk
2071:Kyiv Post
1993:0892-0141
1826:0362-4331
1785:0362-4331
1714:754167885
1672:861542585
1539:930512519
1490:781541372
1482:0099-9660
1330:974211957
1322:1574-4493
1258:Priamurye
1176:Ussuriysk
1168:Nerchinsk
1047:Whiting,
1031:Whiting,
1015:Whiting,
780:Priamurye
774:romanized
747:Etymology
735:and 1860
689:Priamurye
681:Manchuria
598:Manchuria
583:Manchukuo
501:Qing rule
486:Later Jin
476:Ming rule
466:Yuan rule
363:Later Yan
231:Manchuria
182:Manchuria
177:Named for
1855:Newsweek
1688:(2010).
1614:83607338
1364:On China
1182:See also
1160:Sakhalin
1086:toponyms
1045:—
1035:, p. 270
1029:—
1019:, p. 269
1013:—
884:and the
867:Sakhalin
715:and the
695:and the
456:Xingliao
338:Goguryeo
273:Gojoseon
220:a series
218:Part of
2001:1113433
1866:TASS, "
1834:1645522
1793:1645522
845:History
776::
765:Russian
759:by the
446:Jeongan
373:Kumo Xi
328:Cao Wei
303:Xiongnu
202:Demonym
89:Country
52:Chinese
38:Russian
2202:(Boli)
1999:
1991:
1983:(45).
1955:
1928:
1832:
1824:
1791:
1783:
1712:
1702:
1670:
1662:
1652:
1612:
1537:
1527:
1488:
1480:
1443:
1418:
1394:
1386:
1376:
1328:
1320:
1310:
1110:Evenks
988:1920,
933:Ussuri
900:Manchu
861:, the
857:, the
829::
827:pinyin
821::
813::
803::
801:pinyin
795::
787::
529:Korean
480:Nurgan
426:Balhae
388:Shiwei
378:Khitan
313:Wuhuan
288:Yemaek
283:Donghu
278:Sushen
222:on the
207:Manchu
167:
155:
143:
131:
119:
101:Russia
98:
70:Russia
48:
34:
1244:Notes
348:Yuwen
333:Buyeo
1997:OCLC
1989:ISSN
1953:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1872:TASS
1830:OCLC
1822:ISSN
1789:OCLC
1781:ISSN
1710:OCLC
1700:ISBN
1668:OCLC
1660:LCCN
1650:ISBN
1610:OCLC
1535:OCLC
1525:ISBN
1486:OCLC
1478:ISSN
1441:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1392:OCLC
1384:LCCN
1374:ISBN
1326:OCLC
1318:ISSN
1308:ISBN
1256:Now
931:and
929:Amur
838:lit.
609:(in
531:and
495:Jaxa
383:Mohe
188:Area
1904:,"
1887:,"
1870:,"
1853:,"
945:).
823:外東北
815:外东北
809:or
797:外滿洲
789:外满洲
723:by
68:of
45:外满洲
2248::
2121:.
2092:.
2068:.
2043:.
2018:.
1995:.
1979:.
1975:.
1828:.
1820:.
1814:.
1787:.
1773:.
1762:^
1722:^
1708:.
1694:.
1666:.
1658:.
1644:.
1634:;
1623:^
1590:^
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1470:.
1455:^
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767::
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1981:I
1961:.
1934:.
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960:)
956:(
641:e
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600:/
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590:(
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545:(
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493:(
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478:(
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418:(
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50:(
40:)
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
