637:– It is a membrane-bound cell organelle found in most animal cells (they are absent in red blood cells). Structurally and chemically, they are spherical vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down virtually all kinds of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and cellular debris. lysosomes act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting unwanted materials in the cytoplasm, both from outside of the cell and obsolete components inside the cell. For this function they are popularly referred to as "suicide bags" or "suicide sacs" of the cell.
1012:– They are organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms, including some bacteria and some fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms. There are over 600 known carotenoids; they are split into two classes, xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons, and contain no oxygen).
20:
886:– They are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. They are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae and cyanobacteria (in plants and algae these are located in the chloroplasts), or in the cytoplasmic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria.
840:– A cell surface molecules present on white blood cells initially but found in almost any kind of cell of the body, providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. Physiologically, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands (the molecule that activates a receptor) important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling).
1990:
1143:– Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (Adenosine pyrophosphate (APP)) is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. A molecule of ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to a molecule of adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose.
196:– The scientific theory which states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells. Vital functions of an organism occur within cells. All cells come from preexisting cells and contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.
1187:
583:– A section of endoplasmic reticulum on which ribosomes are not attached is termed as smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates and calcium concentration, drug
1006:– It is a term used for several closely related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light.
1536:– The process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multi-cellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells.
643:– It is a membrane-bounded compartment inside eukaryotic cells. It is a compartment of the endocytic membrane transport pathway from the plasma membrane to the lysosome. Endosomes represent a major sorting compartment of the endomembrane system in cells.
2052:
1574:– Specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell.
483:– Undifferentiated cells found in most multi-cellular organisms which are capable of retaining the ability to reinvigorate themselves through mitotic cell division and can differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
629:– Space between the nuclear membranes, a region contiguous with the lumen (inside) of the endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclear membrane has many small holes called nuclear pores that allow material to move in and out of the nucleus.
127:– The branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as
152:– Focused study in one academic field or profession. A discipline incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies, inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with a given discipline.
1038:– The foundational process of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is the archetype of universal metabolic processes known and occurring (with variations) in many types of cells in nearly all organisms.
786:– It is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes build proteins from the genetic instructions held within
1273:) It is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs in the
1118:– The anaerobic metabolic process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted into cellular energy and thereby producing ethanol, and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.
2057:
1580:– Using a special bioreactor which features an impeller, stirrer or similar device to agitate the contents (usually a mixture of cells, medium and products like proteins that can be harvested).
1130:– The biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules (e.g. hydrogen gas,
1558:– The device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the carbon dioxide (CO
1175:
used by cells as a source of energy and as a metabolic intermediate. Glucose is one of the main products of photosynthesis and starts cellular respiration in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
1091:– A series of anabolic biochemical reactions that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It is one of the light-independent reactions or dark reactions.
165:– The structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and also known as the building block of life.
1353:– The diffusion of water through a cell wall or membrane or any partially permeable barrier from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution with high solute concentration.
822:– (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma or "phospholipid bilayer") A semipermeable lipid bilayer found in all cells; it contains a wide array of functional macromolecules.
1104:) and mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a major energy intermediate in living organisms. Typically occurs across a cellular membrane.
1067:) and mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a major energy intermediate in living organisms. Typically occurs across a cellular membrane.
828:– A fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural support, protection, and acts as a filtering mechanism.
1231:– The stage of mitosis in which condensed chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells.
1394:– This is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane.
931:– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses.
541:– A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane or traditionally any subcellular functional unit.
597:
are attached is termed as rough endoplasmic reticulum which give it a "rough" appearance (hence its name). Its primary function is the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins.
1124:– An anaerobic metabolic process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted into cellular energy and the metabolic waste product lactic acid.
519:
617:– It is the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear membrane consists of two lipid bilayers:
469:– The zygote of most birds and reptiles, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. The largest existing single cells currently known are (fertilized) eggs.
892:– An extrachromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA and capable of sexual replication, it is typically ring shaped and found in bacteria.
1719:– An American biologist best known for her theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles, and her contributions and support of the endosymbiotic theory.
1225:– The stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to break up.
1374:– It is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
982:– Biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function.
711:– A membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Often called "cellular power plants", mitochondria generate most of cells' supply of
282:– The scale of objects, like cells, that are too small to be seen easily by the naked eye and which require a lens or microscope to see them clearly.
239:– The metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell or across the cell membrane to convert biochemical energy from fuel molecules into
1526:
to a variety of targets. In laboratories, successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast, plants, mammalian cells and isolated mammalian
443:
reproductive cell. Sperm and ova are gametes. Gametes fuse with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually.
2496:
276:– A condition of growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power of adaptation to environment through changes originating internally.
2032:
2024:
918:– It is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis with the photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane.
120:– A systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
1247:– The stage of mitosis when the nucleus reforms and chromosomes unravel into longer chromatin structures for reentry into interphase.
809:– A membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and storage functions.
1408:– A series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death, which is not caused by damage to the cell.
1388:– The process a cell uses when engulfing solid particles into the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or "food vacuole."
609:– A eukaryotic organelle that processes and packages macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell.
1571:
2260:
2176:
1627:
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912:, the sub-organelles, the daughter cells, where photosynthesis is commenced before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma.
1380:– It is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell by expelling them.
142:– The study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
323:– Distinct morphological or functional form of cell. When a cell switches state from one cell type to another, it undergoes
954:– Ribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid made from a long chain of nucleotide, in a cell it is typically transcribed from DNA.
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408:– A group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles, including
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1422:– The phenomenon where normal diploid differentiated cells lose the ability to divide after about 50 cell divisions.
2284:
Heinemann JA, Sprague GF (July 1989). "Bacterial conjugative plasmids mobilize DNA transfer between bacteria and yeast".
1786:– Shared a 2001 Nobel Prize for discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.
1780:– Shared a 2001 Nobel Prize for discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.
1774:– Shared a 2001 Nobel Prize for discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.
846:– A cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm that is composed of three types of fibers:
400:– A highly variable kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which are mostly unicellular and not plants, animals, or fungi.
2489:
1605:
580:
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by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. Conjugation is a convenient means for
1149:– A multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer.
590:
574:
294:– Organisms consisting of more than one cell and having differentiated cells that perform specialized functions.
1758:– Shared the Nobel Prize in 1974 "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells.”
1752:– Shared the Nobel Prize in 1974 "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells"
1697:– Shared the Nobel Prize in 1974 "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells"
535:– All closed parts within a cell whose lumen is usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane.
837:
266:– The property of either an open system or a closed system, especially a living organism, that regulates its
834:– A barrel shaped microtubule structure found in most eukaryotic cells other than those of plants and fungi.
1078:
1112:– A series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell which ultimately leads to sequestering of energy.
733:– The main microtubule organizing center of animal cells as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression.
1936:
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1402:– The death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program (ex. apoptosis or autophagy).
2099:, Fourth Edition, Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
1710:
1577:
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1691:– Known as America's first cellular biologist, discovered the sex chromosome arrangement in humans.
340:– Organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures enclosed within membranes, including
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1931:– The study of the process by which organisms grow and develop, including the genetic control of
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that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The most common use of cytopathology is the
1709:– British biochemist who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the
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993:– Proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) the rates of specific chemical reactions within cells.
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2201:
1922:
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1241:(identical copies of chromosomes) separate as they are pulled towards opposite poles within the cell.
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603:– A relatively small intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances.
532:
236:
215:
1165:– It is the "energy-molecule" output of the aerobic metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis.
1703:– In 1888 identified the centrosome and described it as the 'special organ of cell division.'
1523:
551:
149:
78:
level. Cell biology research extends to both the great diversities of single-celled organisms like
898:– The structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division.
190:
cells viewed through his microscope to that of the small rooms (or monks' "cells") of a monastery.
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2003:
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1263:– The process of cell division used to create gametes in sexually reproductive eukaryotes.
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593:– A section of the endoplasmic reticulum on with the protein manufacturing organelle i.e.
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300:– A collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism.
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1207:– The series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication.
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424:– A cell belonging to the prokaryotic and single-celled microorganisms in Domain Archea.
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whereby less specialized cells become a more specialized cell type in multicellular organisms.
864:– A gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid that fills most cells, it includes all cytosol,
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1568:– Commercially available mix of staining dyes for polychromatic staining in histology.
1414:– The process whereby cells "eat" their own internal components or microbial invaders.
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874:– It is the internal fluid of the cell, and where a portion of cell metabolism occurs.
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725:– An organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis.
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1359:– Movement of molecules into and out of cells without the input of cellular energy.
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1647:– In 1884 first observed the structures that would later be called "organelles".
1365:– Movement of molecules into and out of cells with the input of cellular energy.
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2122:"The Fate of Membrane-bound Ribosomes Following the Termination of Protein Synthesis"
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1665:– First observed microscopic single celled organisms in apparently clean water.
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1097:– A biochemical process which associates electron carriers (such as NADH and
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1060:– A biochemical process which associates electron carriers (such as NADH and
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1505:– A method or process for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell.
386:– The basic cellular unit of organisms in kingdom fungi. Typically tubular,
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1081:– A series of biochemical reactions driven by light that take place across
1075:– The conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms.
327:. There are at least several hundred distinct cell types in the adult human body.
2386:
Waters VL (December 2001). "Conjugation between bacterial and mammalian cells".
2335:
Kunik T, Tzfira T, Kapulnik Y, Gafni Y, Dingwall C, Citovsky V (February 2001).
1932:
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1444:– The various means for a cell to move, guided by cues in its environment.
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463:– A cell that is the result of fertilization (the fusing of two gametes).
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1989:
1134:) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.
418:– A prokaryotic cell belonging to the mostly unicellular Domain Bacteria.
1985:
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1054:– Also known as the Krebs cycle, an important aerobic metabolic pathway.
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2431:"Transformation of isolated mammalian mitochondria by bacterial conjugation"
2061:
fourth edition, edited by Bruce
Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science.
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1742:– An American chemist who won a Nobel Prize for discovering cellular
747:). They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed
2313:
2245:
Holmes RK, Jobling MG (1996). "Genetics". In Baron S, et al. (eds.).
1155:– A coenzyme found in all living cells which serves as an important
577:– Polyribosomes that are attached to a cell's endoplasmic reticulum.
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1965:, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms as well as
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1552:– Separation of homogeneous sets from a larger population of cells.
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682:– Viscous fluid, inside the nuclear envelope, similar to cytoplasm.
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1659:– Coined the word "cell" after looking at cork under a microscope.
1213:– The stages of the cell cycle that prepare the cell for division.
1952:
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1255:– The process cells use to divide their cytoplasm and organelles.
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of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose.
117:
880:– A chemical substances found suspended directly in the cytosol.
249:– A membrane composed of two layers of lipid molecules (usually
2474:
2305:
1608:. Other articles pertaining to the history of cell biology include:
497:, these are often . Germ cells should not be confused with "germs" (
490:
477:– Undifferentiated plants cells analogous to animal stem cells.
460:
436:
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1653:– Coined the word "organells" which later became "organelle".
208:– The process of one parent cell separating into two or more
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1966:
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253:). The lipid bilayer is a critical component of the cell membrane.
170:
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18:
38:
is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1277:
stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis.
1186:
972:
967:
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452:
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within the chloroplast. Within the stroma are grana, stacks of
1918:
1914:
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1456:– The process used by cells to fix damaged DNA sections.
1308:– It is the process in which cellular ribosomes create
951:
928:
661:
559:– An organelle composed of an interconnected network of
1807:, used to detect cervical cancer at an early treatable stage.
776:
and other metabolites. Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the
58:
they contain; interactions with their environment; and their
1975:– A discipline bridging microbiology and cell biology.
1618:
History of biochemistry, microbiology, and molecular biology
1428:– Regulation of cell behavior by signals from outside.
688:– Where ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA.
694:– All DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus.
1302:
through turning DNA segment into a functional unit of RNA.
1285:– The process of cell division used by prokaryotes.
366:, characteristically having no cell wall or chloroplasts.
1732:– An American biologist who won a Nobel Prize for
1600:
History of cell biology – is intertwined with the
1048:
linking glycolysis and the subsequent citric acid cycle.
587:, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.
2337:"Genetic transformation of HeLa cells by Agrobacterium"
112:
Cell biology can be described as all of the following:
288:– Organisms which are composed of only one cell.
2120:
Seiser, Robert M.; Nicchitta, Christopher V. (2000).
2053:
Cell
Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body
700:– A single DNA molecule with attached proteins.
649:– A membrane-enclosed organelle found in most
1681:– Russian botanist who in 1905 described the
1546:– Methods for releasing molecules from cells.
1085:
membrane to provide for the Calvin cycle reactions.
82:and the complex specialized cells in multicellular
46:– A branch of biology that includes study of
1925:and learning how these interactions are regulated.
1764:– An American cell biologist who discovered
1613:History of cell theory, embryology and germ theory
1450:– Flowing of cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.
243:(ATP) and then release the cell's waste products.
2190:"Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria"
2076:Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics, and You
511:forming the body of an organism, as opposed to
270:so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.
202:– (formerly cytology) The study of cells.
2255:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
1562:) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside.
372:– Eukaryotic cells belonging to kingdom
362:– Eukaryotic cells belonging to kingdom
229:organisms which were taken inside the cell as
2490:
1847:and function of cellular components, such as
1518:– Transfer of genetic material between
904:– The colorless fluid surrounding the
664:molecules in complex with a large variety of
218:– The evolutionary theory that certain
16:Overview of and topical guide to cell biology
8:
796:– A temporary organelle that houses a
455:– Female reproductive cell (a gamete).
1943:", which is the process that gives rise to
1487:– Processes used to create copies of
1434:– Holding together cells and tissues.
2497:
2483:
2475:
2171:Benjamin/Cummings Publishing, pp. 120-121
2078:. Florida State University. August 1, 2003
1909:level, including the various systems of a
449:– Male reproductive cell (a gamete).
2454:
2362:
2352:
2213:
2137:
54:properties, structure, and function; the
2045:
1469:– The process of introducing new
772:that participates in the metabolism of
380:cell walls, and large central vacuoles.
1913:, including the interactions between
186:, where he compared the structure of
7:
739:– The organelles that contain
660:, organized as multiple long linear
180:first coined the term in his book,
1572:Fluorescent-activated cell sorting
1237:– The stage of mitosis when
14:
1628:Timeline of microscope technology
1623:History of the optical microscope
1190:An illustration of the stages of
715:(ATP), the body's main source of
656:. It contains most of the cell's
90:. Formerly, the field was called
1988:
1342:Miscellaneous cellular processes
1044:– Enzyme in the eponymous
2574:Technology and applied sciences
2126:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1491:fragments (molecular cloning),
1298:– Fundamental process of
1159:carrier in metabolic processes.
27:of a moss's leaf cells at 400X
2109:ines.de/cope.cgi COPE database
1:
2549:Natural and physical sciences
2097:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2058:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1524:transferring genetic material
1461:Applied cell biology concepts
1290:Transcription and Translation
2341:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2252:Baron's Medical Microbiology
2017:Introduction to Cell Biology
1606:history of molecular biology
1171:– An important simple
1019:Biological activity of cells
581:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2569:Society and social sciences
2564:Religion and belief systems
868:and cytoplasmic inclusions.
591:Rough endoplasmic reticulum
575:Membrane bound polyribosome
2628:
2188:Henze K, Martin W (2003).
838:Cluster of differentiation
100:, "a hollow;" and -λογία,
2512:
2429:Yoon YG, Koob MD (2005).
2167:Campbell, Neil A. (1996)
1881:, especially that of the
1835:– The study of the
1592:
1079:Light-dependent reactions
376:and having chloroplasts,
176:, meaning, a small room.
70:. This is done both on a
2506:Knowledge (XXG) outlines
1679:Konstantin Mereschkowski
1122:Lactic acid fermentation
1095:Electron transport chain
1058:Electron transport chain
527:General cellular anatomy
325:cellular differentiation
304:Cellular differentiation
2559:Philosophy and thinking
2248:Genetics: Conjugation.
2169:Biology Fourth Edition.
1791:Closely allied sciences
1683:Theory of Endosymbiosis
1671:– Discovered the
1602:history of biochemistry
1585:History of cell biology
225:originated as separate
157:Essence of cell biology
2354:10.1073/pnas.041327598
2139:10.1074/jbc.M004462200
1711:chemiosmotic mechanism
1200:
1116:Alcoholic fermentation
1042:Pyruvate dehydrogenase
852:intermediate filaments
713:adenosine triphosphate
623:Outer nuclear membrane
620:Inner nuclear membrane
241:adenosine triphosphate
31:
2610:Biology-related lists
2544:Mathematics and logic
2015:Young John K (2010).
1973:Cellular microbiology
1961:– The study of
1929:Developmental biology
1901:– The study of
1885:responsible for cell
1689:Edmund Beecher Wilson
1663:Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1516:Bacterial conjugation
1510:Laboratory procedures
1448:Cytoplasmic streaming
1400:Programmed cell death
1267:Chromosomal crossover
1194:in a human cell from
1189:
1182:Cellular reproduction
1137:Important molecules:
557:Endoplasmic reticulum
308:developmental biology
306:– A concept in
22:
2595:Outlines of sciences
2529:Geography and places
2524:Culture and the arts
1923:protein biosynthesis
1843:. It deals with the
1839:processes in living
1799:– A branch of
1477:in order to treat a
1030:Cellular respiration
533:Cellular compartment
268:internal environment
237:Cellular respiration
216:Endosymbiotic theory
2298:1989Natur.340..205H
2206:2003Natur.426..127H
2132:(43): 33820–33827.
1495:(cell cloning), or
1024:Cellular metabolism
780:of toxic peroxides.
552:Endomembrane system
150:Academic discipline
108:A branch of science
96:(from Greek κύτος,
2539:History and events
2534:Health and fitness
2447:10.1093/nar/gni140
2004:Outline of biology
1778:Leland H. Hartwell
1756:George Emil Palade
1645:Karl August Möbius
1550:Cell fractionation
1201:
916:Thylakoid membrane
32:
2582:
2581:
2517:General reference
2435:Nucleic Acids Res
2055:in Chapter 21 of
2033:978-981-4307-32-1
2025:978-981-4307-31-4
1899:Molecular biology
1750:Christian de Duve
1734:protein targeting
1713:of ATP synthesis.
1707:Peter D. Mitchell
1673:citric acid cycle
1357:Passive transport
1110:Metabolic pathway
1052:Citric acid cycle
741:digestive enzymes
627:Perinuclear space
2617:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2306:10.1038/340205a0
2281:
2275:
2274:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2185:
2179:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2141:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2050:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1669:Hans Adolf Krebs
1363:Active transport
1132:hydrogen sulfide
986:List of proteins
705:Energy creators
658:genetic material
615:Nuclear envelope
258:Aspects of cells
50:regarding their
2627:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2554:People and self
2508:
2503:
2473:
2472:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2292:(6230): 205–9.
2283:
2282:
2278:
2263:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2215:10.1038/426127a
2200:(6963): 127–8.
2187:
2186:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2012:
2010:Further reading
1994:
1987:
1984:
1937:differentiation
1793:
1784:R. Timothy Hunt
1726:
1641:
1636:
1634:Cell biologists
1593:Cell biologists
1587:
1561:
1540:Cell disruption
1520:bacterial cells
1512:
1503:Cell disruption
1463:
1420:Cell senescence
1368:Bulk transport
1347:Cell transport
1344:
1300:gene expression
1292:
1184:
1102:
1065:
1026:
1021:
925:
816:
798:nitrogen-fixing
607:Golgi apparatus
548:
529:
475:Meristemic cell
433:
416:Bacterial cells
334:
317:
260:
169:comes from the
159:
125:natural science
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2421:
2378:
2327:
2276:
2261:
2237:
2180:
2160:
2112:
2101:
2089:
2072:"Robert Hooke"
2063:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:Biology portal
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1963:microorganisms
1956:
1926:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1883:macromolecules
1830:
1808:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1704:
1701:Theodor Boveri
1698:
1692:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1651:Bengt Lidforss
1648:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1556:Cell incubator
1553:
1547:
1544:cell unroofing
1537:
1531:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1482:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1442:Cell migration
1435:
1429:
1426:Cell signaling
1423:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:Binary fission
1280:
1279:
1278:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1214:
1197:Gray's Anatomy
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1128:Chemosynthesis
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1073:Photosynthesis
1070:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1039:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1007:
996:
995:
994:
988:
977:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
958:RNA polymerase
949:
948:
947:
942:
940:DNA polymerase
937:
924:
921:
920:
919:
913:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
859:
848:microfilaments
841:
835:
829:
823:
815:
812:
811:
810:
804:
791:
781:
756:
734:
728:
727:
726:
720:
703:
702:
701:
695:
689:
683:
644:
638:
632:
631:
630:
624:
621:
612:
611:
610:
604:
598:
588:
585:detoxification
578:
554:
547:
544:
543:
542:
536:
528:
525:
524:
523:
516:
502:
484:
478:
472:
471:
470:
458:
457:
456:
450:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:
425:
419:
403:
402:
401:
395:
388:multinucleated
381:
367:
333:
330:
329:
328:
316:
315:Types of cells
313:
312:
311:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
271:
259:
256:
255:
254:
244:
234:
213:
210:daughter cells
203:
197:
191:
158:
155:
154:
153:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
109:
106:
34:The following
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:10.1038/ng779
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2347:(4): 1871–6.
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2262:0-9631172-1-1
2258:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:0-8053-1940-9
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:morphogenesis
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:Cytochemistry
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:nucleic acids
1858:
1854:
1853:carbohydrates
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:Cytopathology
1795:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:GĂĽnter Blobel
1728:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:Lynn Margulis
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:Albert Claude
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:Cell adhesion
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:Transcription
1294:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1271:crossing over
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
978:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
950:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
917:
914:
911:
907:
903:
900:
897:
896:Spindle fiber
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:Cell membrane
818:
817:
813:
808:
805:
802:
799:
795:
792:
789:
788:messenger RNA
785:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
760:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
724:
721:
718:
714:
710:
709:Mitochondrion
707:
706:
704:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
616:
613:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
586:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
526:
522:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
468:
465:
464:
462:
459:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
442:
438:
435:
434:
430:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
411:
407:
404:
399:
396:
393:
390:, and with a
389:
385:
382:
379:
375:
371:
368:
365:
361:
358:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
335:
331:
326:
322:
319:
318:
314:
309:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
292:Multicellular
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
265:
262:
261:
257:
252:
251:phospholipids
248:
247:Lipid bilayer
245:
242:
238:
235:
232:
231:endosymbionts
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
207:
206:Cell division
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
161:
160:
156:
151:
148:
141:
137:
136:
134:
133:repeatability
130:
126:
122:
121:
119:
115:
114:
113:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:physiological
49:
45:
44:
39:
37:
30:
29:magnification
26:
21:
2605:Cell biology
2441:(16): e139.
2438:
2434:
2424:
2394:(4): 375–6.
2391:
2387:
2381:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2168:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2129:
2125:
2115:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2056:
2048:
2016:
1959:Microbiology
1875:biochemistry
1873:– The
1865:biomolecules
1863:, and other
1833:Biochemistry
1813:– The
1657:Robert Hooke
1599:
1590:
1534:Cell culture
1528:mitochondria
1467:Cell therapy
1386:Phagocytosis
1274:
1270:
1269:– (or
1195:
1089:Calvin cycle
935:DNA helicase
856:microtubules
844:Cytoskeleton
801:endosymbiont
647:Cell nucleus
518:
507:– Any
505:Somatic cell
384:Fungal hypha
200:Cell biology
183:Micrographia
181:
178:Robert Hooke
173:
166:
111:
101:
97:
91:
43:Cell biology
41:
40:
33:
1933:cell growth
1762:Ira Mellman
1372:Endocytosis
1306:Translation
1253:Cytokinesis
1004:Chlorophyll
884:Photosystem
774:fatty acids
723:Chloroplast
680:Nucleoplasm
674:chromosomes
431:By function
422:Archea cell
360:Animal cell
332:By organism
286:Unicellular
280:Microscopic
264:Homeostasis
227:prokaryotic
194:Cell theory
129:peer review
72:microscopic
2589:Categories
2388:Nat. Genet
2153:29 October
2040:References
1825:in living
1772:Paul Nurse
1744:aquaporins
1740:Peter Agre
1566:Cyto-Stain
1454:DNA repair
1378:Exocytosis
1239:chromatids
1211:Interphase
1205:Cell cycle
1036:Glycolysis
1010:Carotenoid
945:DNA ligase
910:thylakoids
878:Inclusions
866:organelles
814:Structures
794:Symbiosome
770:eukaryotes
763:ubiquitous
761:– A
759:Peroxisome
745:hydrolases
731:Centrosome
698:Chromosome
672:, to form
668:, such as
651:eukaryotic
546:Organelles
539:Organelles
439:– A
406:Prokaryote
394:cell wall.
370:Plant cell
223:organelles
220:eukaryotic
138:Branch of
123:Branch of
116:Branch of
60:life cycle
56:organelles
25:micrograph
2082:August 9,
1907:molecular
1887:structure
1845:structure
1841:organisms
1827:organisms
1823:variation
1805:Pap smear
1801:pathology
1766:endosomes
1736:in cells.
1591:See also
1497:organisms
1412:Autophagy
1406:Apoptosis
1275:pachytene
1245:Telophase
1229:Metaphase
1083:thylakoid
923:Molecules
862:Cytoplasm
832:Centriole
826:Cell wall
766:organelle
692:Chromatin
686:Nucleolus
641:Endosomes
635:Lysosomes
595:ribosomes
569:cisternae
499:pathogens
495:gonocytes
487:Germ cell
481:Stem cell
392:chitinous
378:cellulose
338:Eukaryote
321:Cell type
84:organisms
76:molecular
2600:Outlines
2465:16157861
2408:11726922
2373:11172043
2271:21413277
2224:14614484
2148:10931837
1982:See also
1891:function
1849:proteins
1837:chemical
1819:heredity
1811:Genetics
1675:in 1937.
1604:and the
1578:Spinning
1438:Motility
1392:Tonicity
1310:proteins
1235:Anaphase
1223:Prophase
1163:Pyruvate
1157:electron
1032:–
999:Pigments
980:Proteins
784:Ribosome
753:bacteria
737:Lysosome
670:histones
666:proteins
565:vesicles
513:germline
489:–
410:bacteria
364:Animalia
354:protists
93:cytology
80:bacteria
64:division
2456:1201378
2322:4351266
2314:2666856
2294:Bibcode
2202:Bibcode
1967:viruses
1953:anatomy
1945:tissues
1903:biology
1815:science
1724:Current
1485:Cloning
1479:disease
1473:into a
1351:Osmosis
1331:Introns
1261:Meiosis
1217:Mitosis
1192:mitosis
1169:Glucose
1046:complex
991:Enzymes
890:Plasmid
872:Cytosol
807:Vacuole
749:viruses
601:Vesicle
561:tubules
520:more...
491:Gametes
441:haploid
398:Protist
374:Plantae
346:animals
298:Tissues
174:cellula
140:biology
118:science
36:outline
2463:
2453:
2414:
2406:
2371:
2361:
2320:
2312:
2286:Nature
2269:
2259:
2232:862398
2230:
2222:
2194:Nature
2175:
2146:
2035:(pbk).
2031:
2027:&
2023:
1949:organs
1857:lipids
1542:, and
1475:tissue
902:Stroma
854:, and
743:(acid
717:energy
515:cells.
461:Zygote
437:Gamete
352:, and
342:plants
102:-logia
88:humans
66:, and
23:Light
2416:27160
2412:S2CID
2364:29349
2318:S2CID
2228:S2CID
1939:and "
1905:at a
1879:cells
1595:below
1493:cells
1471:cells
1336:Exons
1173:sugar
906:grana
654:cells
509:cells
447:Sperm
350:fungi
171:Latin
98:kytos
86:like
68:death
48:cells
2461:PMID
2404:PMID
2369:PMID
2310:PMID
2267:PMID
2257:ISBN
2220:PMID
2173:ISBN
2155:2017
2144:PMID
2084:2015
2029:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1951:and
1921:and
1911:cell
1889:and
1821:and
1639:Past
1440:and
1326:tRNA
1321:rRNA
1316:mRNA
1153:NADH
1099:FADH
1062:FADH
973:tRNA
968:rRNA
963:mRNA
778:cell
567:and
493:and
453:Ovum
274:Life
188:cork
167:Cell
163:Cell
131:and
74:and
2451:PMC
2443:doi
2396:doi
2359:PMC
2349:doi
2302:doi
2290:340
2250:in:
2210:doi
2198:426
2134:doi
2130:275
1919:RNA
1915:DNA
1877:of
1817:of
1489:DNA
1147:ATP
1141:ADP
952:RNA
929:DNA
768:in
751:or
662:DNA
467:Egg
104:).
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