370:(SWANU) was officially launched at a public meeting in Windhoek with the backing of the Herero Chief Council under the leadership of Chief Hosea Kutako. SWANU was established as an umbrella body for anti-colonial resistance groups to broaden and strengthen the nationalist basis of the movement. OPO became a member of SWANU and its leaders were members of SWANU's executive committee. Jariretundu Kozonguizi became the first president of SWANU after receiving strong support from OPO and the Herero Chief Council.
315:. The group aim sought to end the exploitative contract labour system and policies of SWANLA. The information about the OPC's formation reached nationalist leaders inside the country. One of them was Sam Nujoma who became one of the organization's front man leading its Windhoek branch. Nujoma went around to the workers compounds talking to them about the formation of the new organization. By 1958, the organization had thousands of members and followers in compounds and locations all over Namibia.
388:, Nujoma left to the United States and join Mburumba Kerina and Jariretundu Kozonguizi to petition the United Nations. In New York, meetings between Nujoma, Kerina and Kozonguizi to unite OPO and SWANU in order to fight the common enemy as a united people were unsuccessful. Instead the idea to transform OPO into a pan-ethnic national liberation movement with a mandate to unite all people of South West Africa was birthed. On 19 April 1960, the OPO leadership in Windhoek transformed OPO into the
381:. On December 10, 1959 the police opened fire during a protest and killed 11 protesters. OPO and SWANU leaders faced arrest and were interrogated. After this event the two groups had different views on the way forward which culminated in OPO breaking out of SWANU to pursue the arms struggle. Sam Nujoma continued to face arrest and threats of deportation to Ovamboland. On 26 February 1960, after receiving advice from Chief Hosea Kutako he escaped and went into exile.
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392:(SWAPO). Nujoma was elected as SWAPO President in absentia and Kuhungua retained his position as secretary general. Following the transformation in 1960 many SWAPO leaders arrived in Tanzania to prepare for the launch of the armed liberation struggle. In 1962, SWAPO founded its military wing, the South West Africa Liberation Army (SWALA), which was later renamed the
271:(ANC) met several times at a small barbershop in Cape Town to discuss Namibia's political situation and issues concerning the contract labour system. During the discussions on political action, the group formed the Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC) on August 2, 1957 under the leadership of Ya Toivo. Among the founding members were
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in
Windhoek. At the first congress Nujoma was elected President, Nelengani Deputy President, Kuhangua Secretary General and Nepela as Chairperson. Ya Toivo was under house arrest during this time missing out on a position but he was deemed the organization's leader in Ovamboland. He would later
264:(SWANLA) recruited many Namibians through the controversial contract labour system to work on farms and mines in Namibia and South Africa. The contract labour system was met with objections for its harsh treatment and human rights abuses by Namibian nationalists both in the country and abroad.
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become the
Secretary of its Ondangwa branch where he played an important role in mobilizing new members and educated them about colonial resistance. During this time Nujoma and Ya Toivo had only communicated through letters, they have never met face to face until Ya Toivo was released from
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majority of them were sentenced to prison on Robben Island and some dying in Police custody during the trail. Namibia achieved independence on 21 March 1990, SWAPO won the first democratic elections and Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first
256:, where he had been working, to the colonial capital of Windhoek. He immediately became involved in politics through which he met and formed a close relationship with his political mentor and Herero Chief
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On 19 April 1959, Sam Nujoma, Jacob
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and other SWAPO leaders were able to facilitate the logistics that led to the establishment of the military bases inside the country.
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and was deported together with Jacob
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protest after the colonial administration forcefully moved residents of the Old
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violations in South West Africa. This information was used to petition the
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Denis Herbstein and John Evenson. The Devils Are Among Us, 1989. Page 6.
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Denis Herbstein and John Evenson. The Devils Are Among Us, 1989. Page 5.
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Denis Herbstein and John Evenson. The Devils Are Among Us, 1989. Page 6.
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and then Windhoek the police were determine to deport him further to
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OPO together with SWANU were instrumental in organizing the
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in northern Namibia. It was the first armed battle in the
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In 1958, Ya Toivo sent a letter and a tape he recorded to
516:“Breaking the wire” – The struggle for freedom in Namibia
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571:Peter N. Stearns and William Leonard Langer.
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262:South West Africa Native Labour Association
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486:THE PERIOD OF SOUTH AFRICAN ADMINISTRATION
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129:Political party in South West Africa
604:African and Black nationalism in Africa
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552:"History of Old Location and Katutura"
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587:"Sam Nujoma", Page 280, 1989
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297:Jariretundu Kozonguizi
218:Andimba Toivo ya Toivo
177:Andimba Toivo ya Toivo
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228:. In 1959,
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558:2008-11-06
554:. Namibweb
440:References
344:Ovamboland
254:Walvis Bay
230:Sam Nujoma
156:Sam Nujoma
107:April 2021
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363:in 1984.
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152:President
386:Tanzania
379:Katutura
238:Windhoek
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248:History
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