514:
271:(the onboard computers responsible for most of the car's operation). In cars, the telematic control unit is in charge of downloading and installing updates, and OTA updates are downloaded through cellular networks, like smartphones. Cars cannot be driven while an OTA update is being installed. Before an update, the car checks that the update is genuine, and after the update completes, it verifies the integrity of all affected systems.
1973:
1984:
489:(OMA DM), which use a different form of SMS-based provisioning (called "OMA Push"). OMA DM sessions are always client-initiated. The "invisible" SMS does not contain configuration settings; instead, it tells the phone (the "DM Client") to connect to a DM Server (operated by the cellular network provider); once connected, the DM Server sends configuration commands to the client.
319:
attacks. Example scenarios include a hacker successfully interrupting an ongoing update (deemed a "flashing fail"), which may corrupt the car's computer systems and make the car malfunction later on; another scenario is "arbitrary flashings", in which hackers trick the car into installing a malicious
385:
of its controller. When enabled, the controller tells the other APs to include additional information in the Radio
Resource Management Packets (RRM) that would assist a new access point in learning of the controller. It is sent in plain text however, which would make it vulnerable to sniffing.
274:
OTA updates provide several benefits. In the past, Volkswagen had to recall 11 million vehicles to fix an issue with its cars' emissions control software, and other manufacturers have instituted recalls due to software bugs affecting the brakes, or the airbags, requiring all affected customers to
336:(IoT), where the networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes, OTA is taken to a new direction: for the first time OTA is applied using unlicensed frequency bands (868 MHz, 900 MHz, 2400 MHz) and with low consumption and low data rate transmission using protocols such as
154:
OTA updates are designed to be as small as possible in order to minimize energy consumption, network usage, and storage space. This is achieved by only transferring the differences between the old firmware and the new firmware, rather than transmitting the entire firmware. A
291:
for hackers, since security vulnerabilities in the update process could be used by hackers to remotely take control of cars. Hackers have discovered such vulnerabilities in the past, and many car manufacturers have responded by instituting vulnerability disclosure programs
150:
The distributor of these updates can decide whether users are allowed to decline these updates, and may choose to disable certain features on end-user devices until an update is applied. Users may be unable to revert an update after it is installed.
423:(OTAPA) is synonymous. OTA provisioning allows mobile phones to remain properly configured when cellular network operators make changes to their networks. It also configures phones with the settings required to access certain features, like
279:
potential new features and bug fixes more quickly, making their cars more competitive in the market, and resulting in an increased pace of product improvements for consumers. For example, OTA updates can deliver improvements to a car's
275:
travel to dealership to receive updates. OTA updates would have removed the need to go through dealerships, leading to lower warranty costs for manufacturers and lower downtime for customers. OTA updates also allow manufacturers to
470:. SIM bootstrapping has limitations: settings stored on a SIM card may become stale between the time the SIM is manufactured and the time it is used; also, some phones (and other cellular client equipment) do not use SIM cards.
215:. iOS updates are distributed exclusively by Apple, resulting in wide availability and relatively high adoption rates. Major iOS releases are usually installed on 60%-70% of iPhones within a few months of the update's release.
238:, which allows OEMs to release OS updates without needing to re-test hardware drivers for each version, and the 2019 Project Mainline, which allows Google to update Android components and deliver security patches through its
501:
series. The Zigbee suite of standards includes the Zigbee Over-the-Air
Upgrading Cluster which is part of the Zigbee Smart Energy Profile and provides an interoperable (vendor-independent) way of updating device firmware.
759:
Kachman, Ondrej; Balaz, Marcel (2016). "Effective Over-the-Air
Reprogramming for Low-Power Devices in Cyber-Physical Systems". In Camarinha-Matos, Luis M.; Falcão, António J.; Vafaei, Nazanin; Najdi, Shirin (eds.).
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250:
scheme, in which an update is installed to a second ("B") partition in the background, and the phone switches to that partition the next time it is rebooted; this reduces the time taken to install updates.
485:(OMA CP). In OMA CP, phones are provisioned by "invisible" SMS messages sent by the cellular network, which contain the requisite settings. OMA CP was followed by a newer standard,
381:
Over-the-air provisioning (OTAP) is also available in wireless environments (though it is disabled by default for security reasons). It allows an access point (AP) to discover the
450:(OTASP) specifically refers to the wireless initial provisioning ("activation") of a phone. During activation, a mobile phone is provisioned with parameters like its phone number,
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on users' phones), and led to security concerns due to delays in the distribution of security updates. Google has reduced
Android fragmentation through the 2017
989:
1391:
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378:
as a way to remotely receive new programming, thus reducing the amount of time spent by both the owner and the user of the device on maintenance.
230:. In the past, fragmentation increased the complexity of developing third-party apps for Android (due to inconsistent availability of the latest
850:
1293:
1265:
1235:
908:
779:
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94:). Various components may be updated OTA, including the device's operating system, applications, configuration settings, or parameters like
1138:
2014:
1371:
683:
402:
281:
242:, without requiring a full OS update. Project Mainline significantly lowers the role of middlemen in delivering OTA updates. Since
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Over-the-air delivery may allow updates to be distributed at larger scales, reduce the cost of delivering updates, or increase the
879:
219:
1922:
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466:. The alternative to OTA bootstrapping is SIM bootstrapping, where the phone reads the network settings stored on a
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upgrades without the need of physical access, saving time and money if the nodes must be re-programmed.
227:
95:
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114:, rather than non-embedded systems like computers. Before OTA updates, embedded devices could only be
478:
367:
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260:
163:; then, the delta file is distributed to the end-device, which uses the delta file to update itself.
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are often located in places that are either remote or difficult to access. As an example,
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There are a number of standards that describe OTA functions. One of the first was the
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has implemented an OTA programming system for Zigbee WSN devices. This system enables
235:
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The Open Mobile
Alliance: Delivering Service Enablers for Next-Generation Applications
2003:
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458:, granting it initial access to the cellular network. OTASP is sometimes called
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990:"Android at I/O 2019: The Project Mainline update system and other highlights"
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Various standards bodies have issued OTA provisioning standards. In 2001, the
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239:
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1219:
Introduction to
Wireless Communications and Networks: A Practical Perspective
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in industry parlance) and update the cellular network settings stored on its
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1222:. Textbooks in Telecommunication Engineering (1st ed.). Springer Cham.
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Automotive
Embedded Systems: Key Technologies, Innovations, and Applications
527:
498:
474:
366:
OTA is similar to firmware distribution methods used by other mass-produced
1068:"Android 8.0's "streaming OS updates" will work even if your phone is full"
822:"Apple Reveals How Many iPhones and iPads Are Running iOS 16 and iPadOS 16"
909:"Google's "Project Treble" solves one of Android's many update roadblocks"
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1961:
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Gascón, David; Alberto Bielsa; Félix
Genicio; Marcos Yarza (9 May 2011).
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1187:"Libelium.com 50 Sensor applications for a smarter world. Get inspired!"
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1100:"Secure over-the-air software updates in connected vehicles: A survey"
180:, tablets, and other devices, an over-the-air update is a firmware or
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1139:"Hackers discover that vulnerabilities are rife in the auto industry"
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188:. Previously, users had to connect these devices to a computer over
218:
Android OTA updates are not distributed directly by Google, but by
1862:
1689:
1575:
419:. This can occur at any time while a phone is turned on. The term
212:
55:
702:
Internet of Things From Hype to
Reality: The Road to Digitization
159:
of the old and new firmware is produced through a process called
375:
119:
1309:
950:
Nguyen-Vu, Long; Ahn, Jinung; Jung, Souhwan (1 November 2019).
226:. This has led to inconsistent availability of updates, and to
1018:"Everything you need to know about Android's Project Mainline"
201:
189:
123:
75:
851:"Apple: iOS 15 now installed on more than 60% of all iPhones"
192:
to perform an update. These updates may add features, patch
555:
Making
Embedded Systems: Design Patterns for Great Software
1098:
Halder, Subir; Ghosal, Amrita; Conti, Mauro (2020-09-04).
477:
published the WAP Client Provisioning standard. After the
1158:"Over the Air programming with 802.15.4 and ZigBee - OTA"
1254:
Snyder, Randall A.; Gallagher, Michael D. (2001-04-05).
933:"What is Android fragmentation, and can Google fix it?"
664:
Maglaras, Leandros; Kantzavelou, Ioanna (2021-10-14).
481:
subsumed the WAP Forum, this standard became known as
1790:
1768:
1652:
1624:
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Wireless Telecommunications Networking with ANSI-41
763:
Technological Innovation for Cyber-Physical Systems
299:). Attack vectors specific to OTA updates include "
184:update that is downloaded by the device over the
1284:Brenner, Michael; Unmehopa, Musa (2008-02-28).
211:iOS gained support for over-the-air updates in
1279:
1277:
1260:. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 374–376.
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667:Cybersecurity Issues in Emerging Technologies
8:
1216:Raghunandan, Krishnamurthy (April 1, 2022).
952:"Android Fragmentation in Malware Detection"
880:"Fragmented Android drives big dev to Apple"
873:
871:
287:However, OTA updates can also present a new
200:. The two main mobile operating systems are
1288:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 273–279.
705:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
632:Kathiresh, M.; Neelaveni, R. (2021-04-24).
1411:
1328:
1314:
1306:
1392:List of mobile app distribution platforms
967:
439:(which requires the configuration of an
397:(OTAP) is a form of OTA update by which
328:More recently, with the new concepts of
122:) or wired connections (usually through
1137:Gitlin, Jonathan M. (11 January 2023).
558:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 197.
544:
386:That is why it is disabled by default.
118:through direct physical access (with a
259:Cars can support OTA updates to their
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421:over-the-air parameter administration
293:
27:Wireless delivery of software updates
7:
1043:"Android 11—The Ars Technica Review"
670:. CRC Press (Taylor & Francis).
659:
657:
655:
627:
625:
623:
246:, Android OTA updates follow an A/B
1372:Digital distribution of video games
699:Rayes, Ammar; Salam, Samer (2019).
638:. Springer Nature. pp. 94–95.
849:Mearian, Lucas (21 January 2022).
62:. These embedded systems include
25:
448:over-the-air service provisioning
1982:
1972:
1971:
797:"Apple's iOS 5: all the details"
512:
552:White, Elecia (November 2011).
1923:Windows Marketplace for Mobile
1016:Siddiqui, Aamir (2020-10-10).
284:and improve the car's safety.
1:
1838:Games for Windows Marketplace
427:(an early incarnation of the
1116:10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107343
878:Evans, Jonny (31 May 2013).
795:Savov, Vlad (June 6, 2011).
604:"Definition of Over The Air"
452:mobile identification number
82:. OTA updates for cars and
80:telecommunications equipment
50:that is delivered through a
303:, tampering, repudiation ,
86:devices can also be called
2031:
2015:Telecommunication services
1066:Amadeo, Ron (2017-08-07).
1041:Amadeo, Ron (2020-09-23).
988:Amadeo, Ron (2019-05-22).
969:10.1016/j.cose.2019.101573
907:Amadeo, Ron (2017-05-12).
464:over-the-air bootstrapping
399:cellular network operators
1956:
1426:Amazon Digital Game Store
1347:
1228:10.1007/978-3-030-92188-0
772:10.1007/978-3-319-31165-4
711:10.1007/978-3-319-99516-8
405:a mobile phone (termed a
395:Over-the-air provisioning
282:driver assistance systems
1362:Content delivery network
956:Computers & Security
330:Wireless Sensor Networks
324:Internet of things (IoT)
269:electronic control units
263:system, navigation map,
194:security vulnerabilities
110:applies specifically to
40:over-the-air programming
735:"What are OTA Updates?"
533:Access Point Name (APN)
483:OMA Client Provisioning
460:over-the-air activation
1903:Ubuntu Software Center
1745:PureOS Software Center
1581:PureOS Software Center
265:telematic control unit
46:), is an update to an
1387:Software distribution
1339:digital distribution
676:10.1201/9781003109952
487:OMA Device Management
228:Android fragmentation
88:firmware over-the-air
528:Phone-as-Modem (PAM)
479:Open Mobile Alliance
368:consumer electronics
317:privilege escalation
261:in-car entertainment
18:Over-the-air updates
1928:Windows Phone Store
1918:Windows Marketplace
1377:Over-the-air update
939:. 5 September 2016.
580:"Definition of OTA"
305:information leakage
297:bug bounty programs
232:software frameworks
222:(like Samsung) and
108:over-the-air update
32:over-the-air update
1878:Opera Mobile Store
1725:Meta Horizon Store
1551:Meta Horizon Store
739:Mobility Connected
334:Internet of Things
142:of these updates.
84:internet of things
2010:Mobile technology
1997:
1996:
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1720:Huawei AppGallery
1644:PlayStation Store
1295:978-0-470-51918-9
1267:978-0-07-138358-5
1237:978-3-030-92187-3
1104:Computer Networks
937:Android Authority
781:978-3-319-31164-7
766:. Springer Cham.
720:978-3-319-99515-1
645:978-3-030-59897-6
565:978-1-4493-0214-6
446:The similar term
441:Access Point Name
390:Cellular networks
309:denial-of-service
224:wireless carriers
38:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
2022:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1960:§ Also includes
1948:Zune Marketplace
1938:Xbox Live Arcade
1933:Xbox Games Store
1913:Wii Shop Channel
1898:Ubuntu App Store
1888:Stardock Central
1803:BlackBerry World
1695:Epic Games Store
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1943:Yahoo! Games
1705:Galaxy Store
1536:MacGameStore
1521:Humble Store
1451:Direct2Drive
1376:
1357:Cloud gaming
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1218:
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1199:. Retrieved
1197:. 2 May 2012
1190:
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372:cable modems
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1966:VR headsets
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1853:Intel AppUp
1778:NESiCAxLive
1715:Google Play
1685:Cafe Bazaar
1616:WildTangent
1586:Robot Cache
1501:Gamesplanet
267:, or their
244:Android 8.0
178:smartphones
172:Smartphones
128:serial port
102:Terminology
2004:Categories
1828:GameShadow
1808:Club Nokia
1591:Snap Store
1496:GamersGate
1431:Battle.net
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1077:2023-04-02
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918:2023-04-02
806:2023-04-02
744:16 January
613:2023-04-01
589:2023-04-01
539:References
429:mobile web
383:IP address
370:, such as
255:Automotive
240:Play Store
167:Industries
54:, such as
36:OTA update
1962:Smart TVs
1858:Kartridge
1823:GameAgent
1818:Download!
1798:Allmyapps
1740:OpenStore
1561:MSN Games
1541:MacUpdate
1526:IndieGala
1506:Game Jolt
1491:GameHouse
1471:DMM Games
1418:computers
1416:Personal
1352:App store
1341:platforms
1124:1389-1286
826:MacRumors
499:GSM 03.48
475:WAP Forum
456:system ID
403:provision
248:partition
196:, or fix
106:The term
1978:Category
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1760:Viveport
1626:Consoles
1606:Viveport
1571:Pogo.com
1466:Discover
1337:Software
1195:Libelium
1166:Libelium
801:Engadget
506:See also
468:SIM card
417:SIM card
356:firmware
352:Libelium
338:802.15.4
332:and the
301:spoofing
186:internet
1848:Impulse
1833:GameTap
1791:Defunct
1750:SlideME
1730:MiKandi
1700:F-Droid
1680:Aptoide
1675:Appland
1656:devices
1654:Mobile
1531:itch.io
1516:GOG.com
1486:Flathub
1456:Discord
1397:Android
889:2 April
860:2 April
831:2 April
608:Gartner
206:Android
161:diffing
134:Purpose
116:flashed
68:tablets
1989:Portal
1987:
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1893:Triton
1868:N-Gage
1813:Desura
1770:Arcade
1755:TapTap
1735:Nutaku
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294:a.k.a.
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1690:Cydia
1596:Steam
1576:Pokki
584:PCMag
213:iOS 5
157:delta
126:or a
58:or a
56:Wi-Fi
1290:ISBN
1262:ISBN
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1173:2012
1120:ISSN
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862:2023
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640:ISBN
560:ISBN
376:TFTP
340:and
220:OEMs
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