2117:. If, for any part of the photograph, the actual exposure is outside this range, the film cannot record it accurately. In a very simple model, for example, out-of-range values would be recorded as "black" (underexposed) or "white" (overexposed) rather than the precisely graduated shades of colour and tone required to describe "detail". Therefore, the purpose of exposure adjustment (and/or lighting adjustment) is to control the physical amount of light from the subject that is allowed to fall on the film, so that 'significant' areas of shadow and highlight detail do not exceed the film's useful exposure range. This ensures that no 'significant' information is lost during capture.
2217:
2360:
2432:
2421:
2180:
2561:
2596:
5108:
2635:
76:
65:
54:
43:
5119:
2273:
3489:
2387:
and indicate the camera exposure settings required to record this as a mid-tone. In order to do this it has to make a number of assumptions which, under certain circumstances, will be wrong. If the exposure setting indicated by an exposure meter is taken as the "reference" exposure, the photographer
2199:
when it has a loss of shadow detail, that is, when important dark areas are "muddy" or indistinguishable from black, known as "blocked-up shadows" (or sometimes "crushed shadows", "crushed blacks", or "clipped blacks", especially in video). As the adjacent image shows, these terms are technical ones
2643:
reverse of print film, with a good latitude in the shadow range, and a narrow one in the highlight area; in contrast to film's large highlight latitude, and narrow shadow latitude. Slide/Transparency film has a narrow latitude in both highlight and shadow areas, requiring greater exposure accuracy.
2143:
between the film's maximum and minimum useful exposure values. In this case, adjusting the camera's exposure settings (which only applies changes to the whole image, not selectively to parts of the image) only allows the photographer to choose between underexposed shadows or overexposed highlights;
2642:
Latitude is the degree by which one can over, or under expose an image, and still recover an acceptable level of quality from an exposure. Typically negative film has a better ability to record a range of brightness than slide/transparency film or digital. Digital should be considered to be the
2399:
Cameras with any kind of internal exposure meter usually feature an exposure compensation setting which is intended to allow the photographer to simply offset the exposure level from the internal meter's estimate of appropriate exposure. Frequently calibrated in stops, also known as
2572:), but it is close enough over the exposure range of about 1 second to 1/1000 of a second. Outside of this range, it becomes necessary to increase the exposure from the calculated value to account for this characteristic of the emulsion. This characteristic is known as
2532:. If one exposes the film or sensor for a longer period, a reciprocally smaller aperture is required to reduce the amount of light hitting the film to obtain the same exposure. For example, the photographer may prefer to make his sunny-16 shot at an aperture of
2607:
is another method of determining exposure and development combinations to achieve a greater tonality range over conventional methods by varying the contrast of the film to fit the print contrast capability. Digital cameras can achieve similar results
2557:, with each stop meaning double the amount of light, a new shutter speed of (1/125)/(2·2·2) = 1/1000 s is needed. Once the photographer has determined the exposure, aperture stops can be traded for halvings or doublings of speed, within limits.
2685:
Areas of a photo where information is lost due to extreme darkness are described as "crushed blacks". Digital capture tends to be more tolerant of underexposure, allowing better recovery of shadow detail, than same-ISO negative print film.
2375:, during a very sunny winter day. The image has been deliberately overexposed by +1 EV to compensate for the bright sunlight and the exposure time calculated by the camera's program automatic metering is still 1/320 s.
406:, the exposure is still measured in radiometric units (joules per square meter), rather than photometric units (weighted by the nominal sensitivity of the human eye). Only in this appropriately weighted case does the
2411:
the exposure level without resorting to full manual exposure and losing the flexibility of auto exposure. On low-end video camcorders, exposure compensation may be the only manual exposure control available.
2300:) mode automatically calculates and adjusts exposure settings to match (as closely as possible) the subject's mid-tone to the mid-tone of the photograph. For most cameras, this means using an on-board
1358:
per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅m⋅nm. "Spectral emittance" is an old term for this quantity. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity".
373:
258:
2670:
Film can often have areas of extreme overexposure but still record detail in those areas. This information is usually somewhat recoverable when printing or transferring to digital.
2626:
Negative and print film tends to bias for exposing for the shadow areas (film dislikes being starved of light), with digital favouring exposure for highlights. See latitude below.
2237:
to achieve the desired exposure. Many photographers choose to control aperture and shutter independently because opening up the aperture increases exposure, but also decreases the
2474:. Slower shutter speeds (exposing the medium for a longer period of time), greater lens apertures (admitting more light), and higher-luminance scenes produce greater exposures.
5076:
2329:) mode gives the photographer manual control of the aperture, whilst the camera automatically adjusts the shutter speed to achieve the exposure specified by the TTL meter.
5023:
2191:
when it has a loss of highlight detail, that is, when important bright parts of an image are "washed out" or effectively all white, known as "blown-out highlights" or "
1316:
per unit area. This is the emitted component of radiosity. "Radiant emittance" is an old term for this quantity. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity".
2345:) mode gives manual shutter control, with automatic aperture compensation. In each case, the actual exposure level is still determined by the camera's exposure meter.
2447:
503:
2200:
rather than artistic judgments; an overexposed or underexposed image may be "correct" in the sense that it provides the effect that the photographer intended.
3097:
3076:
5066:
5018:
4803:
2578:. The film manufacturer's data sheets should be consulted to arrive at the correction required, as different emulsions have different characteristics.
2124:"insignificant" or "unwanted" detail; to make, for example, a white altar cloth appear immaculately clean, or to emulate the heavy, pitiless shadows of
3458:
2442:
An appropriate exposure for a photograph is determined by the sensitivity of the medium used. For photographic film, sensitivity is referred to as
1571:
3668:
1092:
per unit frequency or wavelength. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity". Non-SI units of spectral flux density include
3021:
2404:, a "+1" exposure compensation setting indicates one stop more (twice as much) exposure and "–1" means one stop less (half as much) exposure.
3774:
3521:
3441:
3414:
3387:
3360:
3333:
3306:
3276:
3245:
3142:
3058:
3031:
2156:
to reduce the illumination falling upon areas deemed too bright; or varying the exposure between multiple, otherwise identical, photographs (
1239:
per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅m⋅nm. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity".
2660:
Areas of a photo where information is lost due to extreme brightness are described as having "blown-out highlights" or "flared highlights".
2646:
Negative film's latitude increases somewhat with high ISO material, in contrast digital tends to narrow on latitude with high ISO settings.
2144:
it cannot bring both into the useful exposure range at the same time. Methods for dealing with this situation include: using what is called
402:
If the measurement is adjusted to account only for light that reacts with the photo-sensitive surface, that is, weighted by the appropriate
5071:
2314:
2293:
3377:
2673:
A loss of highlights in a photograph is usually undesirable, but in some cases can be considered to "enhance" appeal. Examples include
5013:
4565:
3296:
663:
Radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time. This is sometimes also called "radiant power", and called
4774:
3468:
3431:
3199:
3182:
3165:
3109:
3048:
496:
4741:
3350:
2454:
usually have variable ISO settings that provide additional flexibility. Exposure is a combination of the length of time and the
2149:
5144:
5033:
4527:
1477:
per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in J⋅m⋅nm. This is sometimes also called "spectral fluence".
4706:
4189:
3976:
3323:
2961:
recommend that photometric quantities be denoted with a subscript "v" (for "visual") to avoid confusion with radiometric or
2216:
4615:
4547:
4300:
3822:
3404:
328:
213:
5043:
5038:
2615:
Today, most cameras automatically determine the correct exposure at the time of taking a photograph by using a built-in
1564:
489:
31:
2667:. Recording to RAW format can correct this problem to some degree, as can using a digital camera with a better sensor.
2663:
In digital images this information loss is often irreversible, though small problems can be made less noticeable using
5048:
4325:
3827:
2674:
2407:
Exposure compensation is particularly useful in combination with auto-exposure mode, as it allows the photographer to
4467:
411:
2359:
4779:
4370:
3663:
2723:
2609:
2564:
A demonstration of the effect of exposure in night photography. Longer shutter speeds result in increased exposure.
2436:
2425:
2161:
3268:
4746:
4696:
4656:
4509:
4395:
4345:
4037:
3981:
3837:
3589:
3514:
2529:
2509:
2301:
430:
154:
161:
involves a series of shutter cycles, effectively layering a series of photographs in one image. The accumulated
4947:
4542:
4270:
4062:
1751:
3213:
3074:
2450:(ISO). Faster film, that is, film with a higher ISO rating, requires less exposure to make a readable image.
4912:
4716:
4620:
4484:
4335:
4167:
4072:
3715:
3633:
3599:
1557:
5123:
4967:
4942:
4751:
4736:
4671:
4651:
4557:
4479:
4310:
4229:
4224:
4199:
4127:
4117:
4067:
4057:
3991:
3954:
3857:
2958:
2783:
2655:
2208:" or "exposing to the left" respectively, as these shift the histogram of the image to the right or left.
2192:
1202:
1159:
836:
Radiant intensity per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅sr⋅nm. This is a
587:
3262:
5028:
4823:
4731:
4726:
4711:
4701:
4676:
4661:
4522:
4455:
4425:
4385:
4295:
4285:
4122:
4001:
3964:
3887:
2354:
2205:
2201:
1055:
4580:
2638:
Example image exhibiting blown-out highlights. Top: original image, bottom: blown-out areas marked red
2500:
A scene can be exposed in many ways, depending on the desired effect a photographer wishes to convey.
5112:
4721:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4666:
4320:
4239:
4209:
4162:
4107:
4097:
4022:
3847:
3794:
3507:
3493:
3134:
2930:
2477:
An approximately correct exposure will be obtained on a sunny day using ISO 100 film, an aperture of
2173:
2106:"Correct" exposure may be defined as an exposure that achieves the effect the photographer intended.
426:
403:
2612:) by combining several different exposures (varying shutter or diaphragm) made in quick succession.
433:). The use of radiometric units is appropriate to characterize such sensitivity to invisible light.
4818:
4791:
4761:
4415:
4330:
4234:
4112:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4047:
3939:
3852:
3680:
3675:
3460:
Mastering
Digital Photography: The Photographer's Guide to Professional-Quality Digital Photography
2946:
2703:
2574:
2157:
2109:
A more technical approach recognises that a photographic film (or sensor) has a physically limited
2074:
2040:
1666:
1530:
200:
131:
107:
2497:
on a sunny day, a suitable shutter speed will be one over the film speed (or closest equivalent).
2364:
417:
Many photographic materials are also sensitive to "invisible" light, which can be a nuisance (see
4962:
4625:
4575:
4400:
4255:
4214:
4194:
4132:
4087:
4052:
4027:
3584:
3549:
2698:
1696:
2431:
2179:
2420:
4932:
4868:
4855:
4786:
4450:
4375:
4365:
4355:
4340:
4204:
4172:
4032:
3867:
3638:
3464:
3437:
3410:
3383:
3356:
3329:
3302:
3272:
3241:
3195:
3178:
3161:
3138:
3105:
3054:
3027:
2787:
2743:
2738:
2310:
1995:
1945:
1868:
1828:
922:
799:
750:
315:
288:
158:
111:
3235:
4987:
4937:
4895:
4880:
4863:
4833:
4828:
4472:
4430:
4380:
4142:
4102:
4042:
3897:
3127:
2764:
2664:
2560:
2330:
2129:
1440:
1397:
1321:
1278:
2790:
should be denoted with suffix "e" (for "energetic") to avoid confusion with photometric or
2595:
4992:
4900:
4517:
4265:
4147:
3842:
3789:
3784:
3752:
3737:
3695:
3080:
2153:
1613:
1105:
961:
per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅sr⋅m⋅nm. This is a
790:
Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle. This is a
2220:
Two similar images, one taken in auto mode (underexposed), the other with manual settings
2204:(relative to a standard or the camera's automatic exposure) is casually referred to as "
713:
Radiant flux per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅nm.
4769:
4595:
4537:
4305:
3986:
3892:
3877:
3872:
3767:
3574:
3564:
3554:
2728:
2708:
2581:
2519:
2451:
2401:
2380:
2253:
2238:
544:
453:
143:
3100:. In Ralph E. Jacobson; Sidney F. Ray; Geoffrey G. Attridge; Norman R. Axford (eds.).
1435:
integrated over time of irradiation. This is sometimes also called "radiant fluence".
5138:
4922:
4890:
4875:
4840:
4600:
4445:
4410:
4360:
3996:
3969:
3949:
3917:
3862:
2758:
2754:
2620:
2487:
2463:
2277:
2234:
2230:
2114:
1657:
437:
150:
119:
2945:" are for length, time and luminous intensity respectively, not the symbols for the
2634:
5088:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4927:
4813:
4808:
4462:
4182:
4152:
3934:
3929:
3912:
3757:
3579:
3569:
3559:
2748:
2584:
2569:
2568:
The true characteristic of most photographic emulsions is not actually linear (see
2110:
2101:
1988:
1673:
1633:
1628:
1008:
672:
626:
115:
2241:, and a slower shutter increases exposure but also increases the opportunity for
5093:
4957:
4952:
4885:
4798:
4635:
4610:
4440:
4435:
4420:
4275:
4157:
4137:
4006:
3907:
3799:
3762:
3732:
3685:
3653:
3648:
3609:
3530:
2869:
2733:
2616:
2604:
2455:
2304:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2128:. However, it is technically much easier to discard recorded information during
1783:
1729:
389:
91:
75:
64:
53:
42:
5083:
4605:
4585:
4499:
4489:
4350:
4315:
4290:
4219:
3959:
3944:
3924:
3806:
3742:
3658:
3604:
2895:
2713:
2443:
2145:
2079:
1883:
1774:
1525:
1051:
1004:
664:
274:
157:
refers to a single, long shutter cycle to gather enough dim light, whereas a
4997:
4570:
4532:
4494:
4390:
4280:
3747:
3710:
3705:
3690:
3643:
3626:
2859:
2718:
2471:
2384:
2125:
1736:
1677:
772:
766:
422:
418:
127:
2872:, not to be confused with a letter "v", indicating a photometric quantity.)
2120:
The photographer may carefully overexpose or underexpose the photograph to
3488:
2689:
Crushed blacks cause loss of detail, but can be used for artistic effect.
2139:
between highlight and shadow luminance values may well be larger than the
965:
quantity. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity".
17:
4590:
4405:
3902:
3832:
3700:
3621:
3616:
2523:
2515:
2478:
2467:
2368:
879:
410:
measure the effective amount of light falling on the film, such that the
123:
4630:
3779:
3725:
2396:
in order to compensate for known or anticipated metering inaccuracies.
2372:
2172:"Underexposure" redirects here. For the 2005 film by Oday Rasheed, see
1717:
1711:
452:). Photographers more familiar with base-2 logarithmic scales (such as
2979:
2977:
2975:
1197:
per unit area. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity".
1046:
per unit area. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity".
4177:
3594:
3544:
2962:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2459:
1093:
139:
2619:, or multiple point meters interpreted by a built-in computer, see
4845:
4260:
3720:
2633:
2594:
2559:
2430:
2419:
2358:
2271:
2215:
2183:
White chair: Deliberate use of overexposure for aesthetic purposes
2178:
1772:
source area. The candela per square metre is sometimes called the
695:
689:
564:
559:
99:
2458:
at the photosensitive material. Exposure time is controlled in a
917:
quantity. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity".
2917:
2900:
2864:
2013:
2007:
1965:
1959:
644:
639:
103:
3503:
3194:
Ray, S.F. et al. 2000 "The Manual of
Photography" Focal Press,
3177:
Ray, S.F. et al. 2000 "The Manual of
Photography" Focal Press,
3499:
2248:"Manual" exposure calculations may be based on some method of
2060:
Luminous efficacy normalized by the maximum possible efficacy
1804:
1798:
909:
Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a
172:) is the same so long as the total exposure time is the same.
135:
2486:
and a shutter speed of 1/100 of a second. This is called the
142:(symbol lx ⋅ s), and can be computed from
3149:
film photometric radiometric spectral-sensitivity exposure.
3102:
The Manual of
Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging
2435:
A 1/320 s exposure showing individual drops on fountain at
2069:
1520:
913:, per unit solid angle per unit projected area. This is a
414:
will be correct independent of the spectrum of the light.
3237:
2967:
USA Standard Letter
Symbols for Illuminating Engineering
3104:(9th ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. pp. 218–223.
3261:
Barbara A. Lynch-Johnt & Michelle
Perkins (2008).
2587:
can also be subject to a form of reciprocity failure.
2148:
to increase the illumination in shadow areas; using a
2424:
A 1/30 s exposure showing motion blur on fountain at
331:
216:
84:
Photographic image taken using a variety of exposures
2912:
2910:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
5059:
5006:
4911:
4854:
4760:
4644:
4556:
4508:
4248:
4015:
3815:
3537:
2132:than to try to 're-create' unrecorded information.
368:{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {v} }=E_{\mathrm {v} }t,}
253:{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {e} }=E_{\mathrm {e} }t,}
3126:
367:
252:
30:"Overexposed" redirects here. For other uses, see
3240:(4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 40.
3160:Peterson, Bryan, "Understanding Exposure", 2004,
2916:Directional quantities are denoted with suffix "
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
146:(EV) and scene luminance in a specified region.
3073:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2677:and portraits with an out-of-focus background.
1431:per unit area, or equivalently irradiance of a
983:watt per steradian per square metre, per metre
2448:International Organization for Standardization
2135:In a scene with strong or harsh lighting, the
2083:
1534:
942:watt per steradian per square metre per hertz
199:("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with
3515:
3406:Photographic Lighting : Essential Skills
3214:"Basic Photography — ISO and Film Speed"
2229:In manual mode, the photographer adjusts the
1565:
497:
8:
2446:and is measured on a scale published by the
2035:Ratio of luminous flux to power consumption
1768:Luminous flux per unit solid angle per unit
5067:Conservation and restoration of photographs
3325:Lighting for Digital Video & Television
2160:) and then combining them afterwards in an
1552:Table 1. SI photometry quantities
314:("v" for "visual", to avoid confusion with
4804:Comparison of digital and film photography
3522:
3508:
3500:
3295:Steve Hullfish & Jaime Fowler (2005).
3091:
3089:
3026:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
2466:, and the illuminance depends on the lens
1572:
1558:
1548:
1193:(emitted, reflected and transmitted by) a
504:
490:
480:
5024:Photographs considered the most important
2539:(to obtain a shallow depth of field). As
2276:Buildings and trees photographed with an
1648:The lumen second is sometimes called the
440:data, such as characteristic curves, the
352:
351:
337:
336:
330:
237:
236:
222:
221:
215:
398:is the exposure duration, measured in s.
3012:
2776:
2599:A fair ride taken with a 1/3 s exposure
3133:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2528:An important principle of exposure is
2383:is to estimate the subject's mid-tone
484:Table 2. SI radiometry units
3264:Illustrated Dictionary of Photography
3129:Physical Principles of Remote Sensing
3023:Introduction to Color Imaging Science
2195:". A photograph may be described as
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1439:
1320:
1201:
1050:
921:
798:
671:
582:Energy of electromagnetic radiation.
524:
521:
518:
515:
7:
2983:Alternative symbols sometimes seen:
2812:Alternative symbols sometimes seen:
2202:Intentionally over- or underexposing
894:watt per steradian per square metre
27:Amount of light captured by a camera
5019:Museums devoted to one photographer
3436:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 11.
2894:Spectral quantities given per unit
2858:Spectral quantities given per unit
4566:Timeline of photography technology
3298:Color Correction for Digital Video
2999:for luminous efficacy of a source.
2929:The symbols in this column denote
1495:joule per square metre, per metre
444:is conventionally expressed as log
353:
338:
238:
223:
25:
3355:. Running Press. pp. 54–55.
3301:. Focal Press. pp. 135–136.
3050:Silver-halide Recording Materials
2187:A photograph may be described as
1458:joule per square metre per hertz
1376:watt per square metre, per metre
1257:watt per square metre, per metre
1138:watt per square metre, per metre
5117:
5107:
5106:
3487:
2150:graduated neutral-density filter
1801:(= lumen per square metre)
1339:watt per square metre per hertz
1220:watt per square metre per hertz
1073:watt per square metre per hertz
621:Radiant energy per unit volume.
114:or the surface of an electronic
74:
63:
52:
41:
5118:
3403:John Child; Mark Galer (2005).
392:of the surface, measured in lx;
2168:Overexposure and underexposure
1691:Luminous energy per unit time
1:
4616:Painted photography backdrops
4548:Golden triangle (composition)
3823:35 mm equivalent focal length
3463:. Thomson Course Technology.
3433:Nikon D80 Digital Field Guide
3096:Geoffrey G. Attridge (2000).
2751:(and Hurter–Driffield curves)
1922:lumen second per cubic metre
1714:(= lumen per steradian)
1427:Radiant energy received by a
858:watt per steradian per metre
817:watt per steradian per hertz
3382:. Focal Press. p. 318.
2252:with a working knowledge of
1904:Time-integrated illuminance
318:quantities) and measured in
277:of the surface, measured in
203:quantities) and measured in
32:Overexposed (disambiguation)
4326:Intentional camera movement
3409:. Focal Press. p. 51.
3328:. Focal Press. p. 60.
3283:blocked-up shadows crushed.
3047:Hans I. Bjelkhagen (1995).
2969:USAS Z7.1-1967, Y10.18-1967
2786:recommend that radiometric
2675:black and white photography
2665:photo manipulation software
5161:
5014:Most expensive photographs
4371:Multi-exposure HDR capture
2724:Multi-exposure HDR capture
2653:
2513:
2507:
2437:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2426:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2352:
2171:
2099:
1987:Ratio of luminous flux to
149:An "exposure" is a single
130:. Exposure is measured in
29:
5102:
3379:The Manual of Photography
3352:Total Digital Photography
3267:. Amherst Media. p.
2965:quantities. For example:
2898:are denoted with suffix "
2862:are denoted with suffix "
2510:reciprocity (photography)
2388:may wish to deliberately
2064:
2039:
1994:
1944:
1908:
1867:
1827:
1782:
1735:
1695:
1656:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1515:
1472:
1396:
1353:
1277:
1234:
1158:
1087:
1003:
956:
878:
835:
749:
712:
625:
586:
543:
538:
535:
532:
529:
431:full-spectrum photography
4948:Digital image processing
3053:. Springer. p. 15.
1909:Luminous energy density
1756:cd/m (= lm/(sr⋅m))
1752:candela per square metre
4621:Photography and the law
3457:David D. Busch (2003).
3430:David D. Busch (2007).
2995:for luminous flux, and
2959:Standards organizations
2949:litre, tesla and joule.
2784:Standards organizations
2113:, sometimes called its
2043:, luminous coefficient
1844:lumen per square metre
1728:Luminous flux per unit
1412:joule per square metre
5145:Science of photography
4968:Gelatin silver process
3992:Science of photography
3977:Photographic processes
3955:Perspective distortion
3020:Hsien-Che Lee (2005).
2656:Clipping (photography)
2639:
2600:
2565:
2439:
2428:
2376:
2333:(often abbreviated as
2281:
2221:
2184:
1473:Radiant exposure of a
1354:Radiant exitance of a
1293:watt per square metre
1174:watt per square metre
1023:watt per square metre
602:joule per cubic metre
588:Radiant energy density
369:
254:
118:. It is determined by
4426:Schlieren photography
3965:Photographic printing
3888:Exposure compensation
3376:R E Jacobson (2000).
3349:Chris George (2006).
3322:John Jackman (2004).
3234:Rob Sheppard (2010).
3083:. Retrieved Feb 2009.
2987:for luminous energy,
2836:for radiant exitance.
2637:
2598:
2563:
2514:Further information:
2434:
2423:
2362:
2355:Exposure compensation
2349:Exposure compensation
2275:
2219:
2206:exposing to the right
2182:
2111:useful exposure range
1831:, luminous emittance
1056:Spectral flux density
425:), or a benefit (see
370:
255:
4210:Straight photography
3848:Chromatic aberration
3496:at Wikimedia Commons
3125:Gareth Rees (2001).
2820:for radiant energy,
2591:Determining exposure
2490:: at an aperture of
2174:Underexposure (film)
456:) can convert using
427:infrared photography
412:characteristic curve
404:spectral sensitivity
329:
214:
163:photometric exposure
5077:photographic plates
4762:Digital photography
3940:Hyperfocal distance
3853:Circle of confusion
2704:Exposure bracketing
2575:reciprocity failure
2158:exposure bracketing
2041:Luminous efficiency
1580:
1052:Spectral irradiance
926:Specific intensity
512:
4581:Autochrome Lumière
4576:Analog photography
4401:Pigeon photography
4190:Social documentary
3669:discontinued films
3079:2009-01-18 at the
2828:for radiant flux,
2699:Bulb (photography)
2640:
2610:high dynamic range
2601:
2566:
2440:
2429:
2379:The purpose of an
2377:
2286:automatic exposure
2282:
2268:Automatic exposure
2222:
2185:
2152:, flag, scrim, or
1697:Luminous intensity
1683:lm (= cd⋅sr)
1549:
1203:Spectral radiosity
800:Spectral intensity
481:
365:
250:
5132:
5131:
4933:Collodion process
4869:Chromogenic print
4856:Color photography
4366:Multiple exposure
4341:Lo-fi photography
3868:Color temperature
3492:Media related to
3443:978-0-470-12051-4
3416:978-0-240-51964-7
3389:978-0-240-51574-8
3362:978-0-7624-2808-3
3335:978-1-57820-251-5
3308:978-1-57820-201-0
3278:978-1-58428-222-8
3247:978-0-470-59710-1
3212:Ed van der walt.
3202:, p.121 and p.245
3144:978-0-521-66948-1
3060:978-3-540-58619-7
3033:978-0-521-84388-1
2744:Multiple exposure
2739:Night photography
2363:A street view of
2311:Aperture priority
2278:autoexposure time
2212:Exposure settings
2093:
2092:
1996:Luminous efficacy
1946:Luminous efficacy
1869:Luminous exposure
1829:Luminous exitance
1660:, luminous power
1544:
1543:
1441:Spectral exposure
1322:Spectral exitance
923:Spectral radiance
751:Radiant intensity
301:Luminous exposure
296:Luminous exposure
289:exposure duration
159:multiple exposure
153:. For example, a
112:photographic film
98:is the amount of
16:(Redirected from
5152:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5109:
4988:Print permanence
4938:Cross processing
4896:CMYK color model
4881:Color management
4834:Foveon X3 sensor
4829:Three-CCD camera
4473:Miniature faking
4431:Sabattier effect
4043:Astrophotography
3898:Zebra patterning
3524:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3491:
3475:
3474:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3175:
3169:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3093:
3084:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3017:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2970:
2956:
2950:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2892:
2873:
2868:" (Greek letter
2856:
2837:
2835:
2832:for irradiance,
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2795:
2781:
2765:Zebra patterning
2556:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2496:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2416:Exposure control
2331:Shutter priority
2096:Optimum exposure
2048:
2003:
1955:
1919:
1880:
1841:
1795:
1748:
1708:
1676:(= candela
1670:
1625:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1492:
1455:
1409:
1398:Radiant exposure
1373:
1336:
1290:
1279:Radiant exitance
1254:
1217:
1171:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1088:Irradiance of a
1070:
1020:
980:
939:
891:
855:
814:
762:
726:
685:
636:
599:
556:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
475:
374:
372:
371:
366:
358:
357:
356:
343:
342:
341:
321:
291:, measured in s.
280:
259:
257:
256:
251:
243:
242:
241:
228:
227:
226:
206:
186:Radiant exposure
181:Radiant exposure
78:
67:
56:
45:
21:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5098:
5055:
5002:
4993:Push processing
4914:
4907:
4901:RGB color model
4850:
4756:
4640:
4552:
4518:Diagonal method
4504:
4244:
4148:Photojournalism
4011:
3843:Black-and-white
3811:
3790:Slide projector
3785:Movie projector
3664:available films
3533:
3528:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3193:
3189:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3081:Wayback Machine
3072:
3068:
3061:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2908:
2893:
2876:
2857:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2695:
2683:
2658:
2652:
2632:
2593:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2512:
2506:
2492:
2491:
2480:
2479:
2452:Digital cameras
2418:
2357:
2351:
2270:
2254:exposure values
2227:
2225:Manual exposure
2214:
2177:
2170:
2130:post processing
2104:
2098:
2089:
2046:
2001:
1951:
1948:(of radiation)
1918:
1912:
1879:
1873:
1863:from a surface
1840:
1834:
1794:
1788:
1747:
1741:
1720:(= lm/sr)
1707:
1701:
1669:
1663:
1624:
1618:
1614:Luminous energy
1591:
1579:
1578:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1491:
1482:
1454:
1445:
1408:
1402:
1372:
1363:
1335:
1326:
1289:
1283:
1253:
1244:
1235:Radiosity of a
1216:
1207:
1170:
1164:
1134:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:solar flux unit
1101:
1097:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1019:
1013:
1007:
979:
970:
938:
929:
925:
890:
884:
854:
845:
813:
804:
761:
755:
729:watt per metre
725:
718:
684:
677:
635:
631:
598:
592:
555:
549:
511:
510:
483:
469:
461:
457:
454:exposure values
447:
387:
347:
332:
327:
326:
319:
313:
298:
278:
272:
232:
217:
212:
211:
204:
198:
183:
178:
171:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
80:
79:
70:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
48:
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5158:
5156:
5148:
5147:
5137:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5115:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4770:Digital camera
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:Camera obscura
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Rule of thirds
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4306:Harris shutter
4303:
4301:Hand-colouring
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Red-eye effect
3984:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Exposure value
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Depth of focus
3875:
3873:Depth of field
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3483:
3482:External links
3480:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3449:
3442:
3422:
3415:
3395:
3388:
3368:
3361:
3341:
3334:
3314:
3307:
3287:
3277:
3253:
3246:
3226:
3204:
3187:
3170:
3153:
3143:
3117:
3110:
3098:"Sensitometry"
3085:
3066:
3059:
3039:
3032:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2971:
2951:
2922:
2906:
2874:
2838:
2796:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Light painting
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Exposure value
2706:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2679:
2654:Main article:
2651:
2648:
2631:
2628:
2592:
2589:
2582:Digital camera
2550:"faster" than
2520:exposure range
2508:Main article:
2505:
2502:
2470:and the scene
2417:
2414:
2381:exposure meter
2353:Main article:
2350:
2347:
2327:aperture value
2305:exposure meter
2269:
2266:
2250:light metering
2239:depth of field
2226:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2193:clipped whites
2169:
2166:
2100:Main article:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1998:(of a source)
1992:
1991:
1985:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1859:Luminous flux
1857:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1819:Luminous flux
1817:
1808:
1807:(= lm/m)
1802:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1733:
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1726:
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1715:
1709:
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1221:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1114:10 W⋅m⋅Hz
1102:10 W⋅m⋅Hz
1086:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1001:
1000:
987:
984:
981:
974:
967:
966:
957:Radiance of a
955:
946:
943:
940:
933:
927:
919:
918:
907:
898:
895:
892:
888:
882:
876:
875:
862:
859:
856:
849:
842:
841:
834:
821:
818:
815:
808:
802:
796:
795:
788:
775:
769:
763:
759:
753:
747:
746:
733:
730:
727:
720:
715:
714:
711:
698:
692:
686:
679:
675:
669:
668:
667:in Astronomy.
661:
648:
642:
637:
633:
629:
623:
622:
619:
606:
603:
600:
596:
590:
584:
583:
580:
567:
562:
557:
553:
547:
545:Radiant energy
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
509:
508:
501:
494:
486:
482:
467:
459:
445:
400:
399:
393:
385:
376:
375:
364:
361:
355:
350:
346:
340:
335:
322:, is given by
311:
297:
294:
293:
292:
282:
270:
261:
260:
249:
246:
240:
235:
231:
225:
220:
207:, is given by
196:
182:
179:
177:
174:
169:
144:exposure value
83:
82:
73:
72:
71:
62:
61:
60:
51:
50:
49:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5157:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:Photographers
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Bleach bypass
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:primary color
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Reversal film
4874:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Image sharing
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:United States
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Daguerreotype
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Stopping down
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Rephotography
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Long-exposure
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Architectural
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Shutter speed
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Metering mode
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Color balance
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Angle of view
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Manufacturers
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
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3714:
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3709:
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3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
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3684:
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3679:
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3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
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3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3470:1-59200-114-9
3466:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3385:
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3380:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:0-240-51574-9
3197:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:0-240-51574-9
3180:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3166:0-8174-6300-3
3163:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3111:0-240-51574-9
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3006:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:exposure time
2757:(also called
2756:
2755:Shutter speed
2753:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:metering mode
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2585:image sensors
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2489:
2488:sunny 16 rule
2485:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:shutter speed
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:shutter speed
2232:
2231:lens aperture
2224:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:fill lighting
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2115:dynamic range
2112:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:on a surface
1822:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1658:Luminous flux
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1597:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:Radiant flux
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:Radiant flux
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:Radiant flux
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
973:
969:
968:
964:
960:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
906:
902:
899:
896:
893:
887:
883:
881:
877:
874:
870:
866:
863:
860:
857:
853:
848:
844:
843:
839:
833:
829:
825:
822:
819:
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
776:
774:
770:
768:
764:
758:
754:
752:
748:
745:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
724:
717:
716:
710:
706:
702:
699:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
676:
674:
673:Spectral flux
670:
666:
662:
660:
656:
652:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
630:
628:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
607:
604:
601:
595:
591:
589:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
552:
548:
546:
542:
528:
514:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
487:
479:
477:
473:
465:
455:
451:
443:
439:
438:sensitometric
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
397:
394:
391:
384:
381:
380:
379:
362:
359:
348:
344:
333:
325:
324:
323:
317:
310:
306:
302:
295:
290:
286:
283:
276:
269:
266:
265:
264:
247:
244:
233:
229:
218:
210:
209:
208:
202:
195:
191:
187:
180:
175:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:long exposure
152:
151:shutter cycle
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:shutter speed
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
77:
66:
55:
44:
33:
19:
5089:Polaroid art
4983:K-14 process
4978:Instant film
4973:Gum printing
4928:C-41 process
4913:Photographic
4814:Image sensor
4809:Film scanner
4463:Sun printing
4396:Print toning
4183:space selfie
4153:Pictorialism
4083:Ethnographic
4063:Conservation
3935:Guide number
3930:Focal length
3882:
3459:
3452:
3432:
3425:
3405:
3398:
3378:
3371:
3351:
3344:
3324:
3317:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3263:
3256:
3236:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3207:
3190:
3173:
3168: : p.14
3156:
3148:
3128:
3120:
3101:
3069:
3049:
3042:
3022:
3015:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2899:
2863:
2779:
2749:Sensitometry
2688:
2684:
2672:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2645:
2641:
2625:
2614:
2602:
2580:
2573:
2570:sensitometry
2567:
2547:
2527:
2499:
2476:
2441:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2297:
2290:autoexposure
2289:
2285:
2284:A camera in
2283:
2247:
2228:
2197:underexposed
2196:
2188:
2186:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2102:sensitometry
2055:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
1989:radiant flux
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1913:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1874:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1742:
1723:
1702:
1686:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1629:lumen second
1619:
1545:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1488:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1451:
1446:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1403:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1332:
1327:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1165:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1131:
1126:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1066:
1061:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1014:
1009:Flux density
997:
993:
989:
976:
971:
962:
958:
952:
948:
935:
930:
914:
910:
904:
900:
885:
872:
868:
864:
851:
846:
837:
831:
827:
823:
810:
805:
791:
785:
781:
777:
756:
743:
739:
735:
722:
708:
704:
700:
681:
658:
654:
650:
627:Radiant flux
616:
612:
608:
593:
577:
573:
569:
550:
478:
471:
466:) ≈ 3.32 log
463:
449:
442:log exposure
441:
435:
416:
407:
401:
395:
382:
377:
308:
304:
300:
299:
284:
267:
262:
193:
189:
185:
184:
166:
162:
148:
126:, and scene
116:image sensor
95:
89:
5094:Stereoscopy
4958:E-6 process
4953:Dye coupler
4886:color space
4799:Digiscoping
4792:camera back
4707:Philippines
4636:Visual arts
4626:Glass plate
4611:Heliography
4510:Composition
4485:Ultraviolet
4441:Stereoscopy
4436:Slow motion
4421:Scanography
4336:Kite aerial
4276:Contre-jour
4168:Post-mortem
4158:Pornography
4138:Neues Sehen
4073:Documentary
4007:Zone System
3982:Reciprocity
3908:Film format
3838:Backscatter
3816:Terminology
3686:beauty dish
3585:rangefinder
3550:light-field
3531:Photography
2794:quantities.
2734:Light value
2617:light meter
2605:Zone System
2530:reciprocity
2504:Reciprocity
2456:illuminance
2394:underexpose
2315:abbreviated
2294:initialized
2262:Zone System
2260:and/or the
2258:APEX system
2243:motion blur
2189:overexposed
1784:Illuminance
1730:solid angle
963:directional
915:directional
838:directional
792:directional
390:illuminance
316:radiometric
201:photometric
176:Definitions
106:reaching a
92:photography
5084:Lomography
4915:processing
4864:Print film
4780:comparison
4747:Uzbekistan
4697:Luxembourg
4657:Bangladesh
4606:Dufaycolor
4586:Box camera
4543:Simplicity
4500:Zoom burst
4495:Xerography
4490:Vignetting
4480:Time-lapse
4468:Tilt–shift
4361:Mordançage
4351:Luminogram
4316:Holography
4311:High-speed
4291:Fill flash
4271:Burst mode
4249:Techniques
4230:Vernacular
4225:Underwater
4220:Toy camera
4200:Still life
4128:Monochrome
4118:High-speed
4068:Cloudscape
4058:Conceptual
3960:Photograph
3945:Lens flare
3925:Film speed
3807:Zone plate
3753:wide-angle
3738:long-focus
3007:References
2931:dimensions
2896:wavelength
2788:quantities
2714:Film speed
2650:Highlights
2444:film speed
2390:overexpose
2365:Taka-Töölö
2343:time value
2313:(commonly
2280:of 1/200 s
2080:Radiometry
2075:Photometry
2065:See also:
2006:lumen per
1958:lumen per
1884:lux second
1531:Photometry
1526:Radiometry
1516:See also:
1118:10 Jy
1110:1 sfu
1005:Irradiance
945:W⋅sr⋅m⋅Hz
840:quantity.
794:quantity.
665:luminosity
522:Dimension
307:, denoted
275:irradiance
192:, denoted
18:Overexpose
5034:Norwegian
4998:Stop bath
4943:Developer
4571:Ambrotype
4533:Lead room
4456:Slit-scan
4391:Photogram
4386:Panoramic
4296:Fireworks
4281:Cyanotype
4123:Landscape
3768:telephoto
3716:reflector
3711:monolight
3706:lens hood
3691:cucoloris
3627:safelight
3538:Equipment
2860:frequency
2719:Gray card
2472:luminance
2385:luminance
2292:(usually
2164:process.
2126:film noir
2122:eliminate
1770:projected
1737:Luminance
1678:steradian
1590:Dimension
1584:Quantity
1160:Radiosity
1098:1 Jy
767:steradian
765:watt per
688:watt per
516:Quantity
423:IR filter
419:UV filter
128:luminance
102:per unit
5139:Category
5113:Category
4819:CMOS APS
4717:Slovenia
4645:Regional
4591:Calotype
4528:Headroom
4406:Redscale
4321:Infrared
4266:Brenizer
4240:Wildlife
4163:Portrait
4108:Forensic
4098:Fine-art
4033:Aircraft
4023:Abstract
3903:F-number
3883:Exposure
3858:Clipping
3833:Aperture
3701:hot shoe
3622:enlarger
3617:Darkroom
3494:Exposure
3077:Archived
2693:See also
2630:Latitude
2524:f-number
2516:aperture
2468:aperture
2402:EV units
2369:Helsinki
1821:incident
1040:received
880:Radiance
820:W⋅sr⋅Hz
124:F-number
96:exposure
5124:Outline
5060:Related
4752:Vietnam
4737:Ukraine
4672:Denmark
4652:Albania
4631:Tintype
4558:History
4523:Framing
4416:Rollout
4381:Panning
4331:Kirlian
4235:Wedding
4113:Glamour
4093:Fashion
4078:Eclipse
4048:Banquet
3970:Albumen
3780:Monopod
3758:fisheye
3726:softbox
3575:pinhole
3565:instant
3555:digital
3185:, p.230
2941:" and "
2373:Finland
2233:and/or
2084:Compare
1925:lm⋅s/m
1861:emitted
1712:candela
1608:Symbol
1602:Symbol
1535:Compare
1475:surface
1461:J⋅m⋅Hz
1433:surface
1429:surface
1356:surface
1342:W⋅m⋅Hz
1314:surface
1310:emitted
1237:surface
1223:W⋅m⋅Hz
1195:surface
1191:leaving
1090:surface
1076:W⋅m⋅Hz
1044:surface
986:W⋅sr⋅m
959:surface
911:surface
897:W⋅sr⋅m
861:W⋅sr⋅m
539:Symbol
533:Symbol
388:is the
305:surface
287:is the
273:is the
190:surface
140:seconds
122:, lens
5122:
5111:
5044:street
5039:Polish
4732:Turkey
4727:Taiwan
4712:Serbia
4702:Norway
4677:Greece
4662:Canada
4256:Afocal
4215:Street
4195:Sports
4178:Selfie
4133:Nature
4088:Erotic
4053:Candid
4028:Aerial
4016:Genres
3918:medium
3795:Tripod
3763:swivel
3676:Filter
3654:holder
3649:format
3545:Camera
3467:
3440:
3413:
3386:
3359:
3332:
3305:
3275:
3244:
3219:2 July
3198:
3181:
3164:
3141:
3108:
3057:
3030:
2963:photon
2792:photon
2681:Blacks
2522:, and
2460:camera
2256:, the
1650:talbot
1594:Notes
1104:) and
1094:jansky
647:= J/s
525:Notes
378:where
263:where
5049:women
5007:Lists
4963:Fixer
4846:Pixel
4775:D-SLR
4722:Sudan
4692:Korea
4687:Japan
4682:India
4667:China
4451:Strip
4376:Night
4356:Macro
4261:Bokeh
4205:Stock
4173:Ruins
3913:large
3743:prime
3721:snoot
3681:Flash
3659:stock
3634:Drone
3595:still
3580:press
3570:phone
3560:field
2947:units
2771:Notes
2548:stops
2546:is 3
2337:, or
2321:, or
2141:ratio
2137:ratio
1888:lx⋅s
1847:lm/m
1674:lumen
1605:Name
1599:Name
1587:Unit
1312:by a
1042:by a
690:hertz
560:joule
536:Name
530:Name
519:Unit
303:of a
188:of a
132:units
108:frame
100:light
5072:film
4787:MILC
4286:ETTR
4143:Nude
4103:Fire
4002:Sync
3800:head
3748:zoom
3733:Lens
3696:gobo
3644:base
3639:Film
3610:view
3465:ISBN
3438:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3303:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3221:2011
3196:ISBN
3179:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3055:ISBN
3028:ISBN
2937:", "
2603:The
2544:/5.6
2537:/5.6
2409:bias
2341:for
2325:for
2162:HDRI
2154:gobo
2008:watt
1960:watt
1498:J/m
1415:J/m
1379:W/m
1296:W/m
1260:W/m
1177:W/m
1141:W/m
1026:W/m
975:e,Ω,
934:e,Ω,
850:e,Ω,
809:e,Ω,
732:W/m
640:watt
605:J/m
429:and
421:and
320:lx⋅s
104:area
4824:CCD
3605:toy
3600:TLR
3590:SLR
3135:114
2991:or
2933:; "
2824:or
2816:or
2555:/16
2495:/16
2483:/16
2462:by
2392:or
2317:as
2302:TTL
2296:as
2288:or
2012:lm/
1964:lm/
1799:lux
1775:nit
1636:⋅s
1120:).
889:e,Ω
760:e,Ω
458:log
436:In
279:W/m
205:J/m
136:lux
134:of
110:of
90:In
5141::
3281:.
3271:.
3269:15
3147:.
3137:.
3088:^
2974:^
2920:".
2909:^
2904:".
2877:^
2870:nu
2841:^
2799:^
2623:.
2518:,
2371:,
2367:,
2339:Tv
2323:Av
2307:.
2298:AE
2264:.
2245:.
2082:|(
2070:SI
1805:lx
1778:.
1718:cd
1680:)
1652:.
1634:lm
1533:|(
1521:SI
1487:e,
1450:e,
1368:e,
1331:e,
1249:e,
1212:e,
1130:e,
1116:=
1112:=
1100:=
1065:e,
773:sr
771:W/
721:e,
696:Hz
694:W/
680:e,
476:.
468:10
446:10
94:,
3523:e
3516:t
3509:v
3473:.
3446:.
3419:.
3392:.
3365:.
3338:.
3311:.
3250:.
3223:.
3114:.
3063:.
3036:.
2997:ρ
2993:F
2989:P
2985:W
2943:J
2939:T
2935:L
2918:Ω
2901:λ
2865:ν
2834:W
2830:I
2826:F
2822:P
2818:E
2814:W
2761:)
2608:(
2553:f
2542:f
2535:f
2493:f
2481:f
2335:S
2319:A
2176:.
2086:)
2056:1
2047:V
2031:J
2029:⋅
2027:T
2025:⋅
2023:L
2021:⋅
2019:M
2014:W
2002:η
1983:J
1981:⋅
1979:T
1977:⋅
1975:L
1973:⋅
1971:M
1966:W
1953:K
1937:J
1935:⋅
1933:T
1931:⋅
1929:L
1917:v
1914:ω
1900:J
1898:⋅
1896:T
1894:⋅
1892:L
1878:v
1875:H
1855:J
1853:⋅
1851:L
1839:v
1836:M
1815:J
1813:⋅
1811:L
1793:v
1790:E
1764:J
1762:⋅
1760:L
1746:v
1743:L
1724:J
1706:v
1703:I
1687:J
1667:v
1664:Φ
1644:J
1642:⋅
1640:T
1623:v
1620:Q
1573:e
1566:t
1559:v
1537:)
1510:T
1508:⋅
1506:L
1504:⋅
1502:M
1489:λ
1484:H
1469:T
1467:⋅
1465:M
1452:ν
1447:H
1423:T
1421:⋅
1419:M
1407:e
1404:H
1391:T
1389:⋅
1387:L
1385:⋅
1383:M
1370:λ
1365:M
1350:T
1348:⋅
1346:M
1333:ν
1328:M
1304:T
1302:⋅
1300:M
1288:e
1285:M
1272:T
1270:⋅
1268:L
1266:⋅
1264:M
1251:λ
1246:J
1231:T
1229:⋅
1227:M
1214:ν
1209:J
1185:T
1183:⋅
1181:M
1169:e
1166:J
1153:T
1151:⋅
1149:L
1147:⋅
1145:M
1132:λ
1127:E
1108:(
1096:(
1084:T
1082:⋅
1080:M
1067:ν
1062:E
1034:T
1032:⋅
1030:M
1018:e
1015:E
998:T
996:⋅
994:L
992:⋅
990:M
977:λ
972:L
953:T
951:⋅
949:M
936:ν
931:L
905:T
903:⋅
901:M
886:L
873:T
871:⋅
869:L
867:⋅
865:M
852:λ
847:I
832:T
830:⋅
828:L
826:⋅
824:M
811:ν
806:I
786:T
784:⋅
782:L
780:⋅
778:M
757:I
744:T
742:⋅
740:L
738:⋅
736:M
723:λ
719:Φ
709:T
707:⋅
705:L
703:⋅
701:M
682:ν
678:Φ
659:T
657:⋅
655:L
653:⋅
651:M
645:W
634:e
632:Φ
617:T
615:⋅
613:L
611:⋅
609:M
597:e
594:w
578:T
576:⋅
574:L
572:⋅
570:M
565:J
554:e
551:Q
505:e
498:t
491:v
474:)
472:H
470:(
464:H
462:(
460:2
450:H
448:(
408:H
396:t
386:v
383:E
363:,
360:t
354:v
349:E
345:=
339:v
334:H
312:v
309:H
285:t
281:;
271:e
268:E
248:,
245:t
239:e
234:E
230:=
224:e
219:H
197:e
194:H
170:v
167:H
165:(
138:-
34:.
20:)
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