101:
141:
1622:
49:
1617:
81:
121:
508:
161:
181:
577:(POEA) was a government agency tasked with supervising labor recruitment agencies in the Philippines. Recruitment and deployment agencies are mandated by the POEA to monitor the situation of Overseas Filipino Workers, including if they are with their supposed employers and if employers provide assistance to the Filipino worker in case of emergency.
499:
compensation by ensuring that recruitment agencies provide them with adequate information about onboard conditions and laws that apply to
Filipino seafarers; it also aims to address the lack of domestic laws vis-Ă -vis the country's compliance with international maritime standards, as well as the seafarers' rights and welfare."
440:
The Marcos administration continued to expand the policy, since it served a double function: it helped relieve economic pressure by bringing in dollar revenues, and it also relieved social pressure, because many of the highly educated young people who formed the bulk of Marcos' political critics left
593:
is imposed on transfer fees charged by the remittance companies. Under
Presidential Decree No. 1183 and Republic Act No.8042, or the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act of 1995, Overseas Filipino Workers are exempt from travel tax and airport terminal fees when traveling out of the Philippines
498:
in
February 2024 but was put on hold for review. Senate Bill No. 2221, "An Act Providing for the Magna Carta of Filipino Seafarers" (and the House of Representatives' version, House Bill 7325, approved on March 6, 2024) "seeks to provide seafarers with the right to humane working conditions and just
357:
Following the end of World War II, some
Filipinos who served in the U.S. Army became American citizens. The United States also saw increased immigration of Filipino medical professionals, accountants, engineers, and other technical workers after the war. From the 1950s to the 1960s, non-professional
602:
Despite many
Filipina migrant workers having received higher education and working as skilled nurses, 58 out of 100 overseas Filipino women workers are categorized as laborers and unskilled workers compared to 13 out of 100 overseas Filipino male workers in a 2007 survey. Filipino women often fill
432:
in its scope. The decree formally established a recruitment and placement program "to ensure the careful selection of
Filipino workers for the overseas labor market to protect the good name of the Philippines abroad". Three government agencies were created to tend to the needs of Filipino migrant
283:
who reside in another country for a limited period of employment. The number of these workers was roughly 1.77 million between April and
September 2020. Of these, female workers comprised a larger portion, making up 59.6 percent, or 1.06 million. However, this number declined to 405.62 thousand
648:
has demonstrated that
Filipino migrants and the remittances they send back to families are correlated with better governance. Exposure to the democratic politics and efficient bureaucracies in host countries allows migrants to use their remittances to urge relatives back home to demand better
628:
Despite financial benefits from working overseas, separation from family and cultural ties have proved detrimental to the health of
Filipino migrant workers. Many Filipino women working abroad have experienced worsening mental health, reporting symptoms of depression from a loss of belonging,
296:
The term "Overseas
Filipino Worker" (OFW) was used as early as the 1990s to refer to Filipino migrant workers, when Republic Act 8042, also known as the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 was enacted. The term was officially adopted by the Philippine government when the
619:
has found that because they are afraid of losing employment and since most clinics are closed on Sundays, which is the typical OFW's day off, a majority of female OFWs find it difficult to obtain medical treatment, resorting to self-medication instead.
311:
For statistical and probability purposes, the term "Overseas Contract Worker" refers to OFWs with an active employment contract, while OFWs who are not OCWs are migrant workers currently without a contract who had one within a given period of time.
632:
Unsafe workplaces and abuse are another big problem, with "more than 40% of labour Filipino migrants in the USA report high levels of workplace discrimination". Filipino women are often associated with stereotypes such as being
287:
OFW money remittances to relatives in the Philippines are a major contributor to the Philippine economy, reaching a total of P1.9 trillion in 2022, which represented some 8.9% of the Philippines' Gross Domestic Product.
417:. More Filipino medical workers began to search for work in Australia, Canada, and the United States. This compelled the Marcos administration to create a short-term labor policy that included overseas employment.
468:
issued Executive Order No. 126, which renamed the Welfare Fund as the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA). In 1995, the Republic Act 8042, or Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act, became law.
413:, these resulted in a spike in unemployment, an urgent need for foreign exchange to resolve the country's balance of payments, and a period of social unrest that kicked off with what is now known as the
549:. On December 30, 2021, then-President Duterte signed into law the "Department of Migrant Workers Act" (Republic Act 11641), which consolidates all OFW-related services into one department. The new
734:
483:
announced that in 2021, the Philippines would limit the annual number of health professionals (including nurses) it sends abroad to 5,000, from about 13,000 that currently leave every year.
585:
Remittances sent by Overseas Filipino Workers to the Philippines from abroad are not themselves subject to taxation by the Philippine government, which has no jurisdiction over foreign
405:
Overseas employment first became the subject of Philippine government policy in the early 1970s, in response to a series of crises brought about by heavy government spending linked to
301:(POEA) adopted the 2002 POEA Rules and Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-based Overseas Workers. Historically, particularly during the administration of
1687:
658:
1543:
607:
in high-income countries". They are encouraged to take these overseas jobs due to high unemployment rates in the Philippines and the economy benefiting from remittances.
1581:
375:
774:
1587:
574:
542:
434:
433:
workers: the National Seamen Board, Overseas Employment Development Board, and the Bureau of Employment Services, which were later merged in 1978 to create the
298:
1661:
534:
Overseas Employment Development Board (OEDB) – To "promote the overseas employment of Filipino workers through a comprehensive market and development program".
382:, and civilian agencies began recruiting Filipinos to work in jobs in the construction and service sector. This was encouraged by the passage in the US of the
1516:
1593:
1483:
664:
491:
406:
1030:
537:
Bureau of Employment Services (BES) – responsible for the regulation of "private sector participation in the recruitment of (local and overseas) workers".
337:
to work in hotels, restaurants, and sawmills, as well as getting involved in railroad construction. They also worked in plantations in California and the
1355:
410:
738:
515:
The Philippine government has stated officially for decades that it doesn't maintain a labor export policy, and has continued to claim so as of 2012.
1107:
561:
The Migrante Partylist has cited two reasons that the Philippine government created a more systemic labor export policy during the administration of
1599:
1536:
1420:
Limpangog, Cirila P. (2013). "Racialised and Gendered Workplace Discrimination: The Case of Skilled Filipina Immigrants in Melbourne, Australia".
565:: To quell dissent brought about by massive domestic unemployment and the political crisis, and to consolidate foreign exchange from remittances.
383:
378:, "active and systemic migration" of Filipinos for temporary employment began by the 1960s, when the United States government, contractors of the
1236:
847:
325:
Filipino migrant workers were working outside the Philippine islands as early as the 1900s, when Filipino agricultural workers were deployed to
1356:""A significant number of women OFWs in Asia eschew health treatments when they are ill" – Ramirez Study of Women OFWs' common health problems"
883:
616:
1717:
681:
428:—the Philippine government came up with the Labor Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree 442, series 1974), which included Filipino
971:
1744:
1529:
546:
425:
358:
contract workers began migrating to other Asian countries; artists, barbers, and musicians worked in East Asia, and loggers worked in
1271:"A qualitative study of Filipina immigrants' stress, distress and coping: The impact of their multiple, transnational roles as women"
1739:
1081:
494:
undersecretary Eduardo De Vega has put forward the so-called "Magna Carta for Seafarers", a bill that was to be signed by President
907:
873:
1575:
1692:
235:
1636:
531:
National Seamen Board (NSB) : To "develop and maintain a comprehensive program for Filipino seamen employed overseas".
1749:
1569:
550:
444:
Soon, construction workers and engineers also began to be recruited by multinational companies in oil-rich nations in the
764:
1666:
1189:
302:
218:
1447:
Tusalem, Rollin F. (2018). "Do migrant remittances improve the quality of government? Evidence from the Philippines".
799:
1055:
1712:
379:
280:
649:
governance, at least in the context of enhancing the efficient provision of public goods at the provincial level.
1754:
1671:
1552:
1111:
691:
1491:
243:
1214:
461:
1605:
1165:
1137:
637:
and having submissive attributes, which further adds to their discrimination in and out of the workplace.
334:
735:"Table 3: Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by Region of Origin and Place of Work Abroad: 2019"
387:
106:
712:
1517:
POEA Rules and Regulations. Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-based Overseas Workers
527:, three government agencies were created to tend to the needs of Filipino migrant workers, namely:
414:
342:
330:
326:
48:
1707:
1649:
1464:
1402:
1345:, March 2, 2017, www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-export-government-policy-case-philippines.
686:
676:
645:
256:
211:
30:
997:
663:
Overseas Filipino Workers can only be legally deployed to countries certified by the Philippine
472:
700,000 of the world's mariners come from the Philippines, being the world's largest origin of
1302:
963:
879:
421:
203:
1654:
1456:
1429:
1394:
1292:
1282:
1009:
634:
562:
524:
305:
1644:
1332:
UN Women. "Filipino Women Migrant Workers". Fact Sheet. New York, United States. N.d. Web.
604:
590:
495:
480:
276:
29:
This article is about Filipino migrant workers. For the Filipino diaspora in general, see
800:"2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos (Results from the 2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos)"
667:
to be compliant with Republic Act 10022, also known as the Amended Migrant Workers Act.
386:, which ended national immigration quotas and provided an unlimited number of visas for
17:
1297:
1270:
922:
769:
465:
429:
1733:
1468:
449:
391:
998:"Education in the 'New Society' and the Philippine Labour Export Policy (1972–1986)"
1521:
346:
86:
507:
1341:
O'Neil, Kevin. “Labor Export as Government Policy: The Case of the Philippines.”
445:
399:
394:
and Southeast Asia, namely Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and the US territories of
1287:
586:
359:
1460:
1014:
908:"IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines"
476:; In 2018, Filipino seafarers sent home the equivalent of US$ 6.14 billion.
273:
126:
1306:
1269:
Straiton, Melanie L.; Ledesma, Heloise Marie L.; Donnelly, Tam T. (2017).
1160:
1132:
1108:"De Vega on Magna Carta for Seafarers bill: 'I hope it passes right away'"
1056:"Filipino seafarers send home a record amount of $ 6.14 Billion in 2018"
1406:
1382:
1237:"Bello reminds airlines of travel tax, terminal fee exemption for OFWs"
338:
1433:
1398:
473:
363:
222:
166:
146:
54:
964:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia"
1190:"'Recruiter's responsibility doesn't end after deployment' – POEA"
947:
Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines".
506:
186:
1383:"'Frustrated and Displaced': Filipina Domestic Workers in Canada"
407:
Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 campaign for his second presidential term
395:
1525:
1082:"World's Supplier of Nurses to Limit Sending New Hires Abroad"
541:
In 1982, these three agencies were consolidated to create the
1031:"Pinoy seafarers' concerns taken up with US Coast Guard head"
460:
After Ferdinand Marcos was removed from office following the
333:'s agricultural sector. Filipino workers then went on to the
1323:, June 11, 2009, psa.gov.ph/content/overseas-filipino-women.
1319:
Philippine Statistics Authority. "Overseas Filipino Women".
511:
Official sample of an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) ID card
846:
Medina, Andrei; Pulumbarit, Veronica (September 21, 2012).
1133:"Duterte signs law creating Department of Migrant Workers"
1161:"Department of Migrant Workers may start by 2023: POEA"
758:
756:
308:, the term "Overseas Contract Worker" (OCW) was used.
545:(POEA), which later became an attached agency to the
345:. Some Filipinos also served in the U.S. Army during
1217:. Department of Finance (Philippines). June 21, 2017
659:
List of deployment bans on Overseas Filipino Workers
1680:
1629:
1560:
249:
228:
196:
176:
156:
136:
116:
96:
76:
71:
61:
1002:Journal of International and Comparative Education
848:"How Martial Law helped create the OFW phenomenon"
737:. Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from
1321:National Statistics Office. Manila, Philippines
715:. Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020
713:"Total Number of OFWs Estimated at 2.2 Million"
390:. Filipinos also worked in select areas in the
1588:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
1537:
841:
839:
837:
615:A study conducted by Veronica Ramirez of the
575:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
543:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
435:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
299:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
8:
1484:"POEA lists 24 countries off-limits to OFWs"
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
41:
1360:CRC – Center for Research and Communication
1215:"OFW remittances not covered by tax reform"
1544:
1530:
1522:
411:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis
362:, the Indonesian portion of the island of
47:
40:
1296:
1286:
1013:
1662:2018 Kuwait–Philippine diplomatic crisis
875:Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology
763:Villegas, Bernardo M. (August 1, 2023).
329:to satisfy temporary labor needs in the
1600:Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
991:
989:
794:
792:
704:
384:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1482:Medenilla, Samuel (January 1, 2018).
1449:Asian Journal of Comparative Politics
617:Center for Research and Communication
553:is slated to be operational by 2023.
7:
1718:Foreign relations of the Philippines
1381:Grandea, Nona; Kerr, Joanna (1998).
682:Human trafficking in the Philippines
603:"the demand for unskilled, low-paid
72:Regions with significant populations
949:DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05
777:from the original on August 2, 2023
272:) is a term often used to refer to
1582:Department of Labor and Employment
1188:Macasero, Ryan (August 13, 2015).
974:from the original on June 26, 2017
547:Department of Labor and Employment
448:, which were then experiencing an
376:Department of Labor and Employment
25:
915:Journal of Philippine Development
487:Magna Carta of Filipino seafarers
1641:OFWs convicted of death penalty
1620:
1615:
1576:Commission on Filipinos Overseas
1106:Cabato, Luisa (March 12, 2024).
765:"OFWs as a permanent phenomenon"
598:Female overseas Filipino workers
464:of February 1986, his successor
420:In 1974—two years after Marcos'
179:
159:
139:
119:
99:
79:
1693:Overseas Employment Certificate
996:Maca, Mark; Maca, Mark (2018).
906:Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992).
1637:Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz
1:
1594:Department of Foreign Affairs
1570:Department of Migrant Workers
665:Department of Foreign Affairs
551:Department of Migrant Workers
492:Department of Foreign Affairs
1667:Death of Jeanelyn Villavende
456:Post–People Power Revolution
374:According to the Philippine
343:American territory of Alaska
1422:Journal of Workplace Rights
370:Start of systemic migration
1771:
1745:Economy of the Philippines
1713:Economy of the Philippines
1343:Migration Policy Institute
656:
441:the country to find work.
28:
1701:
1672:Murder of Jullebee Ranara
1613:
1553:Overseas Filipino Workers
1288:10.1186/s12905-017-0429-4
1112:Philippine Daily Inquirer
594:from within the country.
523:During the presidency of
254:
233:
201:
66:
46:
42:Overseas Filipino Workers
1740:Overseas Filipino Worker
1563:State-owned corporations
1461:10.1177/2057891118757694
1029:VVP (January 19, 2013).
1015:10.14425/jice.2018.7.1.1
694:– Indonesian counterpart
692:Pekerja Migran Indonesia
266:Overseas Filipino Worker
18:Overseas Filipino worker
1062:. Drupal. March 3, 2019
629:loneliness, and guilt.
462:People Power Revolution
284:between 2019 and 2020.
1606:Overseas Filipino Bank
1387:Gender and Development
1166:Philippine News Agency
1138:Philippine News Agency
624:Mental health concerns
512:
335:Mainland United States
1561:Government agencies /
928:on September 21, 2021
878:. SAGE. p. 216.
510:
409:. Beginning with the
341:industry of the then-
250:Related ethnic groups
1750:Filipino expatriates
921:(35). Archived from
872:Yo, Jackson (2006).
741:on February 19, 2022
641:Impact on governance
496:Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
388:family reunification
281:Filipino citizenship
219:Philippine languages
107:United Arab Emirates
1141:. December 30, 2021
968:The Philippine Star
415:First Quarter Storm
331:then-U.S. territory
43:
1708:Overseas Filipinos
1650:Flor Contemplacion
1362:. October 19, 2021
1275:BMC Women's Health
1169:. January 13, 2022
687:Flor Contemplacion
677:Overseas Filipinos
646:Empirical research
513:
353:After World War II
257:Overseas Filipinos
67:2.3 million (2019)
31:Overseas Filipinos
1727:
1726:
1434:10.2190/wr.17.2.e
1399:10.1080/741922629
885:978-1-4129-0948-8
635:mail-order brides
503:Government policy
263:
262:
16:(Redirected from
1762:
1755:1990s neologisms
1655:Mary Jane Veloso
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:. Archived from
1479:
1473:
1472:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1290:
1266:
1253:
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1250:
1248:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
993:
984:
983:
981:
979:
962:Diola, Camille.
959:
953:
952:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
927:
912:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
843:
812:
811:
809:
807:
796:
787:
786:
784:
782:
760:
751:
750:
748:
746:
731:
725:
724:
722:
720:
709:
611:Medical concerns
563:Ferdinand Marcos
525:Ferdinand Marcos
306:Ferdinand Marcos
241:
216:
209:
189:
185:
183:
182:
169:
165:
163:
162:
149:
145:
143:
142:
129:
125:
123:
122:
109:
105:
103:
102:
89:
85:
83:
82:
62:Total population
51:
44:
21:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1697:
1688:Deployment bans
1676:
1645:Sarah Balabagan
1630:Relevant events
1625:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1494:on May 17, 2018
1488:Manila Bulletin
1481:
1480:
1476:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1243:. March 3, 2017
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1234:
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1196:
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1186:
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1116:
1114:
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1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
995:
994:
987:
977:
975:
961:
960:
956:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
925:
910:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
886:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
845:
844:
815:
805:
803:
798:
797:
790:
780:
778:
762:
761:
754:
744:
742:
733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
711:
710:
706:
701:
673:
661:
655:
643:
626:
613:
600:
591:value-added tax
583:
571:
559:
521:
505:
489:
481:Rodrigo Duterte
479:Then-President
458:
430:migrant workers
380:US Armed Forces
372:
355:
323:
318:
294:
277:migrant workers
239:
217:
214:
207:
180:
178:
177:
160:
158:
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140:
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137:
120:
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117:
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57:
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34:
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22:
15:
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1639:
1633:
1631:
1627:
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1614:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1566:
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1549:
1548:
1541:
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1526:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1511:External links
1509:
1506:
1505:
1474:
1455:(4): 336–366.
1439:
1428:(2): 191–218.
1412:
1373:
1347:
1334:
1325:
1312:
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1228:
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1086:BloombergQuint
1073:
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1021:
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954:
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884:
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813:
802:. May 18, 2018
788:
770:Business World
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466:Corazon Aquino
457:
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279:, people with
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316:History
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