31:
794:
influences, on the other, the old
Romanian culture of the 11th-17th centuries faced a large variety of challenges, and showed a remarkable diversity. Pecican uncovered the prehistory of various enigmatic texts, reconstituting both lost texts and contexts, as well as the image of a whole written
817:
as they result from old written fragments conserved in later contexts, laying out some of the main characteristics of
Romanian identity at the time of its first making. The cultural origins of the Romanians' negative self-image, both inherited and developed, is the topic of Pecican's
338:
Pecican is a
Professor (since 2004) and was Chancellor at the Babeș-Bolyai University Faculty of European Studies (1997–1999) and served on the staff of the UBB's "The European Idea" Foundation for European Studies as its first manager (1997–1999). He has been the recipient of
516:, himself the co-author of a new manual and a vocal critic of the methods of Pecican's adversaries during the polemic, publicly sided with the Sigma authors, and argued in their favor during televised confrontations with
470:. The volume was submitted to Ministry approval, and caused a political scandal after its content became known to the public — its critics argued that it lacked structure and balance, that it discarded traditional
672:, Pecican dismissed the tone and content of the article as "deliberate manipulation and distortion", while recalling that, during the 1999 polemic, the respective journalist had published what he called "curse words" (
1680:
1699:
994:'s dictatorship. The modular formula of the narrative contributes to creating a lyric atmosphere, underlying the contrast between the purity of the love story, on one hand, and the dark context, on the other.
958:(2004), books developed from his PhD thesis, attempt to explain how, through the efforts of several leading intellectuals during the second part of the 19th century, modern nationalism, together with
1023:, which depicts the daily dilemmas a young intellectual has to face in post-communist Romania during the transition period (including sexual alienation and the trauma of his father's death).
1916:
1911:
1714:
360:
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under
Hungarian rule or that Romanians were brought from the Balkans and into Transylvania only to guard the Hungarian border. The volume raised debates between the author and historian
501:(CDR) issued a formal protest: their motion was rejected on November 15, but the scandal, deepened by major coverage in the press, probably contributed to weakening support for the CDR.
527:
Eventually, the original version failed to win
Ministry approval. In later editions, the Sigma textbook was published with significant changes in content. In 2002, the PSD Minister
30:
1715:"Manualele alternative de istorie: o dezbatere istoriografică sau o imixtiune politică" ("Alternative History Textbooks: a Historiographic Debate or a Political Interference"), in
412:
209:, UBB) in 1985. He published his first short story in 1978. During the late 1970s, he was active in the underground movie-making movement in his native city, as a member of the
1961:
1637:
143:, short-story writer, literary critic, poet, playwright, and journalist of partly Serbian origin. He is especially known for his political writings on disputed issues such as
1685:
de-a XII-a buzele senzuale ale lui
Decebal" ("«All Fed Up with Romania» Pecican, The One to Have Made Mention of Decebalus' Sensual Lips in the 12th Grade History Textbook")
881:, as well as from previous and subsequent periods, which, Pecican indicates, show the vitality of a culture in its development and the dialog with the neighboring cultures.
854:
until the end of the 14th century; the volume contradicts both
Romanian and Hungarian historiographic tradition, which have traditionally claimed that Romanians were only
1753:
Ovidiu
Pecican, "Scrisoare deschisă adresată domnului Ion Iliescu, preşedintele României" ("Open Letter Addressed to Mr. Ion Iliescu, the President of Romania"), in
839:
900:, and points to a rich originality of political forms, autonomy experiments on the lower Danube and in the Carpathians, foreign influences and original answers.
539:. Both Pecican and Neumann expressed concerns that this was signaling a return to official history, and made mention of inconsistencies in educational policies.
614:, but argued that the document was unrealistic in its assumptions and more radical goals, and that it did not represent a unitary perspective on the issue. The
451:
1976:
666:, the advocate of a high degree of Transylvanian autonomy (it alleged that Pecican shared Gherman's statement "I'm all fed up with Romania!"). Replying in
1946:
1881:
1966:
1652:
1926:
1826:
1821:
1921:
1871:
1866:
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in themes and discourse, and even that part of the information was purely trivial. Pecican identified most of these concerns with support for
531:
removed it from the list of endorsed textbooks, which caused
Pecican to issue a formal protest, supported by, among others, the historian and
1886:
1246:
950:
Pecican is also interested in how
Eastern European culture developed in contact with the Western culture during the 19th and 20th centuries.
923:
and heroic mixture of instinct and behavior at Stephen's court, as it appears to have been reflected in literature and arts of his time. In
884:
The debate on regionalism prompted Ovidiu Pecican to write a new book on the regional political forms before and after the founding of the
589:
in favor of debating the majority-minority relationship in Romania, dedicated to reshaping Romanian administrative policies and renouncing
1726:
1595:
1941:
1667:
508:
expressed concern that the Sigma textbook was not up to educational standards, several, especially young, historians supported it. The
1981:
1951:
1936:
1931:
1861:
1700:
Cora Muntean, "Regionalizarea între spaimă, compromis şi necesitate" ("Regional Autonomy between Fear, Compromise and Necessity"), in
648:
1896:
1891:
1191:
1178:
1153:
1134:
1109:
1096:
1071:
1045:
490:
629:. The more nationalist political forces called on authorities to indict the document's authors, based on an interpretation of the
1956:
1876:
509:
372:
1574:
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at the time, decided to allow new textbooks to be published as alternatives to the official ones in use, Pecican, together with
1851:
1846:
720:
532:
1587:
1831:
1737:
498:
750:
and some other historians for alleged ethical problems, but Pecican accused the synthesis for its perceived nationalist and
679:
Also in 2005, Pecican was among the group of intellectuals who reacted to the controversial views held by the exiled writer
1614:
1901:
1579:
928:
651:
571:
395:
1836:
386:, and, between 2001–2005, he headed another publishing house, founded by the Desire Foundation. He also coordinates the
903:
Some of the other volumes written by Pecican also reflect his questioning of official versions provided for the past.
1971:
1856:
967:
875:
688:
364:
335:
and winning several Romanian awards. After 1997, books by him were published yearly or in several volumes each year.
304:
1841:
912:
202:
181:
658:
cabinet. The article made reference to Pecican's involvement in the textbook scandal (focusing on a reference to "
324:
1906:
944:
407:
368:
916:
783:
425:
352:
332:
151:, and for his co-authorship of a controversial history textbook for 11th and 12th grade high-school students.
1626:
1324:
997:
Later in the same year, Ovidiu Pecican and his cousin, Alexandru Pecican, completed work on a second novel,
908:
885:
851:
776:
630:
966:(Vol.I: 2005; Vol.II: 2006) is a synthesis concerning the young historiography from Transylvania after the
489:(who called the textbook "anti-national"). Soon after, Romania's largest opposition group at the time, the
237:. Regularly featured in various literary magazines, his prose was first edited in a single volume in 1990 (
1816:
1287:
590:
438:
494:
482:
1365:
1335:
1298:
739:
226:
755:
747:
1811:
991:
878:
831:
804:
619:
559:
555:
528:
344:
312:
94:
1277:
1013:
743:
551:
486:
308:
218:
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735:
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467:
391:
356:
289:
124:
1354:
847:
383:
843:
772:
692:
563:
463:
348:
120:
1309:
704:
462:, Lucia Copoeru, Virgiliu Țârău, and Liviu Țîrău, published a version of a 12th grade manual of
459:
66:
historian, essayist, novelist, short story writer, literary critic, playwright, journalist, poet
1727:
Răzvan Pârâianu, "Politica şi predarea istoriei" ("Politics and the Teaching of History"), in
1242:
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of the human destiny elaborated within the literary conventions of the science fiction genre.
975:
655:
403:
180:, mainstream literature and cultural history studies. Since 1994, he has been a member of the
144:
229:
and others. As a student, between 1981 and 1985, he became a staff member of the periodicals
1663:
1350:
1339:
727:
726:
His polemics include the one against the new treatise on Romanian history, published by the
712:
700:
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513:
505:
481:
The volume was immediately faced with criticism from the ultra-nationalist opposition group
281:
265:
172:
116:
104:
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90:
970:, investigating its attraction to the Western model and its polemic with the nationalist-
662:' sensual lips", made in the Sigma volume) and identified Pecican's ideas with those of
256:; between 1991–1994, he was a researcher for the UBB's Center for Transylvanian Studies (
758:, reacted against Pecican's arguments, the latter answered and presented new arguments.
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1575:
Ovidiu Pecican's curriculum vitae at the UBB's Institute for Cultural Anthropology site
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Ovidiu Pecican's main contribution to medieval studies addresses the first stages of
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242:
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160:
56:
897:
893:
834:, one of the leading Romanian chroniclers of the time, is misunderstood. Pecican's
731:
708:
574:
455:
249:
148:
1752:
907:(2005) attempts to provide the reader with a different image of the national hero
870:(2002) center on newly discovered medieval historical writings from Transylvania,
641:
In late October 2005, the journalist Melania Mandaș Vergu published an article in
1653:
Paul Cernat, "Cioroianu trece ecranul" ("Cioroianu Moves beyond the Screen"), in
1606:
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622:
475:
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328:
273:
253:
990:, written in 1994, speaks about love in a psychiatric hospital in the times of
1742:
959:
684:
668:
166:
1797:("The God"), a short story by Ovidiu Pecican, at the H. G. Wells Society site
1372:(theater), 2007 (prize from the Cluj branch of the Union of Romanian Writers)
947:(1241–1243), when the Western world extended itself down to the Carpathians.
248:
Between 1985 and 1990, Pecican worked as a high school teacher of history in
1681:
Melania Mandaş Vergu, "«Sătulul de România» Pecican, cel care a remarcat în
1002:
971:
871:
680:
659:
567:
136:
1689:
1588:"The European Idea" Foundation page at the Faculty of European Studies site
643:
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1005:
827:
399:
261:
140:
1668:"Regionalizare şi provincialism" ("Regional Autonomy and Provincialism")
855:
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647:
on the issue of Pecican's alleged candidature for government office in
1197:
Sânge și trandafiri. Cultura ero(t)ică in Moldova lui Ștefan cel Mare
1102:
Arpadieni, Angevini, români. Studii de medievistică central-europeană
905:
Sânge și trandafiri. Cultura ero(t)ică in Moldova lui Ștefan cel Mare
814:
800:
340:
597:
calling for a public debate on the issue of Transylvanian autonomy.
823:
791:
779:
795:
culture expressing the choices made by medieval Romanians in the
1642:
1127:
Realități imaginate și ficțiuni adevărate în evul mediu românesc
932:
927:(2006), the attempt is to understand the challenges confronting
920:
864:
Realități imaginate și ficțiuni adevărate în evul mediu românesc
606:
295:
In 1994, Pecican published a book of interviews with novelist
269:
610:, Adrian Cioroianu expressed his own support for a degree of
1771:
862:, who claimed that Pecican's views favored the Hungarians.
738:, the large collective work was sharply criticized also by
604:
drew criticism from several sources. In an editorial for
1607:
Ovidiu Pecican's profile at the H. G. Wells Society site
625:, a gesture which prompted Pecican to address him in an
1227:
Poarta leilor. Istoriografia tânără din Transilvania
1184:
Poarta leilor. Istoriografia tânară din Transilvania
964:
Poarta leilor. Istoriografia tânară din Transilvania
874:
and Moldavia. They include annals from the times of
1019:Nine years later, Pecican published a third novel,
100:
86:
78:
70:
62:
40:
21:
1312:, Lucia Copoeru, Virgiliu Țârău, and Liviu Țîrău:
822:(1998), where he attempts to define the cultural
276:(1998), both from the UBB, he specialized in the
158:and a contributor to major newspapers, including
1917:21st-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights
1912:20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights
830:(17th century) and to determine the reasons why
813:(1998) deals with the imagined homelands of the
402:(who was a lecturer at the time). He has edited
1738:Ovidiu Pecican, "Abureala" ("The Smoke Screen")
1580:"The European Idea" Foundation page at UBB site
1359:Spirala. Paul Goma și problema antisemitismului
1159:Originile istorice ale regionalismului românesc
939:, by comparing them with the years between the
890:Originile istorice ale regionalismului românesc
504:Academia was divided over the issue: while the
1318:Istoria românilor. Manual pentru clasa a XII-a
730:beginning 2002. Coordinated by the historians
382:series for the Foundation's publishing house,
1786:("The European Idea"), text by Ovidiu Pecican
1638:Laszlo Alexandru's reply to Paul Goma's texts
1314:Istoria românilor. Manual pentru clasa a XI-a
8:
307:). In 1995, he also authored, together with
1531:
1529:
1507:
1505:
1503:
478:tenets, and argued they were unscientific.
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
268:in History and Philosophy (1985) and of a
241:, "Me and My Monkey" — published by
18:
1962:Academic staff of Babeș-Bolyai University
1519:
1517:
1493:
1491:
1489:
892:(2003). The historian argues against the
16:Romanian historian and author (born 1959)
1619:- autorii" at the Pro Europa League site
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1292:Transition in Central and Eastern Europe
974:autochthonous model as developed by the
719:volume, reflecting Goma's theory on the
1398:
915:(1457–1504), who was sanctified by the
754:views. Later, when one of the authors,
577:from Transylvania, Pecican founded the
363:, as well as receiving grants from the
264:at the UBB (1994). The recipient of a
838:(2001) focuses on the Romanian-origin
375:grant from the University of Münster.
135:(born January 8, 1959) is a Romanian
1140:Trecutul istoric și omul evului mediu
931:and its longing for integration into
868:Trecutul istoric si omul evului mediu
7:
1404:
1402:
1264:Povești de umbră și povești de soare
1089:Romania and the European Integration
593:. On December 8, 2001, it issued a
406:versions of, among others, works by
767:Medieval studies and historiography
585:(April 2000); it was created as an
1977:20th-century Romanian male writers
497:groups from outside the governing
398:Studies, an office he shared with
14:
1947:Romanian book publishers (people)
1882:Romanian male short story writers
962:, formed a nationalist identity.
1927:Romanian science fiction writers
1827:21st-century Romanian historians
1822:20th-century Romanian historians
1146:Hașdeenii. O odisee a receptării
952:Hașdeenii. O odisee a receptării
413:De la Conquête de Constantinople
331:, before being showcased at the
29:
1922:Male dramatists and playwrights
1872:21st-century Romanian novelists
1867:20th-century Romanian novelists
721:Soviet occupation of Bessarabia
707:and others, he accused Goma of
394:. Pecican was also head of the
305:Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică
176:. He has also written works of
1967:Babeș-Bolyai University alumni
1535:Pecican, "Scrisoare deschisă…"
1203:Zilele și nopțile după-amiezei
1051:Un român în lagărele sovietice
499:Romanian Democratic Convention
1:
689:World War II Romanian history
493:, joined in the protest, and
422:La Conquête de Constantinople
258:Centrul de Studii Transilvane
201:, Pecican graduated from the
1887:Romanian short story writers
1627:Ovidiu Pecican interview in
323:"), which was hosted by the
1769:(in Romanian and Hungarian)
1239:Trasee culturale Nord - Sud
968:Romanian Revolution of 1989
836:Arpadieni, Angevini, români
378:He is a coordinator of the
365:Central European University
1998:
1942:Romanian magazine founders
1016:Prize for novels in 1998.
799:and the territory between
676:) aimed at Sigma authors.
618:was dismissed outright by
1982:21st-century male writers
1952:People from Arad, Romania
1937:Romanian magazine editors
1932:Romanian textbook writers
1862:Romanian literary critics
1083:Lumea lui Simion Dascălul
820:Lumea lui Simion Dascălul
715:, and concluded that his
512:politician and historian
408:Geoffroy de Villehardouin
369:Michigan State University
203:University of Cluj-Napoca
28:
1897:21st-century biographers
1892:20th-century biographers
1282:17 acte cu Piet Mondrian
1215:Între cruciați și tătari
925:Între cruciați și tătari
919:. The volume focuses on
917:Romanian Orthodox Church
426:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
333:Belgrade Summer Festival
317:17 acte cu Piet Mondrian
205:(currently known as the
154:Pecican is co-editor of
1957:Romanian schoolteachers
1877:Romanian male novelists
1064:Europa - o idee în mers
1014:Nemira Publishing House
986:Pecican's first novel,
886:Danubian Principalities
786:, on one hand, and the
652:Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
631:Constitution of Romania
491:Social Democratic Party
485:, through the voice of
450:In late 1999, when the
303:, "A Tangible Utopia";
225:, Valentin Constantin,
207:Babeș-Bolyai University
182:Romanian Writers' Union
133:Ovidiu Coriolan Pecican
1852:21st-century essayists
1847:20th-century essayists
1165:B. P. Hasdeu - istoric
392:Limes Publishing House
35:Ovidiu Pecican in 2012
1832:Romanian medievalists
1655:Observatorul Cultural
1329:Acasă înseamnă Europa
888:, under the title of
483:Greater Romania Party
452:Ministry of Education
353:University of Münster
260:), before becoming a
1902:Romanian biographers
1483:Stanciu, in Pârâianu
1288:Enikö Magyari-Vincze
1258:Troia, Veneția, Roma
1252:Istorii intersectate
1077:Troia, Veneția, Roma
956:B. P. Hasdeu istoric
879:Vlad III the Impaler
811:Troia, Veneția, Roma
683:on issues involving
581:around the magazine
529:Ecaterina Andronescu
345:University of Sussex
313:experimental theater
213:Club, together with
95:experimental theater
1837:Cultural historians
1717:Observator cultural
1674:, December 13, 2001
1553:Pecican, "Abureala"
357:University of Milan
290:Southeastern Europe
231:Napoca Universitară
156:Caietele Tranziției
125:politics of Romania
1972:Romanian activists
1857:Romanian essayists
1746:, November 2, 2005
1693:, October 27, 2005
1629:Prăvălia culturală
1473:Prăvălia culturală
1383:O utopie tangibilă
1121:Darul acestei veri
913:Prince of Moldavia
844:Kingdom of Hungary
775:. Trapped between
349:Utrecht University
301:O utopie tangibilă
121:history of Romania
1842:Social historians
1646:, August 23, 2005
1385:(interviews with
1366:Alexandru Pecican
1336:Gheorghe Grigurcu
1299:Alexandru Pecican
1247:978-973-9279-83-3
1233:Ce istorie scriem
1038:Eu și maimuța mea
1027:Published volumes
1001:, a mythical and
992:Nicolae Ceauşescu
988:Eu și maimuța mea
929:post-1989 Romania
909:Stephen the Great
876:Wallachian Prince
784:Slavonic language
740:Șerban Papacostea
656:Justice and Truth
404:Romanian-language
396:Post-Totalitarian
239:Eu și maimuța mea
227:Alexandru Pecican
145:regional autonomy
130:
129:
1989:
1907:Male biographers
1792:
1781:
1772:Homepage of the
1770:
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1664:Adrian Cioroianu
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1351:Laszlo Alexandru
1340:Laszlo Alexandru
1171:Rebel fără pauză
976:Communist regime
826:of Early Modern
777:Eastern Orthodox
773:Romanian culture
756:Mihai Bărbulescu
748:Ștefan Andreescu
728:Romanian Academy
723:, was spurious.
713:Holocaust denial
701:Laszlo Alexandru
612:decentralization
514:Adrian Cioroianu
510:National Liberal
506:Romanian Academy
464:Romanian history
343:grants from the
325:National Theater
282:cultural history
274:Medieval History
173:Ziarul Financiar
117:cultural history
105:Medieval history
54:
50:
48:
33:
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1784:Ideea Europeană
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1774:Provincia Group
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1757:, February 2002
1749:
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1719:, no. 100, 2002
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945:Mongol Invasion
943:(1204) and the
840:lesser nobility
832:Simion Dascălul
769:
764:
717:Săptămîna Roșie
705:Andrei Oişteanu
639:
579:Provincia Group
560:Marius Cotmeanu
556:Smaranda Enache
548:
533:West University
448:
439:L'État criminel
418:Robert de Clari
390:series for the
319:("17 Acts with
195:
190:
178:science fiction
91:science fiction
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51:January 8, 1959
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1763:External links
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1711:Victor Neumann
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1702:Cadran Politic
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937:European Union
860:Ioan-Aurel Pop
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760:
744:Leon Șimanschi
697:Michael Shafir
649:Prime Minister
638:
637:Other polemics
635:
587:advocacy group
552:Molnar Gusztav
547:
541:
537:Victor Neumann
522:Octavian Paler
487:Anghel Stanciu
472:historiography
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446:Sigma textbook
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309:Horaţiu Mihaiu
297:Nicolae Breban
219:Mircea Mihăieş
215:Gheorghe Sabău
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23:Ovidiu Pecican
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321:Piet Mondrian
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223:Ioan T. Morar
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161:Contemporanul
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53:(age 65)
43:
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1773:
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1558:
1549:
1544:Mandaș Vergu
1540:
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1355:Ion Solacolu
1343:
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1291:
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904:
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898:nation-state
894:essentialist
889:
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867:
863:
835:
819:
810:
809:
770:
732:Dan Berindei
725:
716:
709:Antisemitism
691:. Alongside
678:
673:
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642:
640:
615:
605:
601:
599:
594:
582:
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549:
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456:Andrei Marga
449:
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238:
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165:
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149:Transylvania
139:, essayist,
132:
131:
1812:1959 births
1271:Co-authored
1186:, I, 2005.
954:(2003) and
866:(2002) and
805:Carpathians
693:Radu Ioanid
627:open letter
623:Ion Iliescu
564:Miklós Bakk
518:Marius Tucă
476:nationalist
434:Yves Ternon
430:Olteneștile
329:Cluj-Napoca
254:Arad County
71:Nationality
1806:Categories
1743:Cotidianul
1598:E-Leonardo
1569:References
1409:E-Leonardo
1370:Arta rugii
1310:Sorin Mitu
1229:, II, 2006
1003:archetypal
960:liberalism
846:under the
685:Bessarabia
669:Cotidianul
616:Memorandum
602:Memorandum
595:Memorandum
591:centralism
566:and other
545:Memorandum
535:professor
460:Sorin Mitu
359:, and the
211:Atelier 16
167:Cotidianul
63:Occupation
47:1959-01-08
1755:Provincia
1562:Alexandru
1511:Cioroianu
1260:, I, 2007
1066:, 1997.
972:communist
872:Wallachia
681:Paul Goma
660:Decebalus
620:President
583:Provincia
454:, led by
188:Biography
137:historian
1729:Eurozine
1450:Pârâianu
1241:, 2006.
1173:, 2004.
1148:, 2003.
1129:, 2002.
1104:, 2001.
1091:, 1998.
1059:28586717
1053:, 1991.
1040:, 1990.
1032:Authored
1006:metaphor
935:and the
852:Angevins
850:and the
828:Moldavia
803:and the
568:Romanian
400:Emil Boc
262:Lecturer
197:Born in
141:novelist
74:Romanian
1683:Istoria
1523:Muntean
1497:Neumann
1389:), 1994
1344:Vorbind
1209:Imberia
1115:Clipuri
1021:Imberia
842:in the
797:Balkans
788:Western
752:statist
674:sudălmi
432:), and
286:Central
235:Echinox
101:Subject
1690:Gândul
1428:Cernat
1361:, 2004
1346:, 2004
1331:, 2003
1320:, 1999
1305:, 1998
1303:Razzar
1294:, 1997
1266:, 2008
1254:, 2007
1245:
1235:, 2006
1223:, 2006
1217:, 2006
1211:, 2006
1205:, 2005
1199:, 2005
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1177:
1167:, 2004
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1142:, 2002
1133:
1123:, 2001
1117:, 2001
1108:
1095:
1085:, 1998
1079:, 1998
1070:
1057:
1044:
1010:Razzar
999:Razzar
982:Novels
921:erotic
848:Árpáds
824:elites
815:Vlachs
801:Danube
644:Gândul
572:Magyar
371:and a
361:INALCO
355:, the
351:, the
341:TEMPUS
311:, the
278:social
250:Lipova
193:Career
170:, and
79:Period
1740:, in
1687:, in
1670:, in
1394:Notes
1377:Other
1364:with
1349:with
1334:with
1323:with
1308:with
1297:with
1286:with
1276:with
856:serfs
792:Latin
780:ethos
550:With
543:2001
466:with
315:show
87:Genre
82:1978–
1795:Zeul
1672:Ziua
1643:Ziua
1353:and
1338:and
1316:and
1243:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1055:OCLC
1042:ISBN
933:NATO
782:and
762:Work
734:and
711:and
687:and
607:Ziua
600:The
570:and
520:and
388:Limb
384:EFES
373:DAAD
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1455:^
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