Oviraptor - Knowledge

1621: 705: 1480: 1915: 1839: 4748: 524: 1602: 1388: 4753: 159: 959:(openings) compared to other dinosaurs, and measures about 17.9 cm (179 mm) long as preserved. The actual length may actually be longer though, given that the holotype skull lacks several regions such as the premaxilla. The holotype skull lacks a crest in almost its entirety, however, the top surfaces of the fused parietal and frontal bones indicate that it likely had a well-developed crest, supported by the 1769: 1102: 4776: 3985: 1020: 138: 895: 753: 940: 815: 3971: 1688:. It was found lying atop a nest composed by approximately 6 eggs as preserved, and these were laid in a mound-shaped structure with a circular pattern. As the specimen was found over the nest with its forelimbs covering the eggs and the partially preserved hindfoot near the center of the nest, Dong and Currie suggested that it was caught and buried by a 1761:. The extended position of the arm is also similar to the brooding behavior of this bird, which is known to nest in large clutches like oviraptorids. Based on the forelimb position of nesting oviraptorids, Hopp and Orsen proposed brooding as the ancestral reason behind wing and tail feather elongation, as there was a greater need to provide optimal 1902:

the nest center, this region was devoid of eggs. Yang and colleagues concluded the oviraptorid nesting style was so unique that they lack modern analogs, therefore, using oviraptorid reproduction may not be the best example to inform about the evolution of bird reproductive strategies. However, the team was unable to determinate if the juvenile

1567:; the latter group also has tooth-like projections on the palatal region. Longrich and colleagues concluded that due to the similarities between oviraptorids and herbivorous animals, the bulk of their diet would most likely have been formed by plant material. The jaws of oviraptorids may have been specialised for processing food, such as 794:

and the two latter paleontologist have expressed their uncertainties regarding this referral as there are several anatomical differences such as the hand phalangeal proportions. They concluded that this specimen was a different and indeterminate species not referrable to this taxon. In 1981, Barsbold

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contact incubation using complete oviraptorid nests from the Nanxiong Formation, and provided a detailed reconstruction of the architecture of the oviraptorid clutch. They noted that adult oviraptorid specimens in association with nest were not necessarily incubating the eggs as they could represent

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is very distinct from other oviraptorids in having a midline keel on the anterior surface of the hypocleidium−a downwards directed projection at the center of the furcula. This bone is V-shaped, rounded in cross-section, preserves an elongate spike-like hypocleidium, and the interclavicular angle is

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from the parent to the inner rings of eggs. An average oviraptorid nest was built as a gently-inclined mound with a highly organized architecture: the eggs were likely pigmented and arranged in pairs with each pair arranged in three to four elliptical rings. As the parent was likely operating from

1546:(bone union) region at the front of the dentary may have given some ability for crushing, but as this was a relatively small area, it was probably not the main function of the jaws. Another argument against them having been eaters of mollusks is the fact that most oviraptorids have been found in 1822:

is most likely to represent the ancestral condition for modern birds, with biparental care (where both parents participate) being a later development. In 2014, W. Scott Persons and colleagues suggested that oviraptorosaurs were secondarily flightless and several of the traits in their tails may

1712:, and the nest appears to be not entirely complete with about 15 eggs preserved of which two damaged. Moreover, the semicircular arrangement of the nest indicates that the eggs were laid in pairs and in at least three rings, and this nest was originally circular, similar to a 1035:

were X-shaped. However the spines become more pronounced in posterior vertebrae. The zygapophyses of the first cervical vertebrae are configured parallel to each other, and the postzygapophyses appear to not diverge significantly from the midline, mostly similar to

736:, and oviraptorids were largely considered to have been egg-eating theropods. Nevertheless, in the 1990s, the discovery of numerous nesting and nestling oviraptorid specimens proved that Osborn was correct in his caution regarding the name of 902:

The holotype specimen has been estimated at 1.6–2 m (5.2–6.6 ft) in length with a weight ranging from 33 to 40 kg (73 to 88 lb). Though the holotype largely lacks the posterior region of the skeleton, it is likely that

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AMNH 33092 preserves hindlimb material, comprising a right tibia with metatarsals III and IV. Its tibia is 5.87 cm (58.7 mm) long, indicating a substantially smaller individual than the holotype. The nest AMNH 6508 preserves

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share cranial features such as short, deep, and toothless mandibles; elongated dentary symphyses; elongated mandibular openings; and a pointed palate. Modern animals with jaws that resemble those of oviraptorids include parrots and

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was interpreted as an egg-thief, egg-eating dinosaur given the close association of the holotype with a dinosaur nest. However, findings of numerous oviraptorosaurs in nesting poses have demonstrated that this specimen was actually

1835:, a bony structure at the end of the tail that, at least in modern birds, is used to support a feather fan. Furthermore, the tail was notably muscular and had a pronounced flexibility, which may have aided in courtship movements. 1583:

and robust lower jaws of oviraptorids suggest, in fact, a strong and nipping bite, which is rather similar to those of parrots. Funston and colleagues considered these anatomical traits of oviraptorids to be consistent with a

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Thomas P. Hopp and Mark J. Orsen in 2004 analyzed the brooding behavior of extinct and extant dinosaur species, including oviraptorids, in order to evaluate the reason for the elongation and development of wing and tail

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vegetation−a vegetation that is adapted for environments with little water—that would have grown in their arid environments, but this is not possible to demonstrate, as little is known about the paleoflora of the

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oviraptorid, estimated at 1.6–2 m (5.2–6.6 ft) long with a weight between 33–40 kg (73–88 lb). It had a wide lower jaw with a skull that likely had a crest. Both upper and lower jaws were

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during incubation. They ruled out the possibility of oviraptorids being egg-thieves as they would have either consumed or instinctively abandoned the nest long before it was buried by a sandstorm or another

1889:-based sedimentation, Yang and colleagues suggested that the cuticle-coated eggs would have been a reproductive strategy adapted for enhancing their hatching success in such arid climates and environments. 1728:

nesting specimen—was found in a very avian-like posture, with the forelimbs in a near-folded posture and the pectoral region, belly, and feet in contact with the eggs, Hopp and Orsen indicated that long

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eggs, with each egg being 14 cm (140 mm) long (some are incomplete). Nevertheless, there is the possibility that taphonomical crushing may have compressed them by up to 2 cm (20 mm).

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also agreed in that sandstorms may have been the most likely event that the eggs found in the deposits were buried. Among elements, the skull have become particularly flattened and distorted during the

768:, including two particular specimens under the number MPC-D 100/20 and 100/21. In 1986, Barsbold realized that the latter two did not belong to the genus and instead they represented a new oviraptorid: 511:

the nest and not stealing nor feeding on the eggs. Moreover, the discovery of remains of a small juvenile or nestling have been reported in association with the holotype specimen, further supporting

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when seen in a lateral view and larger than the spines of the cervicals. On the anteriormost dorsal vertebra several pleurocoels (small air-spaced holes) can be found, which are similar to those of

882:: AMNH 33092, which is composed of a tibia and two metatarsals of a nestling or very small juvenile. AMNH 33092 was found in association with the holotype and it was likely part of the nest. 467:, which was used during feeding along the robust morphology of the lower jaws. The arms were well-developed and elongated ending in three fingers with curved claws. Like other oviraptorids, 3912: 1542:

with broad crushing surfaces. The pointed shape of the dentary bones in the lower jaws suggests that oviraptorids had a sharp-edged rhamphotheca used for shearing food instead. The

740:. These findings showed that oviraptorids brooded and protected their nests by crouching on them. This new line of evidence showed that the nest associated with the holotype of 1708:

and its association with the nest AMNH 6508. They pointed out that the exact position in which the holotype was found over the nest is unclear as they were separated during

2850:"New Insights into Non-Avian Dinosaur Reproduction and Their Evolutionary and Ecological Implications: Linking Fossil Evidence to Allometries of Extant Close Relatives" 834:—which in fact, does not preserve a crest—and it may represent a second species of the former, or, an entire new genus. In 1986, Barsbold described a second species of 2557:"Cranial pneumatization and auditory perceptions of the oviraptorid dinosaur Conchoraptor gracilis (Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" 1676:, with its hindlimbs crouched symmetrically on each side of the nest and the forelimbs covering the nest perimeter. This brooding posture is found today only in 4940: 1440:

life-style based on the mollusk-based diet, the high location of nasal cavities, an augmented musculature of the tail, and the greater size of the first manual

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Currie, P. J.; Godfrey, S. J.; Nessov, L. A. (1993). "New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia".

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Dong, Z.; Currie, P. J. (1996). "On the discovery of an oviraptorid skeleton on a nest of eggs at Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China".

429:. The genus name refers to the initial thought of egg-stealing habits, and the specific name was intended to reinforce this view indicating a preference over 3664:"New Stratigraphic Subdivision, Depositional Environment, and Age Estimate for the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Southern Ulan Nur Basin, Mongolia" 4915: 4037: 3856:

Cau, A.; Beyrand, V.; Voeten, D. F. A. E.; Fernandez, V.; Tafforeau, P.; Stein, K.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Godefroit, P. (2017).

987:. As in other oviraptorids, it may have had a pair of tooth-like projections on the palate that were directed downwards. As in other oviraptorids, the 1753:. However, the arms of this specimen were not extremely folded as in some modern birds, instead, they are more extended resembling the style of large 4856: 1523:, and were unable to move the lower jaws sideways. However, he considered the lower jaws strong enough to have at least crushed elements like eggs, 3240:"An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avianlike brooding position over an oviraptorid nest" 2353:

Norell, M. A.; Clark, J. M.; Dashzeveg, D.; Barsbold, R.; Chiappe, L. M.; Davidson, A. R.; McKenna, M. C.; Altangerel, P.; Novacek, M. J. (1994).

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Barsbold, R. (1976). "О новом позднемеловом семействе мелких теропод Oviraptoridae fam. nov Монголии" [A new Late Cretaceous family of small

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had an elongated maxilla and dentary, which may result into a more extended snout compared to the highly stocky jaws of other oviraptorids. The

4935: 1432:, which converge in the middle to form a pair of prongs. The rhamphotheca and lower jaws together with the extension of several bones from the 2245:. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. Geological Society of America Special Paper 238. Colorado: Boulder. pp. 21−54. 3727: 803:

were so fragmentary compared to other members, MPC-D 100/42 became the prime reference/depiction of this taxon being prominently labelled as

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to be similar to the unrelated—at the time, however, considered related—fast-running ornithomimids based on the toothless jaws, and assigned

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specimen in 1994, oviraptorids became more understood: instead of having been egg-eating animals, they actually brooded and cared for the

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and concluded that this taxon was quite distinct from ornithomimids based on anatomical traits. Under this consideration, he erected the

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Smith, D. K. (1990). "Osteology of Oviraptor philoceratops, a possible herbivorous theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia".

2916: 2693: 2258: 1969:, and moisture was seasonal. Though this formation is largely considered to preserved highly arid environments, several short-lived 1802:

to one per oviduct. David J. Varricchio and colleagues in 2008 found that the relatively large egg clutch-size of oviraptorids and

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to investigate which properties can predict a rhamphotheca. He found the lower jaws of oviraptorids to be very similar to those of

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layers on several egg-shells of maniraptoran dinosaurs including those of oviraptorids. These particular layers are composed of

3748:"First Ornithomimid (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Tögrögiin Shiree, Mongolia" 4747: 4030: 4001: 3913:"New Minotaurasaurus material from the Djodokta Formation establishes new taxonomic and stratigraphic criteria for the taxon" 2782: 2773:

Osmólska, H.; Currie, P. J.; Barsbold, R. (2004). "Oviraptorosauria". In Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.).

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Barsbold, R.; Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1990). "Oviraptorosauria". In Weishampel, D. B.; Osmolska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

1668:. This new behavior on oviraptorids became more clear with the report and short description of an adult nesting specimen of 1507:

as the sharply-developed rhamphotheca together with the prominent forelimbs would have been adapted to catch and tear small

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had a relatively elongated maxilla and dentary. These traits are less pronounced in derived oviraptorids and suggests that

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Barsbold, R. (1986). "Хищные динозавры овирапторы" [Carnivorous dinosaurs oviraptors]. In Vorobyeva, E. I. (ed.).

1511:. Moreover, the pointed projections of the palate would have contributed in holding prey. Jansen pointed out that a fully 651:—a nest that has been catalogued as AMNH 6508—with the skull separated from the eggs by only 10 cm (100 mm) of 4945: 4920: 2515:(in Russian). Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animals: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. pp. 210–223. 1992:

The Djadokhta Formation is separated into a lower Bayn Dzak Member and an upper Turgrugyin Member. The known remains of

1412:. In 1977, Barsbold proposed a crushing jaw hypothesis. He argued that the strength of the robust lower jaws and likely 4010: 4752: 1737:

were most likely present in life. The "wings" and tail of oviraptorids would have granted protection for the eggs and

1620: 1007:(horny beak). The curvature of the dentary tip was down-turned but less pronounced than other oviraptorids, such as 2805:"A second specimen of Citipati osmolskae associated with a nest of eggs from Ukhaa Tolgod, Omnogov Aimag, Mongolia" 158: 1406:—an organism that has an egg-based diet—based on the association of the holotype with a nest thought to belong to 4023: 2654:

Barsbold, R. (1981). "Беззубые хищные динозавры Монголии" [Toothless carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia].

799:, a very well-preserved and rather complete individual from the Djadokhta Formation. Since the known elements of 3678: 2732: 1790:. This new specimen was found preserving mainly the pelvic region with two eggs inside and thereby indicating a 1579:

In 2018 however, Funston and colleagues supported the crushing jaw hypothesis. They pointed out that the stocky

846:. However, a re-examination by Barsbold in 1997 found enough differences in this specimen to name the new genus 826:

and colleagues in 2002, who noted that this tall-crested specimen has more features of the skull in common with

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Dingus, L.; Loope, D. B.; Dashzeveg, D.; Swisher III, C. C.; Minjin, C.; Novacek, M. J.; Norell, M. A. (2008).

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where he rejected the statements made by Barsbold. He found no evidence indicating a forelimb specialized in

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Barsbold, R. (1977). "Kinetism and peculiarity of the jaw apparatus of oviraptors (Theropoda, Saurischia)".

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are fused to the vertebrae in the holotype. The neural spines are rectangular in the anterior series of the

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Coombs, W. P. (1989). "Modern analogs for dinosaur nesting and parental behavior". In Farlow, J. O. (ed.).

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did not suffer a reduction of the second and third finger relative to the first one. The regarded juvenile

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Varricchio, D. J.; Moore, J. R.; Erickson, G. M.; Norell, M. A.; Jackson, F. D.; Borkowski, J. J. (2008).

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belonged to it and the specimen was actually brooding the eggs at the time of death, not preying on them.

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itself, and they have been assigned to other oviraptorids. A partial individual also with eggs from the

3975: 2983:"New specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia" 1452:, and the jaws, rather than preserve a crushing mechanism, preserve shearing surfaces. As the skull is 2615:"A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia" 4843: 4188: 3869: 3759: 3539: 3428: 3280: 3267:

Funston, G. F.; Tsogtbaatar, C.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Kobayashi, Y.; Sullivan, C.; Currie, P. J. (2020).

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had three skinny and bird-like fingers with each finger ended in side to side flattened and recurved

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Barsbold, 1997. Oviraptorosauria. In Currie and Padian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. 505-509.

2032:. Further dinosaur fauna from this member includes that of the Ukhaa Tolgod locality, composed of 1186:. During the redescription of the holotype skull in 2002 by Clark and colleagues, they noted that 523: 4161: 3893: 3838: 3692: 3508: 3217: 3118: 2963: 2830: 2746: 2663: 2592: 2448: 2398: 2382: 1847: 1787: 1709: 1449: 1028: 956: 624: 307: 153: 1387: 4887: 3746:

Chinzorig, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Watabe, M.; Barsbold, R. (2017).

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Dashzeveg, D.; Dingus, L.; Loope, D. B.; Swisher III, C. C.; Dulam, T.; Sweeney, M. R. (2005).

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was relatively rapid given that the body had no opportunity to become fully disarticulated or

1938: 1828: 1824: 1580: 1436:, would have made a piercing tool. Barsbold also suggested that oviraptorids could have had a 1041: 968: 577:

and ended in the discovery of three new-to-science theropod fossil remains—including those of

4874: 3858:"Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs" 3810:"The Geology of Ukhaa Tolgod (Djadokhta Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Nemegt Basin, Mongolia)" 1538:(animals that practise shell-crushing) hypothesis, given that such animals typically develop 1011:. As a whole, the lower jaw is a short and deep bone that covers 19.5 cm (195 mm). 4523: 4256: 4234: 4200: 4046: 3877: 3828: 3820: 3777: 3767: 3711: 3682: 3674: 3639: 3598: 3588: 3547: 3492: 3436: 3395: 3357: 3298: 3288: 3247: 3201: 3149: 3100: 3092: 3052: 3012: 3002: 2945: 2879: 2869: 2820: 2812: 2736: 2728: 2634: 2576: 2490: 2440: 2374: 2330: 2295: 2246: 2166: 1986: 1893: 1754: 1167: 1045: 964: 843: 787: 713: 628: 491: 337: 3179:"Chicken-sized oviraptorid dinosaurs from central China and their ontogenetic implications" 1491:

In 2008, Stig Olav K. Jansen compared the skull of several oviraptorid species to those of

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for "egg seizer" or "egg thief", due to the association of the fossils. The specific name,

4448: 4361: 4345: 4119: 2082: 2016: 1934: 1657: 1601: 1444:. In a 1990 conference abstract, David K. Smith presented an osteological reevaluation of 1441: 1137: 1095: 1067: 594: 555: 404: 48: 4834: 3989: 3712: 3455: 764:

After the naming of Oviraptoridae in 1976, Barsbold referred six additional specimens to

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along with the association of eggs, suggest that it was trapped over the nest during a

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a female in the process of laying eggs, and the multi-ring clutch prevented sufficient

1874: 1862: 1780: 1758: 1661: 1179: 1153: 875: 871: 694: 582: 569:), during the Third Central Asiatic expedition in 1923. This expedition was led by the 566: 528: 508: 487: 17: 1794:. The size and position of the eggs suggest that oviraptorids retained two functional 1768: 1456:, lightly built and lacks several strong muscle insertion areas, Smith suggested that 1101: 619:, a partial individual lacking the back of the skeleton but including a badly crushed 4904: 4688: 4666: 4607: 4591: 4538: 4412: 4398: 4322: 3857: 3842: 3710:

Jerzykiewicz, T. (1997). "Djadokhta Formation". In Currie, P. J.; Padian, K. (eds.).

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Eggs, Nests, and Baby Dinosaurs: A Look at Dinosaur Reproduction (Life of the Past)

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Funston, G. F.; Mendonca, S. E.; Currie, P. J.; Barsbold, R.; Barsbold, R. (2018).

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Nesbitt, S. J.; Turner, A. H.; Spaulding, M.; Conrad, J. L.; Norell, M. A. (2009).

2452: 2355:"A theropod dinosaur embryo and the affinities of the Flaming Cliffs Dinosaur eggs" 2354: 2161:

Osborn, H. F. (1924). "Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia".

2040: 2022: 2004: 1970: 1413: 1312: 1004: 991:(external nostrils) would have been relatively small and placed high on the skull. 920: 854: 852:, but he did not describe it with formality and this new oviraptorid remained as a 783: 770: 636: 600: 472: 284: 1724:. Given that the most complete oviraptorid nesting specimen—at the time, the 1995 1019: 685:

could reflect an incorrect perception of this dinosaur. Furthermore, Osborn found

137: 3628:"Reconstruction of oviraptorid clutches illuminates their unique nesting biology" 3626:

Yang, T.-R.; Wiemann, J.; Xu, L.; Cheng, Y.-N.; Wu, X.-C.; Sander, P. M. (2019).

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have been produced by the Bayn Dzak member, which has also yielded the dinosaurs

1684:. In 1996, Dong and Currie described a new nesting oviraptorid specimen from the 1550:

that are interpreted to represent mostly arid or semi-arid environments, such as

4828: 4709: 4642: 4580: 4502: 4495: 4331: 4173: 3809: 2911:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 178. 1954: 1878: 1803: 1786:

In 2005, Tamaki Sato and team reported an unusual oviraptorid specimen from the

1585: 1573: 1559: 1524: 1512: 1473: 1437: 1327: 1284: 1032: 678: 532: 393: 63: 31: 3984: 3772: 1464:. However, in 1995, Norell and colleagues reported the fragmented remains of a 4723: 4674: 4551: 4475: 4405: 4391: 4384: 4085: 4076: 3269:"A new two-fingered dinosaur sheds light on the radiation of Oviraptorosauria" 3205: 2672: 2580: 2052: 1966: 1843: 1832: 1738: 1673: 1568: 1543: 1504: 1453: 996: 960: 939: 894: 886:

is now known from the holotype with associated eggs, and a juvenile/nestling.

430: 216: 108: 73: 4819: 3114: 1941:. The paleoenvironment of the Djadokhta Formation is interpreted as having a 732:, the egg nest associated with the holotype was accepted to have belonged to 4681: 4630: 4558: 4426: 4288: 4146: 4094: 3552: 3527: 3496: 2777:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 165−183. 2688:(1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 249−258. 2180: 2116: 2107: 2099: 2064: 2034: 1985:, the climate would shift to the more humid fluvial environment seen in the 1978: 1799: 1689: 1564: 1547: 1535: 1484: 1226: 1198: 928: 912: 848: 814: 551: 476: 436:. Despite the fact that numerous specimens have been referred to the genus, 229: 170: 113: 57: 3889: 3791: 3644: 3627: 3612: 3575:

Yang, T.-R.; Chen, Y.-H.; Wiemann, J.; Spiering, B.; Sander, P. M. (2018).

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Sato, T.; Cheng, Y.-N.; Wu, X.-C.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Hsiao, Y.-F. (2005).

3461:. In Currie, P. J.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Shugar, M. A.; Wright, J. L. (eds.). 3312: 3213: 3163: 3026: 2959: 2934:"The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs" 2893: 2588: 2394: 659:

as a dinosaur with egg-eating habits, and explained that the generic name,

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by the original describer, Henry Osborn. However, re-examinations made by

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by Osborn due to its toothless beak. Osborn also found similarities with

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was 2-3-4, as seen in most other theropods and oviraptorids. The hand of

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Norell, M. A.; Balanoff, A. M.; Barta, D. E.; Erickson, G. M. (2018).

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is rigid, extended below the jaw line and formed by the premaxillae,

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Mounted MPC-D 100/42; a specimen that became the major reference for

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were poorly understood at the time and was assigned to the unrelated

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Feathered dragons: studies on the transition from dinosaurs to birds

2556: 2494: 2334: 4015: 3417:"Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin" 2816: 2419:

Norell, M. A.; Clark, J. M.; Chiappe, L. M.; Dashzeveg, D. (1995).

2275: 1906:

AMNH 33092 had hatched from the nest associated with the holotype.

1700:

In 1999 Clark and team described in detail the previously reported

1672:

in 1995 by Norell and colleagues. The specimen was found on top of

1078:

is slightly bowed and measures 23 cm (230 mm) in length.

448:

of about fifteen eggs and several small fragments from a juvenile.

4695: 4651: 3824: 3392:

Beak morphology in oviraptorids, based on extant birds and turtles

3177:

Lü, J.; Currie, P. J.; Xu, L.; Zhang, X.; Pu, H.; Jia, S. (2013).

3096: 2981:

Fanti, F.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2012).

2058: 1913: 1870: 1837: 1767: 1713: 1677: 1539: 1528: 1492: 1478: 1386: 1100: 1050: 1018: 988: 948: 938: 893: 813: 751: 703: 664: 655:. Given the close proximity of both specimens, Osborn interpreted 620: 522: 389: 4848: 1885:. As most oviraptorid specimens have been found in formations of 1515:

diet in oviraptorids seems unlikely as they lacked flat and wide

2656:

Transactions, Joint Soviet–Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition

1946: 1831:. The tail of several oviraptorosaurs and oviraptorids ended in 1746: 1704:

nesting specimen and briefly discussed the holotype specimen of

1649: 1629: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1421: 1124: 1091: 916: 908: 907:

had two well-developed hindlimbs that ended in three functional

716:

noted some inconsistencies regarding the taxonomic placement of

708:

Nest AMNH 6508, which was found in association with the holotype

644: 640: 588:

in 1924, who in the basis of the new material, named the genera

464: 445: 400: 4794: 4057: 4019: 3377:

Discovering Dinosaurs In the American Museum of Natural History

2194:

Osborn, H. F. (1924). "The discovery of an unknown continent".

1023:

Skeletal reconstruction of the holotype, known remains in white

471:

had long hindlimbs that had four-toed feet, with the first toe

3456:"Dinosaur Brooding Behavior and the Origin of Flight Feathers" 1665: 648: 433: 364: 3577:"Fossil eggshell cuticle elucidates dinosaur nesting ecology" 1468:

in the body cavity of the holotype specimen, suggesting that

774:. Most of the other specimens are also unlikely to belong to 440:

is only known from a single partial skeleton regarded as the

1977:

sedimentation. Furthermore, it is thought that later in the

1973:

have been reported from the Ukhaa Tolgod locality, based on

1680:

and supports a behavioral link between the latter group and

3679:

10.1206/0003-0082(2005)498[0001:NSSDEA]2.0.CO;2

3081:"Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria, Theropoda)" 2733:

10.1206/0003-0082(2002)364<0001:CAOCOT>2.0.CO;2

1892:

In 2019 Yang and colleagues re-evaluated the hypothesis of

1027:

As in most oviraptorids, the neural spines of the holotype

728:

and close relatives. After Osborn's initial description of

343: 3465:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 234−250. 2513:

Herpetological research in the Mongolian People's Republic

475:. The tail was likely not very elongated, and ended in a 355: 349: 539:

were found in this highly fossiliferous locality of the

1806:

is most similar to those of modern birds that practice

842:, based on specimen MPC-D 100/32a which hails from the 419:, and in the following year the genus and type species 3945:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 111. 1877:. In modern birds they serve to protect the eggs from 1428:. These bones form part of the main upper jaw bone or 1424:, which are found in the same geological formation as 1416:(horny beak) was strong enough to break the shells of 818:

Line drawing of the arms preserved within the holotype

581:. These were formally described by the North American 498:

was distinct enough to warrant a separate family, the

3043:

Persons, W. S.; Currie, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2014).

3238:

Clark, J. M.; Norell, M. A.; Chiappe, L. M. (1999).

643:. Accordingly, this specimen was found lying over a 361: 358: 352: 346: 291: 4803: 4641: 4590: 4537: 4485: 4458: 4370: 4359: 4321: 4254: 4199: 4172: 4145: 4118: 415:in 1923 during a paleontological expedition led by 340: 3375:Norell, M. A.; Gaffney, E. S.; Dingus, L. (1995). 3328:Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, Trudy 3085:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1779:. Oviraptorids may have sat on their nests during 878:and colleagues in 2018 reported a new specimen of 760:but was later disproven due to cranial differences 407:period. The first remains were collected from the 3741: 3739: 3478:"A Pair of Shelled Eggs Inside A Female Dinosaur" 3421:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2613:Longrich, N. R.; Currie, P. J.; Dong, Z. (2010). 1853:In 2018, Tzu-Ruei Yang and colleagues identified 3657: 3655: 2529:Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H.; Wolsan, M. (2002). 2524: 2522: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 1933:in Mongolia, a formation that dates back to the 1534:Longrich and colleagues in 2010 also rejected a 1162:, which is still considered a close relative of 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 2608: 2606: 2506: 2504: 2213: 2211: 2209: 1460:may have been an important part in the diet of 1194:belongs to the near base of the Oviraptoridae. 1082:had a relatively elongated arm composed of the 931:, which is known to support a fan of feathers. 3038: 3036: 2716:Clark, J. M.; Norell, M. A.; Rowe, T. (2002). 866:and team in 2004 by formally naming the taxon 697:. Osborn had previously reported the taxon as 635:with the left arm and partial hands, the left 4031: 3803: 3801: 3394:(Thesis). University of Oslo. pp. 1−48. 3233: 3231: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2414: 2412: 8: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 1929:is known from the Bayn Dzak locality of the 1652:. This specimen showed that the holotype of 1558:. The team also found that oviraptorids and 790:, the specimen IVPP V9608. However, in 2010 3919:. Program and Abstracts: 76. Archived from 943:Osborn's line drawing of the holotype skull 565:, at the Bayn Dzak locality (also known as 373: 4791: 4543: 4376: 4367: 4266: 4262: 4251: 4178: 4151: 4124: 4115: 4054: 4038: 4024: 4016: 681:. However, Osborn suggested that the name 136: 38: 3832: 3781: 3771: 3686: 3643: 3602: 3592: 3551: 3528:"Avian paternal care had dinosaur origin" 3399: 3302: 3292: 3251: 3153: 3104: 3056: 3045:"Oviraptorosaur tail forms and functions" 3016: 3006: 2949: 2883: 2873: 2824: 2740: 2638: 2170: 3941:Carpener, K. (1999). "Eggs as Fossils". 2222:Oviraptoridae n. fam. in Mongolia]. 1398:When first described in 1924 by Osborn, 3079:Balanoff, A. M.; Norell, M. A. (2012). 2140: 1965:and was sometimes affected by dust and 1818:birds, suggesting similar habits. This 1588:diet that incorporated nuts and seeds. 1070:is fused in the holotype, however, the 3718:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 2932:Campione, N. E.; Evans, D. C. (2020). 2909:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 795:referred the specimen MPC-D 100/42 to 712:In 1976, the Mongolian paleontologist 2848:Werner, J.; Griebeler, E. M. (2013). 2531:"Avialan status for Oviraptorosauria" 1798:, but had reduced the number of eggs 1402:was originally presumed to have been 923:, the arms were covered by elongated 7: 4941:Taxa named by Henry Fairfield Osborn 2276:"Nest of the dinosaur Protoceratops" 1519:(cutting edges of the mandibles) to 782:of Mongolia was referred in 1996 by 2129:Timeline of oviraptorosaur research 1305: 1276: 1247: 1218: 1208: 3917:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3454:Hopp, T. P.; Orsen, M. J. (2004). 3350:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2475:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2315:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2300:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1992.tb01379.x 955:was deep and shortened with large 915:, as well as a relatively reduced 701:, but this was later discredited. 631:, pectoral elements including the 608:was erected with the type species 25: 4916:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia 2555:Kundrát, M.; Janáček, J. (2007). 2110:by predators. The paleontologist 1741:against climate factors like the 1127:bone). Unlike some oviraptorids, 4775: 4774: 4751: 4746: 3983: 3969: 2640:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00968.x 1619: 1600: 1487:of several oviraptorosaur genera 1170:erected a new family to contain 336: 157: 3911:Alicea, J.; Loewen, M. (2013). 1953:settings similar to the modern 1152:was originally allied with the 898:Size comparison of the holotype 822:This conception was refuted by 479:that supported large feathers. 4000:nest AMNH 6508 photographs at 3362:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011841 699:"Fenestrosaurus philoceratops" 1: 4936:Fossil taxa described in 1924 4009:holotype skull photograph at 3632:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3049:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2538:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2243:Paleobiology of the dinosaurs 1639:Since the description of the 1201:below follows an analysis by 999:jaws that ended in a robust, 482:The initial relationships of 3441:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.023 3008:10.1371/journal.pone.0031330 2875:10.1371/journal.pone.0072862 2379:10.1126/science.266.5186.779 2094:The pose of the holotype of 317:Fenestrosaurus philoceratops 1391:Restored holotype skull of 967:(mainly the latter) of the 550:were discovered on reddish 4962: 3773:10.1038/s41598-017-05272-6 3273:Royal Society Open Science 2224:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 1922:at the Djadokhta Formation 1823:indicate a propensity for 1810:mating and extensive male 1174:and its close kin, making 1111:The phalangeal formula of 927:, and the tail ended in a 919:. As evidenced in related 858:. This was amended by the 535:. The holotype remains of 29: 27:Extinct genus of dinosaurs 4764: 4744: 4546: 4379: 4269: 4265: 4250: 4231: 4181: 4154: 4127: 4114: 4053: 3817:American Museum Novitates 3714:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 3671:American Museum Novitates 3390:Jansen, S. O. K. (2008). 3379:. Knopf Inc. p. 225. 3244:American Museum Novitates 3206:10.1007/s00114-012-1007-0 2809:American Museum Novitates 2725:American Museum Novitates 2581:10.1007/s00114-007-0258-7 2163:American Museum Novitates 1961:landscape was drained by 1918:Restoration of a resting 1695:meteorological phenomenon 1664:the associated nest with 1660:individual that perished 1325: 1310: 1303: 1281: 1274: 1252: 1245: 1223: 1216: 911:with the first one being 313: 306: 290: 283: 154:Scientific classification 152: 144: 135: 41: 2274:Thulborn, R. A. (1992). 1765:for eggs and juveniles. 1205:and colleagues in 2020: 502:. When first described, 30:Not to be confused with 3553:10.1126/science.1163245 3497:10.1126/science.1110578 1937:about 71 million to 75 1686:Bayan Mandahu Formation 805:Oviraptor philoceratops 780:Bayan Mandahu Formation 604:. The particular genus 422:Oviraptor philoceratops 296:Oviraptor philoceratops 18:Oviraptor philoceratops 3645:10.4202/app.00497.2018 3138:"The theropod furcula" 1923: 1850: 1783: 1678:modern avian dinosaurs 1488: 1395: 1108: 1074:is badly damaged. The 1024: 944: 899: 868:Rinchenia mongoliensis 819: 761: 709: 612:based on the holotype 586:Henry Fairfield Osborn 543: 463:and developed a horny 427:Henry Fairfield Osborn 4883:Paleobiology Database 3142:Journal of Morphology 3058:10.4202/app.2012.0093 2117:fossilization process 1917: 1842:Complete oviraptorid 1841: 1771: 1482: 1390: 1104: 1022: 942: 897: 817: 809:scientific literature 755: 707: 546:The first remains of 526: 145:Holotype specimen of 3980:at Wikimedia Commons 2907:Paul, G. S. (2016). 2421:"A nesting dinosaur" 1963:intermittent streams 1031:were short, and the 1015:Postcranial skeleton 792:Nicholas R. Longrich 647:of approximately 15 519:History of discovery 4946:Feathered dinosaurs 4921:Fossils of Mongolia 4311:Scansoriopterygidae 3882:10.1038/nature24679 3874:2017Natur.552..395C 3764:2017NatSR...7.5835C 3544:2008Sci...322.1826V 3538:(5909): 1826−1828. 3433:2018PPP...494..101F 3294:10.1098/rsos.201184 3285:2020RSOS....701184F 3198:2013NW....100..165L 3186:Naturwissenschaften 2999:2012PLoSO...731330F 2866:2013PLoSO...872862W 2631:2010Palgy..53..945L 2573:2007NW.....94..769R 2561:Naturwissenschaften 2487:1996CaJES..33..631D 2437:1995Natur.378..774N 2371:1994Sci...266..779N 2327:1993CaJES..30.2255C 2292:1992Letha..25..145T 1931:Djadokhta Formation 1820:reproductive system 1731:pennaceous feathers 1682:non-avian dinosaurs 1556:Djadokhta Formation 575:Roy Chapman Andrews 559:Djadokhta Formation 541:Djadokhta Formation 531:of Mongolia in the 454:was a rather small 417:Roy Chapman Andrews 409:Djadokhta Formation 3752:Scientific Reports 3594:10.7717/peerj.5144 3356:(supp. 003): 42A. 3155:10.1002/jmor.10724 2938:Biological Reviews 2251:10.1130/SPE238-p21 1924: 1851: 1848:Nanxiong Formation 1788:Nanxiong Formation 1784: 1489: 1483:Comparison of the 1450:aquatic locomotion 1396: 1203:Gregory F. Funston 1109: 1029:cervical vertebrae 1025: 945: 900: 830:than it does with 820: 762: 748:Referred specimens 710: 544: 4898: 4897: 4870:Open Tree of Life 4797:Taxon identifiers 4788: 4787: 4760: 4759: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4533: 4532: 4355: 4354: 4339:Similicaudipteryx 4304:Protarchaeopteryx 4246: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 3974:Media related to 3868:(7685): 395−399. 3729:978-0-12-226810-6 2951:10.1111/brv.12638 2431:(6559): 774−776. 2365:(5186): 779−782. 2321:(10): 2255−2272. 2112:Kenneth Carpenter 1981:age and into the 1939:million years ago 1829:courtship display 1825:display behaviour 1374: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1337: 840:"O. mongoliensis" 327: 326: 321: 279: 16:(Redirected from 4953: 4891: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4865: 4864: 4852: 4851: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4792: 4778: 4777: 4755: 4750: 4544: 4524:Epichirostenotes 4377: 4368: 4267: 4263: 4257:Oviraptorosauria 4252: 4235:Oviraptorosauria 4201:Oviraptorosauria 4179: 4152: 4125: 4116: 4109: 4108: 4055: 4047:Oviraptorosauria 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 3988:Data related to 3987: 3973: 3957: 3956: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3836: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3775: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3717: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3596: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3555: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3482: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3345: 3339: 3337:Translated paper 3335: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3296: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3108: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3020: 3010: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2953: 2944:(6): 1759–1797. 2929: 2923: 2922: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2887: 2877: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2828: 2800: 2789: 2788: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2722: 2713: 2700: 2699: 2681: 2675: 2673:Translated paper 2671: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2445:10.1038/378774a0 2416: 2407: 2406: 2350: 2339: 2338: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2158: 1987:Nemegt Formation 1910:Paleoenvironment 1894:thermoregulatory 1881:and invasion of 1869:, but mainly of 1773:Life restoration 1755:flightless birds 1735:feather covering 1623: 1612:nesting specimen 1604: 1306: 1300: 1277: 1271: 1248: 1242: 1219: 1209: 1106:Life restoration 1046:dorsal vertebrae 965:premaxilla bones 864:Halszka Osmólska 844:Nemegt Formation 788:Philip J. Currie 714:Rinchen Barsbold 629:dorsal vertebrae 610:O. philoceratops 492:Rinchen Barsbold 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 319: 293: 274: 267: 254: 241: 162: 161: 140: 130: 60: 47:Temporal range: 39: 21: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4926:Djadochta fauna 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4873: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4847: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4799: 4789: 4784: 4756: 4730: 4637: 4586: 4529: 4481: 4454: 4449:Ojoraptorsaurus 4364: 4362:Caenagnathoidea 4351: 4346:Xingtianosaurus 4317: 4259: 4238: 4215: 4195: 4168: 4141: 4135:Avemetatarsalia 4120:Avemetatarsalia 4110: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4044: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3458: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3237: 3236: 3229: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3078: 3077: 3066: 3042: 3041: 3034: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2802: 2801: 2792: 2785: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2696: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2495:10.1139/e96-046 2472: 2471: 2460: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2335:10.1139/e93-196 2312: 2311: 2307: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2217: 2216: 2207: 2196:Natural History 2193: 2192: 2188: 2160: 2159: 2142: 2137: 2125: 2092: 2083:Minotaurasaurus 2017:Saurornithoides 1957:. The semiarid 1935:Late Cretaceous 1912: 1863:polysaccharides 1658:sexually mature 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1605: 1594: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1301: 1298: 1272: 1269: 1243: 1240: 1147: 1138:elongatoolithid 1068:scapulocoracoid 1066:about 90°. The 1017: 937: 892: 874:paleontologist 862:paleontologist 750: 595:Saurornithoides 556:Late Cretaceous 521: 444:, as well as a 405:Late Cretaceous 385: 382: 379: 376: 339: 335: 302: 299: 273: 265: 252: 239: 156: 131: 129: 128: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 55: 54: 52: 49:Late Cretaceous 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4931:Campanian life 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4879: 4866: 4853: 4840: 4825: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4772: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4703:Machairasaurus 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4656: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4510:Caenagnathasia 4506: 4499: 4491: 4489: 4487:Caenagnathinae 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4372:Caenagnathidae 4365: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4307: 4300: 4297:Ningyuansaurus 4293: 4285: 4282:Incisivosaurus 4278: 4270: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4128: 4122: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3994:at Wikispecies 3981: 3965: 3964:External links 3962: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3933: 3903: 3848: 3819:(3616): 1−40. 3797: 3758:(5835): 5835. 3735: 3728: 3702: 3673:(3498): 1−31. 3651: 3618: 3567: 3518: 3468: 3446: 3407: 3382: 3367: 3340: 3318: 3279:(10): 201184. 3259: 3246:(3265): 1−36. 3227: 3192:(2): 165−175. 3169: 3148:(7): 856−879. 3128: 3064: 3032: 2973: 2924: 2917: 2899: 2840: 2817:10.1206/3899.1 2811:(3899): 1−44. 2790: 2783: 2775:The Dinosauria 2765: 2756: 2727:(3364): 1−24. 2701: 2694: 2686:The Dinosauria 2676: 2658:(in Russian). 2646: 2625:(5): 945−960. 2602: 2567:(9): 769−778. 2547: 2518: 2500: 2481:(4): 631−636. 2458: 2408: 2340: 2305: 2286:(2): 145−149. 2266: 2259: 2233: 2205: 2186: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2091: 2088: 1945:climate, with 1911: 1908: 1883:microorganisms 1875:hydroxyapatite 1625: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1527:or other hard 1472:was partially 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1207: 1146: 1145:Classification 1143: 1016: 1013: 936: 933: 891: 888: 876:Mark A. Norell 872:North American 824:James M. Clark 749: 746: 695:Ornithomimidae 583:paleontologist 571:North American 567:Flaming Cliffs 529:Flaming Cliffs 520: 517: 488:Ornithomimidae 425:were named by 399:that lived in 325: 324: 323: 322: 311: 310: 304: 303: 300: 288: 287: 281: 280: 263: 259: 258: 250: 246: 245: 237: 233: 232: 227: 220: 219: 214: 207: 206: 201: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 150: 149: 142: 141: 133: 132: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 61: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4958: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4781: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4754: 4749: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4689:Jiangxisaurus 4686: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667:Ganzhousaurus 4664: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608:Corythoraptor 4605: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4592:Oviraptorinae 4589: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539:Oviraptoridae 4536: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4420:Leptorhynchos 4417: 4415: 4414: 4413:Gigantoraptor 4410: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4399:Chirostenotes 4396: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4323:Caudipteridae 4320: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3952:9780253334978 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3923:on 2020-11-01 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3825:10.1206/442.1 3822: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3491:(5720): 375. 3490: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3097:10.1206/803.1 3094: 3091:(372): 1−77. 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2993:(2): e31330. 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2918:9780691167664 2914: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2860:(8): e72862. 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695:9780520067271 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619:Palaeontology 2616: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2260:0-8137-2238-1 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2230:(3): 685−688. 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202:(2): 133−149. 2201: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2165:(144): 1−12. 2164: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2029:Halszkaraptor 2025: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2011:Protoceratops 2007: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1999:Bainoceratops 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1983:Maastrichtian 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1899:heat transfer 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:parental care 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1775:of a nesting 1774: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656:was likely a 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1409:Protoceratops 1405: 1401: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1279: 1278: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1249: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1213:Oviraptoridae 1211: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Oviraptoridae 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1159:Chirostenotes 1155: 1154:ornithomimids 1151: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1042:cervical ribs 1039: 1034: 1033:neural arches 1030: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 941: 934: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 896: 889: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856: 851: 850: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 816: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772: 767: 759: 754: 747: 745: 743: 739: 735: 734:Protoceratops 731: 727: 723: 722:Oviraptoridae 719: 715: 706: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675: 674:Protoceratops 670: 669:philoceratops 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 616: 611: 607: 603: 602: 597: 596: 591: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 557: 553: 549: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 518: 516: 514: 513:parental care 510: 505: 501: 500:Oviraptoridae 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 453: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 432: 428: 424: 423: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 395: 391: 369: 333: 332: 318: 315: 314: 312: 309: 305: 298: 297: 289: 286: 282: 277: 272: 271: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256:Oviraptorinae 251: 248: 247: 244: 243:Oviraptoridae 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 160: 155: 151: 148: 143: 139: 134: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 50: 44: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4911:Oviraptorids 4804: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4660:Conchoraptor 4658: 4650: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4616:Huanansaurus 4614: 4606: 4599: 4579: 4574:Tongtianlong 4572: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4522: 4517:Caenagnathus 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4474: 4467: 4460:Elmisaurinae 4447: 4439: 4434:Microvenator 4432: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4233: 4104:Pennaraptora 4099: 4090: 4081: 4006: 3997: 3990: 3976: 3942: 3936: 3925:. 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In 1976, 890:Description 724:to contain 679:ceratopsian 677:or another 573:naturalist 533:Gobi Desert 431:ceratopsian 403:during the 394:oviraptorid 249:Subfamily: 56:75–71 32:Overoraptor 4905:Categories 4768:See also: 4724:Shixinggia 4675:Gobiraptor 4552:Luoyanggia 4476:Elmisaurus 4406:Eoneophron 4392:Beibeilong 4385:Anomalipes 4210:see below↓ 4086:Dinosauria 4077:Sauropsida 3927:2020-11-19 2784:0520242092 2135:References 2053:Gobipteryx 1967:sandstorms 1833:pygostyles 1827:, such as 1814:, such as 1808:polygamous 1781:incubation 1763:protection 1739:hatchlings 1662:incubating 1569:xerophytic 1544:symphyseal 1505:omnivorous 1180:type genus 623:, partial 552:sandstones 217:Saurischia 204:Dinosauria 4835:Oviraptor 4805:Oviraptor 4682:Heyuannia 4631:Rinchenia 4624:Oviraptor 4559:Nankangia 4427:Hagryphus 4162:Theropoda 4147:Theropoda 4095:Theropoda 4063:Kingdom: 4007:Oviraptor 3998:Oviraptor 3991:Oviraptor 3977:Oviraptor 3843:129735494 3834:2246/5916 3688:2246/5667 3587:: e5144. 3253:2246/3102 3222:206871470 3115:884738416 3106:2246/6413 2968:221404013 2826:2246/6858 2742:2246/2853 2668:195060070 2662:: 28−39. 2220:theropods 2172:2246/3223 2108:scavenged 2100:sandstorm 2096:Oviraptor 2090:Taphonomy 2035:Apsaravis 1994:Oviraptor 1979:Campanian 1947:sand dune 1927:Oviraptor 1920:Oviraptor 1904:Oviraptor 1846:from the 1777:Oviraptor 1757:like the 1751:rainfalls 1706:Oviraptor 1690:sandstorm 1654:Oviraptor 1641:embryonic 1632:AMNH 6508 1627:Oviraptor 1565:tortoises 1552:Oviraptor 1548:sediments 1485:lower jaw 1470:Oviraptor 1462:Oviraptor 1454:toothless 1446:Oviraptor 1426:Oviraptor 1404:ovivorous 1400:Oviraptor 1393:Oviraptor 1256:Oviraptor 1227:Nankangia 1199:cladogram 1192:Oviraptor 1188:Oviraptor 1176:Oviraptor 1172:Oviraptor 1164:Oviraptor 1150:Oviraptor 1133:Oviraptor 1129:Oviraptor 1117:Oviraptor 1113:Oviraptor 1080:Oviraptor 1063:Oviraptor 997:toothless 993:Oviraptor 973:Oviraptor 957:fenestrae 953:Oviraptor 929:pygostyle 913:vestigial 905:Oviraptor 884:Oviraptor 880:Oviraptor 849:Rinchenia 836:Oviraptor 832:Oviraptor 801:Oviraptor 797:Oviraptor 776:Oviraptor 766:Oviraptor 758:Oviraptor 742:Oviraptor 738:Oviraptor 730:Oviraptor 726:Oviraptor 718:Oviraptor 691:Oviraptor 687:Oviraptor 683:Oviraptor 661:Oviraptor 657:Oviraptor 639:and some 606:Oviraptor 590:Oviraptor 579:Oviraptor 548:Oviraptor 537:Oviraptor 504:Oviraptor 496:Oviraptor 484:Oviraptor 477:pygostyle 469:Oviraptor 461:toothless 456:feathered 452:Oviraptor 438:Oviraptor 383:egg thief 331:Oviraptor 270:Oviraptor 230:Theropoda 177:Kingdom: 171:Eukaryota 147:Oviraptor 43:Oviraptor 4849:47458589 4814:Wikidata 4780:Category 4770:Timeline 4601:Citipati 4566:Nomingia 4441:Nomingia 4275:Avimimus 4071:Chordata 4069:Phylum: 4065:Animalia 3890:29211712 3792:28724887 3697:55836458 3613:30002976 3562:19095938 3513:19470371 3505:15831749 3334:: 37−47. 3313:33204472 3214:23314810 3164:19206153 3123:86067306 3027:22347465 2987:PLOS ONE 2960:32869488 2894:23991160 2854:PLOS ONE 2835:53057001 2751:52247789 2597:40622976 2589:17530209 2403:22333224 2395:17730398 2181:40272928 2123:See also 2071:Shuuvuia 2047:Citipati 1951:alluvial 1943:semiarid 1867:pigments 1859:proteins 1800:ovulated 1796:oviducts 1743:sunlight 1726:Citipati 1722:feathers 1702:Citipati 1670:Citipati 1645:Citipati 1609:Citipati 1420:such as 1418:mollusks 1168:Barsbold 1072:coracoid 1038:Citipati 1009:Citipati 985:maxillae 925:feathers 828:Citipati 653:sediment 625:cervical 563:Mongolia 509:brooding 442:holotype 413:Mongolia 397:dinosaur 308:Synonyms 236:Family: 191:Chordata 187:Phylum: 181:Animalia 167:Domain: 4875:4946650 4862:4822789 4820:Q131070 4469:Citipes 4075:Class: 3898:4471941 3870:Bibcode 3783:5517598 3760:Bibcode 3604:6037156 3540:Bibcode 3532:Science 3485:Science 3429:Bibcode 3304:7657903 3281:Bibcode 3194:Bibcode 3018:3275628 2995:Bibcode 2885:3749170 2862:Bibcode 2627:Bibcode 2569:Bibcode 2483:Bibcode 2453:4245228 2433:Bibcode 2387:2885545 2367:Bibcode 2359:Science 2323:Bibcode 2288:Bibcode 2280:Lethaia 2077:Tsaagan 1975:fluvial 1887:caliche 1855:cuticle 1759:ostrich 1581:rostrum 1554:in the 1501:parrots 1497:turtles 1430:maxilla 1383:Feeding 1299:unnamed 1270:unnamed 1241:unnamed 1182:of the 1121:unguals 1084:humerus 1076:scapula 1059:furcula 969:rostrum 693:to the 633:furcula 554:of the 473:reduced 388:) is a 377: 262:Genus: 125:↓ 4717:Oksoko 4581:Yulong 3949: 3896: 3888: 3862:Nature 3841: 3790: 3780: 3726: 3722:−191. 3695: 3611: 3601: 3560: 3511: 3503: 3311: 3301: 3220: 3212: 3162: 3121: 3113: 3025: 3015: 2966: 2958: 2915: 2892: 2882: 2833: 2781: 2749: 2692: 2666: 2595: 2587: 2451: 2425:Nature 2401: 2393: 2385: 2257: 2179: 2104:burial 2102:, and 2080:, and 2026:, and 1959:steppe 1871:lipids 1816:ratite 1792:female 1749:, and 1733:and a 1466:lizard 1458:leaves 1434:palate 1285:Yulong 1094:, and 1088:radius 1040:. 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