381:") which relies heavily on internal rules of operation instead of the legal framework governing condominium associations. These "co-ops", owning the building for the mutual benefit of its members, can ultimately perform most of the functions of a legally constituted condominium, i.e. restricting use appropriately and containing financial liabilities to within tolerable levels. To change their structure now that they are up and operating would require significant effort to achieve acceptance among members and various levels of government.
239:) have been created in many societies throughout history. The differences in how they deal with members' rights is a key factor in determining their type. Each type has advantages and disadvantages derived from their means of recognizing or disregarding (rewarding or not) contributions of financial capital or personal effort.
278:) to purchase, own and operate each property. Since the entity is separate and distinct from others, if a problem occurs which leads to a massive liability, the individual is protected from losing more than the value of that one property. Many other properties are protected, when owned by other distinct entities.
341:
do not distribute financial surplus; they must retain it. It will then serve as a cushion against losses or as a means to finance growth activities. Examples of this are not-for-profit entities: they are allowed to make profits, but are not permitted to give any of it back to members except by way of
261:
are only some of the many varied types of structured ownership; each type has many subtypes. Legal advantages or restrictions on various types of structured ownership have existed in many societies past and present. To govern how assets are to be used, shared, or treated, rules and regulations may be
333:
that depend on financial capital distribute surplus among shareholders without regard to any other contribution to the entity. Depending on internal rules and regulations, certain classes of shares have the right to receive increases in financial "dividends" while other classes do not. After many
349:
at the foundation of the entity, and depending on the legal framework under which the entity was created, the form of ownership is determined once and for all time. To change it requires significant work in terms of communicating with stakeholders (member-owners, governments, etc.) and acquiring
281:
In the loosest sense of group ownership, a lack of legal framework, rules and regulations may mean that group ownership of property places each member in a position of responsibility (liability) for the actions of every other member. A structured group duly constituted as an entity under law may
318:
will give financial surplus back to members according to the volume of financial activity that the participating member generated for the entity. Examples of this are producer cooperatives, buyer cooperatives and participating whole life policyholders in both mutual and
389:
The owning entity makes rules governing use of property; each property may comprise areas that are made available to any and every member of the group to use. When the group is the entire nation, the same principle is in effect whether the property is small (e.g.
282:
still not protect members from being personally liable for each other's actions. Court decisions against the entity itself may give rise to unlimited personal liability for each and every member. An example of this situation is a professional partnership (e.g.
1142:, who held different opinions on the subject. Plato (428/427 BC β 348/347 BC) thought private property created divisive inequalities, while Aristotle (384 BC β 322 BC) thought private property enabled people to receive the full benefit of their
417:. The benefits of exploitation accrue to individuals immediately, while the costs of policing or enforcing appropriate use, and the losses dues to over exploitation, are distributed among many, and are only visible to these gradually.
1106:
Chattel slavery is currently (2020) illegal in every country in the world. However, until the 19th century slavery in one form or another existed in most societies and was thought of as the normal state of things; slaves of whatever
148:
and across cultures, notions regarding what constitutes "property" and how it is treated culturally have varied widely. Ownership is the basis for many other concepts that form the foundations of ancient and modern societies such as
1038:. There is ongoing debate as to whether IP laws truly operate to confer the stated public benefits, and whether the protection they are said to provide is appropriate in the context of innovation derived from such things as
787:
Some duly incorporated entities may not be owned by individuals nor by other entities; they exist without being owned once they are created. Not being owned, they cannot be bought and sold. Mutual life insurance companies,
743:(everything else, e.g., clothing, furniture, money). The conceptual difference is between immovable property, which would transfer title along with the land, and movable property, which a person would retain title to.
800:, not for profit organizations, and public corporations are examples of this. No person can purchase the company, as their ownership is not legally available for sale, neither as shares nor as a single whole.
694:). However, for technical purposes, some people prefer to distinguish real estate, referring to the land and fixtures themselves, from real property, referring to ownership rights over real estate. The terms
306:
rules determine a surplus or profit, which may be retained inside the entity or distributed among owners according to the initial setup intent when the entity was created. For public corporations, common
334:
years the increase over time is substantial if the business is profitable. Examples of this are common shares and preferred shares in private or publicly listed share capital corporations.
1058:
decide whether to grant intellectual property protection in relation to subject matter of this kind, and the stark divide on issues of the role and scope of intellectual property laws.
1150:" problem, where people tend to degrade common property more than they do private property. While Aristotle justified the existence of private ownership, he left two open questions
857:). The term "intellectual property" denotes the specific legal rights which authors, inventors and other IP holders may hold and exercise, and not the intellectual work itself.
1087:. Chattel slavery was defined as the absolute legal ownership of a person, including the legal right to buy and sell them. Persons who were so enslaved did not have the
290:. Thus, being a partner or owner in a group may give little advantage in terms of share ownership while producing a lot of risk to the partner, owner or participant.
853:
in relation to the particular form or manner in which ideas or information are expressed or manifested, and not in relation to the ideas or concepts themselves (see
1397:
270:
Ownership by definition does not necessarily imply a responsibility to others for actions regarding the property. A "legal shield" is said to exist if the entity's
68:
The process and mechanics of ownership are fairly complex: one can gain, transfer, and lose ownership of property in a number of ways. To acquire property one can
1099:
is considered both the worst for the exploitation of chattel slaves, and also where the practice aroused such fierce opposition and support that it led to the
424:
nation, the means of production of goods would be owned communally by all people of that nation; the original thinkers did not specify rules and regulations.
350:
their approval. Whatever structural constraints or disadvantages exist at the creation thus remain an integral part of the entity. Common in, for instance,
228:
have owned property. These entities exist primarily for purposes other than to own or operate property; hence, they may have no clear rules regarding the
860:
Intellectual property laws are designed to protect different forms of intangible subject matter, although in some cases there is a degree of overlap.
562:
Ownership of resources can be distinguished as either as individual or communal, analogous to private or public in delineating who has rights of use.
830:
of use in relation to the subject matter of the IP. The term intellectual property reflects the idea that this subject matter is the product of the
274:
do not get redistributed among the entity's owners or members. An application of this, to limit ownership risks, is to form a new entity (such as a
208:
and passed on from mother to the offspring. In most societies both men and women can own property with no restrictions and limitations at all.
617:
or immovables, such as land and buildings. This also means the direct owner of the item(s) is in full control of them/it until either stolen,
1602:
1503:
1472:
1184:
on an individual and societal scale. Others consider the striving to achieve greater ownership of wealth as the driving factor behind human
906:
that is new, useful and not simply an obvious advancement over what existed when the application was filed. A patent gives the holder an
613:
or movables β any property that can be moved from one location or another. This term is used to distinguish property that different from
1629:
1557:
1530:
1447:
42:
978:
Like other forms of property, intellectual property (or rather the exclusive rights which subsist in the IP) can be transferred (
413:, occurs where unlimited unrestricted and unregulated access to a resource (e.g. pasture land) destroys the resource because of
402:, highways, ports, and publicly owned buildings). Smaller examples of shared use include common areas such as lobbies, entrance
1219:
1208:
1032:
However, various schools of thought are critical of the very concept of intellectual property, and some characterise IP as
555:
and delineating which groups receive the direct profits, capitalism's private ownership is distinguished from socialism's
1645:
1116:
1729:
1034:
835:
258:
674:
term (in some jurisdictions) that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as
1167:
1128:
960:
707:
606:
200:
may own property directly. In some societies only adult men may own property; in other societies (such as the
1692:
1572:"Personal property". Sir Robert Harry Inglis Palgrave. Dictionary of political economy, Volume 3. 1908. p. 96
1009:
rationale for the protection of intellectual property is that IP laws facilitate and encourage disclosure of
1177:
1176:, some people believe that exclusive ownership of property underlies much social injustice, and facilitates
1143:
937:
793:
85:
1669:
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Theory of Moral
Sentiments. Ed. A.L. Macfie and D.D. Raphael. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1982, II.ii.2.3
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to direct their own actions, and their legal rights were either severely limited or nonexistent. The
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the exclusive right to control reproduction or adaptation of such works for a certain period of time.
505:
485:
437:
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735:, 'matter' or 'thing'), as distinguished from a person. Thus the law broadly distinguishes between
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or the intellect, and that IP rights may be protected at law in the same way as any other form of
1724:
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1355:
1227:
1189:
1100:
915:
914:
exploit the invention for a certain period of time (typically 20 years from the filing date of a
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667:
641:
614:
534:
173:, and private vs. public property. Ownership is the key building block in the development of the
125:
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Patents, trademarks and designs fall into a particular subset of intellectual property known as
184:
stated that one of the sacred laws of justice was to guard a person's property and possessions.
1619:
1222:
payments and policies. Critics have claimed that slogan hid an agenda that sought to implement
1734:
1625:
1598:
1553:
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1443:
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1347:
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683:
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414:
275:
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whose body it is. Its opposite, in which the person in the body does not own their body, is
1079:
is, in modern societies, considered something which cannot be the property of anyone but the
59:, tangible or intangible. Ownership can involve multiple rights, collectively referred to as
1586:
1337:
1329:
1264:
1259:
926:
892:
846:
823:
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629:
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to promote a series of policies aimed to increase the control of individual citizens over
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1043:
907:
850:
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545:
489:
467:
433:
283:
271:
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Intellectual property (IP) refers to a legal entitlement which sometimes attaches to the
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826:
subject matter. This legal entitlement generally enables its holder to exercise
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602:
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363:
308:
303:
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254:
246:
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229:
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81:
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protects the form of appearance, style or design of an industrial object (e.g.
768:
An individual or group of individuals can own shares in corporations and other
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1181:
1076:
1010:
941:
884:
781:
703:
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457:
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197:
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exclusive rights to exploit their works and invention for a limited period.
945:
922:
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518:: ownership by the people who together operate and trade with an enterprise.
466:: ownership and operation of an enterprise by a central government; also an
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250:
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it, or having it stripped from one's ownership through legal means such as
1192:. Some support the latter view, believing that ownership is necessary for
772:, but do not necessarily own the entities themselves. A legal entity is a
470:
that could refer to either social, partial state, or full state ownership.
1398:"Women in Half the World Still Denied Land, Property Rights Despite Laws"
1249:
1244:
1173:
1112:
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930:
888:
880:
751:
747:
675:
586:
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1318:"Property ownership and the legal personhood of artificial intelligence"
548:, such rights grant owners a monopoly to refuse ownership to non-owners.
1342:
1223:
1193:
1088:
1084:
1072:
The term "Slavery" is commonly understood to refer to chattel slavery.
987:
949:
678:. Real estate (immovable property) is often considered synonymous with
403:
395:
367:
355:
346:
89:
544:
Property can also be distinguished by whether or not it is owned with
17:
1119:
still exists in various forms today, although called by other names.
1080:
1022:
899:
872:
391:
359:
217:
1146:. Private property can circumvent what is now referred to as the "
1135:
876:
773:
725:
633:
628:
Personal property may be classified in a variety of ways, such as
493:
441:
170:
154:
150:
109:
105:
101:
73:
56:
1170:
1154:
how to allocate property between what is private and common, and
999:
983:
868:
831:
819:
158:
77:
76:, trade it for other property, win it in a bet, receive it as a
132:. Ownership implies that the owner of a property also owns any
1696:
842:
671:
524:
non-exclusive ownership of property by everyone involuntarily.
235:
To own and operate property, structures (often known today as
929:
which is used to distinguish the products or services of one
496:, sold to individual owners, who are charged fees for the
51:
is the state or fact of legal possession and control over
1374:"matrilineal society | Definition, Examples, & Facts"
1115:
inferior. Notwithstanding the illegality of enslavement,
529:
Property is also distinguished by whether it is movable (
1463:
McConnell, Campbell; Brue, Stanley; Flynn, Sean (2009).
508:: either joint ownership of an economic entity (e.g., a
65:, which may be separated and held by different parties.
1589:
The
Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought
1439:
The
Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought
478:: exclusive ownership of property by non-governmental
100:
it. One can transfer or lose ownership of property by
1226:
and curtail the government's role in health care and
409:
One disadvantage of communal ownership, known as the
1621:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of
Lifespan Human Development
1157:
how to allocate the private property within society
136:benefits or deficits associated with the property.
1708:Politics 1263a8 15 as quoted in Mayhew 1995 p. 566
776:construct through which the law allows a group of
750:ownership, real estate has become a major area of
266:Liability for the group or for others in the group
262:legally imposed or internally adopted or decreed.
867:may subsist in creative and artistic works (e.g.
92:, earn it by doing work or performing services,
1322:Information & Communications Technology Law
994:it is possible to use intellectual property as
1127:The question of ownership reaches back to the
362:is a form of real estate ownership known as a
41:For the Knowledge (XXG)'s content policy, see
30:"Own" redirects here. For the slang term, see
1646:"The Antebellum South | Boundless US History"
1593:(3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
1188:and technological advancement and increasing
593:systems personal property may also be called
342:discounts in the future on new transactions.
8:
311:have no right to receive any of the profit.
112:it for other property, giving it as a gift,
1549:The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology
1467:. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. G-22.
337:Entities with a focus on providing service
1420:
1290:"Ownership, control and economic outcomes"
609:systems personal property is often called
456:representing a community as opposed to an
1670:"A brief history of racism in healthcare"
1488:Ammer, Christine; Ammer, Dean S. (1986).
1341:
1281:
739:(land and anything affixed to it) and
7:
1491:Dictionary of Business and Economics
406:and passages to adjacent buildings.
43:Knowledge (XXG):Ownership of content
25:
1546:Mitchell Miller, J (2014-04-07).
1316:Brown, Rafael Dean (2021-05-04).
1054:can be seen in the way different
902:may be granted in relation to an
1618:Bornstein, Marc H (2018-01-15).
746:With the development of private
724:means relating to a thing (from
373:β apartment co-operative, also "
366:(also co-operative or co-op, in
1207:was a political slogan used by
933:from those of another business.
758:Corporations and legal entities
488:: ownership held in percentage
1519:Collin, Peter Hodgson (1998).
1042:and folklore, and patents for
1:
1334:10.1080/13600834.2020.1861714
212:Structured ownership entities
597:. It is distinguished from
1751:
1065:
1035:intellectual protectionism
990:to third parties. In some
807:
761:
659:
575:
40:
29:
1650:courses.lumenlearning.com
1050:. Manifestations of this
967:knowledge of a business.
961:confidential information
780:to act as if it were an
551:Concerning ownership of
259:condominium associations
1378:Encyclopedia Britannica
1209:United States President
938:industrial design right
686:(also sometimes called
512:) or public ownership.
226:religious organizations
1522:Dictionary of Business
1421:Ammer & Ammer 1986
1148:tragedy of the commons
855:idea-expression divide
841:Intellectual property
784:for certain purposes.
702:are used primarily in
638:negotiable instruments
411:Tragedy of the Commons
371:Wohnungsgenossenschaft
34:. For other uses, see
1040:traditional knowledge
810:Intellectual property
804:Intellectual property
516:Cooperative ownership
375:Wohnbaugenossenschaft
1674:World Economic Forum
1162:Modern Western views
506:Collective ownership
486:Fractional ownership
398:) or large (such as
331:shared voting rights
216:Throughout history,
36:OWN (disambiguation)
1190:standards of living
973:industrial property
822:, or to some other
682:, in contrast from
553:means of production
324:insurance companies
298:At the end of each
232:of their property.
55:, which may be any
1496:Simon and Schuster
1101:American Civil War
986:consideration) or
916:patent application
715:immovable property
668:immovable property
615:immovable property
535:immovable property
498:asset's management
460:or private party.
436:: ownership of an
88:it, receive it as
1730:Legal terminology
1604:978-1-4039-8951-2
1505:978-0-02-901480-6
1474:978-0-07-337569-4
1255:Ownership society
1228:retirement saving
1205:Ownership society
1200:Ownership society
1093:Antebellum period
925:is a distinctive
741:personal property
720:In law, the word
713:refer instead to
684:personal property
646:intangible assets
583:Personal property
578:Personal property
572:Personal property
567:Types of property
531:personal property
500:and variable use.
476:Private ownership
415:over-exploitation
394:rest stops along
379:Baugenossenschaft
345:Depending on the
272:legal liabilities
16:(Redirected from
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1260:Possession (law)
1111:were considered
1048:business methods
959:(also known as "
893:copyright holder
851:exclusive rights
828:exclusive rights
764:Private property
731:ultimately from
650:choses in action
625:, or destroyed.
611:movable property
557:social ownership
546:exclusive rights
533:) or immovable (
522:Common ownership
492:of an expensive
464:Public ownership
428:Ownership models
314:Entities with a
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