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633:(a college of the university) in 1613. The college then leased it to a number of local families over the coming years. By this time, Oxford Castle was in a weakened state, with a large crack running down the side of the keep. A map of the castle prepared for Christ Church in 1615 shows the keep on its mound, St George's Tower with associated buildings and sections of the curtain wall remaining to the north and south, and the next tower to the south, plus a single remaining tower to the north-east, as well as the Castle Mill and a southern entrance to the castle complex; this map indicates that by 1615 houses and gardens had been laid out over more than half of the Castle Ditch or moat, which appears to still contain water.
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385:. (2009), who comment that "a single, massive stone tower does not seem to belong within the outer defences of an earth-and-timber castle", and other sources have concurred on architectural grounds, also noting that its orientation does not match that of the remainder of the castle, and that its height would have originally afforded an extensive view over the city, but which would have been superseded (and in fact, blocked) with the construction of the castle motte. The date of the remaining towers is uncertain although the southernmost, round tower, of which the base still remains, is dated to 1235 in various documentary sources, including Woolnoth's
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333:. There has been debate as to whether there was an earlier English fortification on the site, but whilst there is archaeological evidence of earlier Anglo-Saxon habitation there is no conclusive evidence of fortification. Oxford Castle was an "urban castle", overlying a portion of the Saxon town wall, but it remains uncertain whether local buildings were demolished to make room for it. Poore
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621:'s map of Oxford in 1578 shows that by then, while the curtain wall, keep and towers remained, the barbican had been demolished to make way for houses. Hassall, 1976, states that by 1600 the moat was almost entirely silted up and houses had been built all around the edge of the bailey wall, although this is contradicted by the castle's appearance in
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attached to St George's tower prior to its demolition in 1794, as well as the motte and some then-surviving portions of the curtain wall including an arch or gateway in the wall immediately to the north of the tower. The chapel and/or associated buildings are also shown, from a range of angles, in views by other artists including
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beside the castle, called Jew's Mount and Mount Pelham, on which he placed siege engines, largely for show, and proceeded to wait for
Matilda's supplies to run low over the next three months. Stephen would have had difficulty in supplying his men through the winter period, and this decision shows the
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Oxford Castle approximate extent, versus present-day features: castle outline from Booth et al., 2003; basemap from OpenStreetMap, June 2018. St. George's Tower is at the western limit of the castle boundary, with the adjoining Castle Mill; at the southern limit is the outline of the single original
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Armoury in 1854. The prison itself was extended in 1876, growing to occupy most of the remaining space. The inmates included children, the youngest being a seven-year-old girl sentenced to seven days hard labour in 1870 for stealing a pram. In 1888 national prison reforms led to the renaming of the
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from layers of gravel and strengthened with clay facing. There has been debate over the sequencing of the motte and the bailey: it has been suggested that the bailey may have built first (thus utilising the pre-existing St. George's Tower as the first keep) which would make the initial castle design
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of 1086, but not every castle in existence at the time was recorded in the survey. D'Oyly (d'Oilly)'s Oxford holdings are, however, mentioned in the
Domesday Book as "Meadow 30 acres. 1 mill, value 0.5 ."; the mill mentioned is presumably the Castle Mill, formerly adjacent to the still surviving St.
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and
William granted him extensive lands in Oxfordshire. Oxford had been stormed in the invasion with considerable damage, and William directed D'Oyly to build a castle to dominate the town. In due course D'Oyly became the foremost landowner in Oxfordshire and was confirmed with a hereditary royal
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in 1752. For most of the 18th century, the castle prison was run by the local Etty and Wisdom families and was in increasing disrepair. A view of the castle published in 1769 in the work "England
Displayed" by P. Russell and Owen Price is of interest in that it shows the appearance of the chapel
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stone, 30 by 30 feet (9 m × 9 m) at the base and tapering significantly toward the top for stability. This was the tallest of the castle's towers, and is now believed to be a survival from late Saxon times (c. 1020) as a watch tower associated with the west gate of the Saxon city.
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shopping centre. Since 1954 the two oldest parts of the castle have been Grade I listed buildings: the 11th-century motte with its 13th-century well-chamber, the circa 11th-century St George's tower (listed as Norman, but now generally believed to be Saxon), the relocated crypt chapel, and the
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On 13 January, 1400, Henry IV sat in judgment at Oxford Castle over rebels from
Cirencester and other places, who had participated in the Epiphany Rising, or the Revolt of the Earls, men who supported Richard II, Henry’s cousin he murdered by starvation. The castle became the centre for the
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After the Civil War, Oxford Castle served primarily as the local prison. As with other prisons at the time, the owners, in this case Christ Church
College, leased the castle to wardens who would profit by charging prisoners for their board and lodging. The prison also had a
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chain, Malmaison Oxford, occupying a large part of the former prison blocks, with cells converted as guest rooms. However, those parts of the prison associated with corporal or capital punishment have been converted to offices rather than being used for guests. The
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By 1327 the fortification, particularly the castle gates and the barbican, was in poor condition and £800 was estimated to be required for repairs. From the 1350s onwards the castle had little military use and was increasingly allowed to fall into disrepair.
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map/bird's eye view, published in 1675 (BL 128.h.10), with north at the bottom. The Castle Mill is visible adjacent in the stream adjacent to the prominent St. George's Tower, and a portion of the round base of the southernmost tower also
851:. The Oxford Prison buildings have since been redeveloped as a restaurant and heritage complex, with guided tours of the historic buildings and open courtyards for markets and theatrical performances. The complex includes a hotel in the
885:. As at 2018, guided tours of the surviving medieval and 18th-century portions are available to visitors via a commercial operator, Heritage Projects (Oxford Castle) Ltd, with opening hours and pricing available via their website.
337:. (2009) give a suggested street plan of the town in late Saxon times (their figure 4) showing the then town wall with its north, west, south and east gates; at the north gate is the Saxon tower now associated with the church of
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into the eastern side, while New Road runs over the location of north-east portion of the curtain wall with its two square towers; nevertheless the position of its outer perimeter moat is approximated by portions of New Road,
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instead, causing great damage to the college in the process. In the event, Oxford saw no fresh fighting; early in the 18th century, however, the keep was demolished and the top of the motte landscaped into its current form.
2054:
Poore, Daniel, Norton, Andrew and Dodd, Anne (2009). Excavations at Oxford Castle: Oxford's
Western Quarter from the Mid-Saxon Period to the Late Eighteenth Century (Based on Daniel Poore's Tom Hassall Lecture for 2008).
419:. The keep enclosed a number of buildings, leaving an inner courtyard only 22 feet (7 m) across. Within the keep, stairs led 20 feet (6 m) down to an underground 12 feet (3.7 m) wide stone chamber, with an
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in 1805. Harris gained a reasonable salary as the new governor and used convict labour from the prison to conduct early archaeological excavations at the castle with the help of the antiquarian Edward King.
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Inside the walls the buildings included a chapel with a crypt attached to St. Georges Tower, which may be on the site of a previous church. The chapel originally had a nave, chancel and an
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in the snow, being lowered down the walls with three or four knights, before escaping through
Stephen's lines in the night as the king's sentries tried to raise the alarm. The chronicler
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By the late 12th to early 13th century, the original palisade walls and wooden keep had been replaced in stone. The new curtain wall incorporated St George's Tower, which is built of
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administration and as a prison. The surviving rectangular St George's Tower is now believed to pre-date the remainder of the castle and be a watch tower associated with the original
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How an artist in 1845 imagined Oxford Castle looked in the 15th century; a possibly more realistic reconstruction of the appearance of the castle in Norman times is available here.
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404:. As detailed below, the crypt of this chapel still survives, albeit in a new location within the castle, having been moved and reconstructed from its original materials in 1794.
652:. Ingoldsby improved the fortification of the castle rather than the surrounding town, and in 1649 demolished most of the medieval stonework, replacing it with more modern earth
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terminus. Building the new prison included demolishing the old chapel attached to St George's tower and repositioning part of the crypt in 1794. The work was completed under
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St George's Tower in 1832, viewed from across the Castle Mill Stream; the water mill (Castle Mill) is visible, immediately to the right of the tower, built across the stream.
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The prison closed in 1996 and was redeveloped as a hotel and visitor attraction. The medieval remains of the castle including the motte, St George's Tower and crypt, are
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Oxford Castle, around 1250. A: The keep and motte; B: St George's Tower and Chapel; C: The Round Tower; D: River Isis; E: Moat; F: City wall; G: West Gate; H: Barbican
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centre left, the square St George's Tower front left and the round
Debtors' Tower (constructed in the 18th century, not part of the original building). Behind is
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for the session all died, including Sir Robert D'Oyley, a relative of the founder of the castle. Thereafter assizes ceased to be held at the castle.
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to further defend the main gate. The remaining wooden buildings were replaced in stone, including the new Round Tower which was built in 1235. King
514:, who controlled many royal castles in the middle of England, demolished the Church of St Budoc to the south-east of the castle and built a moated
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had endowed a chapel with a college of priests, which is presumed to be the structure in question; at an early stage it acquired a dedication to
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As evidenced by this photograph, the later mill was a quite extensive building, occupying three storeys when viewed from the southern side.
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In the 19th century the site continued to be developed, with various new buildings built including the new County Hall in 1840–41 and the
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Oxford Castle and the Castle Mound, 27 May 1784. Artist John
Baptist Malchair. (Photo by Ashmolean Museum/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
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and Oxford Castle surrendered to Stephen the next day. Robert had died in the final weeks of the siege and the castle was granted to
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infested the prison. Partly as a result of this criticism, it was decided by the County authorities to rebuild the Oxford Prison.
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Finally in December, Matilda responded by escaping from the castle; the popular version of this has the Empress waiting until the
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tower of St. George's, which is now believed to have subsequently been incorporated into the fabric of the later Norman castle.
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castle was replaced in stone in the late 12th or early 13th century and the castle played an important role in the conflict of
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Booth, Paul, et al. (2003). "The West Gate of Oxford Castle: Excavations at Boreham's Yard, Tidmarsh Lane, Oxford, 1994-5."
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Beckley, Ruth and Radford, David (compilers) (2012). "Oxford Archaeological Resource Assessment 2011 - Norman (1066-1205)."
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Today, the remains of the Saxon St.George's Tower, Motte-and-Bailey Mound, the Prison D-Wing and Debtor's Tower make up the
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411:, 58 feet (18 m), constructed in the 13th century to replace an earlier wooden structure, closely resembled those of
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491:, however, suggests Matilda did not descend the walls, but instead escaped from one of the gates. Matilda safely reached
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in the Autumn of 1142, attacking and seizing the town of Oxford and besieging Matilda in the castle. Stephen set up two
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being built through the bailey and the last parts of the castle moat being filled in to allow the building of the new
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dating from 1779, and a view by the artist John Baptist Malchair dating from 1784. In the 1770s the prison reformer
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sanctuary. It was a typical early Norman design with solid pillars and arches. In 1074 D'Oyly and his close friend,
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The full extent of the original castle is somewhat obliterated today, especially with the intrusion of the newer
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and Paradise Street (refer map at right), while the remains of the original Barbican lie underneath the modern
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565:'s map of Oxford, 1605, showing the castle (labelled "P") at upper right. (North is at the bottom of this map)
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364:. The motte was originally about 60 feet (18 m) high and 40 feet (12 m) wide, constructed like the
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In 1785 the castle was bought by the Oxford County Justices and rebuilding began under the London architect
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D'Oyly positioned his castle to the west side of the town, using the natural protection of a stream off the
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View of Castle Hill, Oxford by Michael Angelo Rooker (1746–1801), from Oxfordshire County Museums Service
237:. In the 14th century the military value of the castle diminished and the site became used primarily for
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Evidence that this tower is Saxon in origin and thus pre-dates the castle itself is presented in Poore
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for the remainder of the war. At the end of the war the constableship of Oxford Castle was granted to
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visited the castle several times, and criticised its size and quality, including the extent to which
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of 1215–17 the castle was attacked again, prompting further improvements in its defences. In 1220
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256:. A new prison complex was built on the site from 1785 onwards and expanded in 1876; this became
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Munby, Julian. (1998) "Malchair and the Oxford Topographical Tradition," in Harrison (ed) 1998.
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the elder from 1071 to 1073. D'Oyly had arrived in England with William I the Conqueror in the
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455:, Robert D'Oyly the elder's nephew, had inherited the castle by the time of the civil war of
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and reinforcing the keep with earth works to form a probable gun-platform. In 1652, in the
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Oxford Castle in the 16th century. Engraving after detail on the earliest map of Oxford by
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hexagonal vault and a 54 feet (16 m) deep well providing water in the event of siege.
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turned part of the castle into a prison, specifically for holding troublesome University
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1123:"Oxford Council: Historic Urban Character Area 12: Castle and Periphery - Oxford Castle"
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round tower whose base still remains under one of the cell blocks of the former prison.
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730:. The wider castle site had already begun to change by the late 18th century, with
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constableship for Oxford Castle. Oxford Castle is not among the 48 recorded in the
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before being reclaimed by Henry D'Oyly, Robert D'Oyly the younger's son, in 1154.
1974:
1960:
Jope, E. M. "Late Saxon Pits Under Oxford Castle Mound: Excavations in 1952," in
1955:
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sold Oxford Castle to Francis James and Robert Younglove, who in turn sold it to
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1967:
1892:
Harfield, C. G. (1991). "A Hand-list of Castles Recorded in the Domesday Book".
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St Georges Tower, St Georges Chapel Crypt and D Wing Including the Debtors Tower
691:
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41:
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1832:
Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England.
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were held there until 1577, when plague broke out in what became known as the "
526:, and also improved the castle chapel, replacing the older barred windows with
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to the north of Oxford, however, the castle never became a royal residence.
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George's Tower, rebuilt in 1781 before eventually being demolished in 1930.
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1795:
The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored, 1149-1159.
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of 1825; in at least one source, it is referred to as "Henry III's Tower".
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and by the 18th century the remaining buildings had become Oxford's local
1983:
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St George's crypt chapel, rebuilt in 1794 re-using its late 11th-century
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Round Tower and C Wing of Oxford Prison in Oxford Castle. Buildings and
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The weir by St. George's Tower in 2009, site of the original Castle Mill
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Remains of the remodelled Oxford Castle in the early 1670s: detail from
1845:
Crossley, Alan and C. Elrington. (eds) (1979) Victoria County History:
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https://www.oxford.gov.uk/downloads/file/1624/norman_oxford_1066_-_1205
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administration of the county of Oxford, a jail, and a criminal court.
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1948:
Hassall, T. G. (1976) "Excavations at Oxford Castle: 1965-1973," in
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Oxford Castle, Oxford, Oxfordshire, c1860-c1922. Artist: Henry Taunt
56:
St George's Tower, Oxford Castle, viewed from the Castle Mill Stream
1400:
Tyack, p.8; Hassall 1976, p.235; MacKenzie, p.149; Davies, pp.91–2.
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18th-century D-wing and Debtors' Tower. The site is protected as a
664:'s forces by pulling down these defences as well and retreating to
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A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 4: The City of Oxford.
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by William Blackburn 1785–90, on foundations of 1235 round tower
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330:
226:
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Oxford: Studies in the History of a University Town Since 1800.
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Repairs to the Castle Mill Stream Wall, Paradise Street, Oxford
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Signboard from Oxfordshire County Council on Oxford Castle Site
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made Oxford their capital. Parliamentary forces successfully
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of Oxfordshire, two knights, eighty gentlemen and the entire
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https://library.thehumanjourney.net/1148/1/OXPSWA09.pdfA.pdf
1975:
Oxford Delineated: A sketch of the history and antiquities.
1243:
1241:
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1187:"Anglo-Saxon Oxfordshire: Norman Oxford (Ashmolean Museum)"
860:
heritage project, officially opened on 5 May 2006, won the
660:, the Parliamentary garrison responded to the proximity of
1545:"The North View of Oxford Castle (sandersofoxford.com)"
847:
The prison was closed in 1996 and the site reverted to
1632:
1630:
1388:
Mortimer, Ian, The Fears of Henry IV, 2007, at Ch. 10.
776:
Aerial view of the castle in 2006, showing the castle
27:
Partly ruined castle in Oxford in Oxfordshire, England
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escaped from a siege of Oxford Castle in 1141 during
298:(Abingdon Chronicle), Oxford Castle was built by the
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hexagonal vault of the well-chamber inside the motte
1050:
Map drawn after Hassall 1971, p.2; Tyack, p.6, p.80.
552:
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
341:, while the west gate is occupied by the apparently
288:
St George's Tower and D wing, Oxford Castle, England
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2192:
1878:
Norman Stone Castles: The British Isles, 1066-1216.
1863:
Stories of Oxford Castle: From Dungeon to Dunghill.
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The 13th-century well inside the 11th-century motte
703:(drawing dated 1729), a 1773 engraving included in
191:
186:
175:
165:
160:
146:
129:
92:
34:
2006:The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure.
1939:Hassall, T. G. (1971) "Excavations at Oxford," in
1681:Oxford Castle mugshots show 'victims of their time
1570:Oxford Castle, Oxfordshire, from Francis Grose's
1285:
1283:
2024:Stained glass in England during the Middle Ages.
1255:
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1024:
1022:
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476:apparent strength of Oxford Castle at the time.
2048:. Client Report to St Peter's College, Oxford.
1956:http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1976/hassall.pdf
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1324:
1322:
1078:
1076:
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1968:http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1952-3/jope.pdf
1922:John Malchair of Oxford: Artist and Musician.
1826:http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/2003/booth2.pdf
483:was frozen over and then dressed in white as
8:
2063:http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/2009/poore.pdf
1756:Oxford Castle and Prison Visitor Information
1152:
1150:
784:with its square tower with a copper-covered
2248:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
1876:Gravett, Christopher and Adam Hook. (2003)
1533:View of Oxford Castle, 1769 (www.alamy.com)
1501:
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2751:Buildings and structures completed in 1073
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2137:Gatehouse Website record for Oxford Castle
1459:drawing based on Christ Church map of 1615
1223:Plan of Oxford Castle (provenance unknown)
325:on the far side of the castle, now called
31:
1469:
1467:
1298:MacKenzie, p.149; Gravett and Hook, p.44.
1247:MacKenzie, p.149; Gravett and Hook, p.43.
530:in 1243 and 1246. Due to the presence of
459:in the 1140s. After initially supporting
1704:RICS Awards 2007 Winners list (archived)
1003:Oxford Archaeological Unit Ltd 2011, p.2
952:
950:
948:
387:The Ancient Castles of England and Wales
356:The initial castle was probably a large
329:, and diverting the stream to produce a
248:Most of the castle was destroyed in the
935:
916:
2208:Bate Collection of Musical Instruments
1728:, National Heritage List for England,
1648:, National Heritage List for England,
993:Open Domesday, Place: Oxford: entry 13
648:in 1646, and the city was occupied by
2354:Churchill and Sarsden Heritage Centre
1784:HMP Oxford has been converted into a
1684:, BBC News, accessed 15 January 2017.
74:
7:
2806:Prison museums in the United Kingdom
2334:Champs Chapel Museum of East Hendred
2186:Museums and galleries in Oxfordshire
2004:MacKenzie, James Dixon. (1896/2009)
1993:Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
900:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
2414:Oxfordshire Museums Resource Centre
2238:University of Oxford Botanic Garden
2044:Oxford Archaeological Unit (2011).
1746:, Gatehouse, accessed 27 June 2013.
1624:Hassall 1976, p.235; Whiting, p.54.
554:, Vol. 12, No. 328, August 23, 1828
2776:Scheduled monuments in Oxfordshire
2771:Grade I listed buildings in Oxford
2289:Aston Martin Heritage Trust Museum
1707:, RICS, accessed 215 January 2017.
463:, Robert declared his support for
427:Role in the Anarchy and Barons War
25:
1978:Oxford: Whessell & Bartlett.
2223:Museum of the History of Science
2150:on www.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk
1572:Antiquities of England and Wales
1352:Hassall 1976, p.235; Tyack, p.8.
1112:Tyack, p.6; Hassall 1976, p.233.
1091:Beckley and Radford, 2012, p. 37
864:Project of the Year Award 2007.
709:Antiquities of England and Wales
625:'s map of Oxford, 1605. In 1611
373:rather than a motte and bailey.
225:, England. Most of the original
73:
66:
50:
2786:Grade I listed prison buildings
2479:Waterperry Museum of Rural Life
2088:Oxford: an Architectural Guide.
1989:Liddiard, Robert (ed). (2003)
295:Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis
217:on the western side of central
2801:Norman architecture in England
2766:Defunct prisons in Oxfordshire
2756:1071 establishments in England
2439:Soldiers of Oxfordshire Museum
2233:Oxford University Press Museum
1865:Oxford: Oxford Towpath Press.
1379:Crossley and Elrington, p.297.
942:Referenced in Harfield, p.388.
690:to execute prisoners, such as
1:
2811:Tourist attractions in Oxford
2213:Christ Church Picture Gallery
1920:Harrison, Colin. (ed) (1998)
1824:Vol. LXVIII p. 363-422.
1493:, accessed 12 September 2010.
1440:, accessed 12 September 2010.
1268:Tyack, p.8; MacKenzie, p.149.
1100:Tyack, p.7; MacKenzie, p.148.
1070:, accessed 12 September 2010.
1277:MacKenzie, p.149; Amt, p.48.
339:St Michael at the North Gate
2500:Oxfordshire Museums Council
2299:Benson Veteran Cycle Museum
2279:Abingdon County Hall Museum
2111:Manchester University Press
2073:University of Chicago Press
1906:10.1093/ehr/CVI.CCCCXIX.371
965:MacKenzie, 147; Tyack, p.5.
796:Oxford Castle motte in 2009
179:Ruined, elements used as a
2842:
2821:Military history of Oxford
2484:Witney and District Museum
2389:Hook Norton Village Museum
2384:Hook Norton Brewery Museum
2132:Oxford Castle & Prison
1966:, XVII-XVIII (1952–1953).
1670:Munby, p.53; Davies, p.24.
1661:Hyack, p.7; Whiting, p.54.
1167:Poore et al., 2009, p.5-6.
905:List of castles in England
849:Oxfordshire County Council
830:Oxford Castle & Prison
430:
310:Norman Conquest of England
210:is a large, partly ruined
170:Oxfordshire County Council
2464:Tom Brown's School Museum
1894:English Historical Review
1409:Hassall 1976, p.235, 254.
1361:Davies, p.3; Marks, p.93.
1212:St. Georges Tower, Oxford
697:Samuel and Nathaniel Buck
650:Colonel Richard Ingoldsby
453:Robert D'Oyly the younger
61:
49:
39:
2816:Motte-and-bailey castles
2469:Vale and Downland Museum
2086:Tyack, Geoffrey. (1998)
1830:Creighton, O. H. (2002)
1732:, accessed 26 June 2013.
1723:28 February 2015 at the
1718:Well House Oxford Castle
1652:, accessed 26 June 2013.
1643:28 February 2015 at the
1489:23 February 2014 at the
1436:23 February 2014 at the
1066:23 February 2014 at the
983:Harfield, pp.384, 388–9.
265:Grade I listed buildings
2434:River and Rowing Museum
2374:Dorchester Abbey Museum
2092:Oxford University Press
2069:Punishment and Culture.
2022:Marks, Richard. (1993)
1461:, british-history.ac.uk
1289:Gravett and Hook, p.44.
658:third English Civil War
638:First English Civil War
245:west gate of the city.
2796:Museums in Oxfordshire
2781:Grade I listed castles
2761:Castles in Oxfordshire
2419:The Oxfordshire Museum
2349:Chipping Norton Museum
2309:Bloxham Village Museum
2105:Whiting, R. C. (1993)
2067:Smith, Philip. (2008)
2061:, LXXIV p. 1-18.
1789:
1777:
1449:Poole et al., Figure 6
844:
825:
817:
805:
797:
789:
769:
711:, 1786, a painting by
682:
591:
583:
566:
555:
449:
433:Siege of Oxford (1142)
353:
289:
2404:Mapledurham Watermill
2369:Didcot Railway Centre
2319:Burford Tolsey Museum
1991:Anglo-Norman Castles.
1861:Davies, Mark. (2001)
1783:
1771:
838:
823:
811:
803:
795:
775:
766:
713:Michael Angelo Rooker
680:
589:
572:
561:
545:
489:William of Malmesbury
440:
351:
287:
1793:Amt, Emilie. (1993)
1082:Hassall 1976, p.233.
843:columns and capitals
832:tourist attraction.
550:, 1578 published in
407:The ten-sided stone
748:Oxfordshire Militia
640:broke out, and the
538:14th–17th centuries
110: /
2725:Wallingford Castle
2543:South East England
2474:Wallingford Museum
2253:Pitt Rivers Museum
1790:
1778:
1484:Oxford Archaeology
1431:Oxford Archaeology
1343:Hassall 1971, p.9.
1061:Oxford Archaeology
1059:MacKenzie, p.148;
883:Scheduled Monument
845:
826:
818:
806:
798:
790:
770:
683:
592:
584:
567:
556:
497:William de Chesney
493:Abingdon-on-Thames
481:Castle Mill Stream
450:
354:
327:Castle Mill Stream
290:
269:Scheduled Monument
114:51.7517°N 1.2632°W
2738:
2737:
2700:Canterbury Prison
2508:
2507:
2429:Project Timescape
2409:Oxford Bus Museum
2399:Mapledurham House
2359:Cogges Manor Farm
2218:Modern Art Oxford
2119:978-0-7190-3057-4
2100:978-0-19-817423-3
2081:978-0-226-76610-2
2036:978-0-415-03345-9
2017:978-1-150-51044-1
1934:978-1-85444-112-6
1886:978-1-84176-602-7
1840:978-1-904768-67-8
1834:London: Equinox.
1807:978-0-85115-348-3
1259:MacKenzie, p.149.
1028:MacKenzie, p.147.
751:county prison as
728:William Blackburn
579:Oxonia Illustrata
512:Falkes de Breauté
292:According to the
250:English Civil War
205:
204:
16:(Redirected from
2833:
2826:Debtors' prisons
2791:Hotels in Oxford
2695:Camp Hill Prison
2587:East Sutton Park
2535:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2344:Chastleton House
2339:Charlbury Museum
2314:Broughton Castle
2263:The Story Museum
2228:Museum of Oxford
2203:Ashmolean Museum
2179:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2142:Malmaison Oxford
1926:Ashmolean Museum
1917:
1900:(419): 371–392.
1880:Botley, Osprey.
1758:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1730:English Heritage
1714:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:English Heritage
1634:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1547:. Archived from
1541:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1523:Davies, pp.9–10.
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1428:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
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1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1189:. Archived from
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1128:. Archived from
1127:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1071:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1001:
995:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
943:
940:
924:
921:
895:Museum of Oxford
782:Nuffield College
753:HM Prison Oxford
358:motte and bailey
258:HM Prison Oxford
231:motte and bailey
161:Site information
142:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:51.7517; -1.2632
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
77:
76:
70:
54:
45:
32:
21:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2710:Kingston Prison
2678:
2545:
2539:
2509:
2504:
2488:
2454:Swinford Museum
2449:Swalcliffe Barn
2394:Kelmscott Manor
2304:Blenheim Palace
2267:
2188:
2183:
2128:
1972:Joy, T. (1831)
1945:, XXXVI (1971).
1891:
1786:Malmaison Hotel
1766:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1736:
1725:Wayback Machine
1715:
1711:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1645:Wayback Machine
1635:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1551:on 19 June 2018
1543:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1491:Wayback Machine
1481:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1438:Wayback Machine
1429:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:Hassall, p.235.
1333:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1193:on 12 June 2018
1185:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1135:on 12 June 2018
1132:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1068:Wayback Machine
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
955:
946:
941:
937:
933:
928:
927:
922:
918:
913:
891:
761:
675:
646:besieged Oxford
609:Lord Lieutenant
540:
532:Beaumont Palace
465:Empress Matilda
442:Empress Matilda
435:
429:
417:Arundel Castles
282:
277:
138:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
78:
57:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2730:Blantyre House
2727:
2722:
2720:Reading Prison
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Finnamore Wood
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Bocardo Prison
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Standford Hill
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:Bygones Museum
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Banbury Museum
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2258:Science Oxford
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2126:External links
2124:
2123:
2122:
2103:
2084:
2065:
2052:
2042:
2039:
2020:
2002:
1987:
1970:
1958:
1954:, XLI (1976).
1946:
1937:
1918:
1889:
1874:
1859:
1843:
1828:
1816:
1810:
1765:
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1654:
1626:
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1608:
1599:
1588:
1577:
1562:
1536:
1525:
1516:
1514:Davies, p.106.
1507:
1495:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1442:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1390:
1381:
1372:
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673:Role as prison
671:
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501:Roger de Bussy
431:Main article:
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136:grid reference
133:
131:Grid reference
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72:
71:
65:
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59:
58:
55:
47:
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37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
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4:
3:
2:
2838:
2827:
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2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Oxford Castle
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
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2660:
2657:
2655:
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2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:Isle of Wight
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
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2555:
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2548:
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2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:Organisations
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Pendon Museum
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
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2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
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2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Ashdown House
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Oxford Castle
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2148:Oxford Castle
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
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2070:
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2060:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:General Books
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:0-9535593-3-5
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Boydell Press
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1774:Early English
1772:13th-century
1770:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:Oxford Castle
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:
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1673:
1667:
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1658:
1655:
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1631:
1627:
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1618:
1615:Davies, p.15.
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1606:Davies, p.14.
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974:Amt, pp.47–8.
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35:Oxford Castle
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18:Oxford Prison
2714:
2577:Cookham Wood
2459:Thame Museum
2242:
2147:
2109:Manchester:
2106:
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1973:
1961:
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1797:Woodbridge,
1794:
1764:Bibliography
1751:
1741:
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1712:
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1698:
1693:Smith, p.93.
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1571:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1539:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1505:Davies, p.6.
1482:Joy, p. 29;
1478:
1454:
1445:
1418:Davies, p. 3
1414:
1405:
1384:
1375:
1370:Munby, p.96.
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1312:
1303:
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1273:
1264:
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1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
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1130:the original
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736:Oxford Canal
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627:King James I
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605:Black Assize
597:
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473:siege mounds
461:King Stephen
451:
406:
402:Saint George
398:Roger d'Ivry
391:
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375:
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334:
323:River Thames
320:
293:
291:
280:Construction
262:
247:
207:
206:
187:Site history
29:
2654:Spring Hill
2612:Huntercombe
2562:Bronzefield
2541:Prisons in
2444:Stonor Park
2379:Greys Court
2324:Buscot Park
1233:Tyack, p.8.
869:County Hall
717:John Howard
701:Antiquities
692:Mary Blandy
666:New College
508:Barons' War
457:the Anarchy
446:The Anarchy
362:Wallingford
235:the Anarchy
223:Oxfordshire
117: /
93:Coordinates
42:Oxfordshire
2745:Categories
2669:Winchester
2572:Coldingley
2567:Bullingdon
2364:Combe Mill
2058:Oxoniensia
1999:0851159044
1963:Oxoniensia
1951:Oxoniensia
1942:Oxoniensia
1821:Oxoniensia
1473:Joy, p. 29
1307:Amt, p.48.
956:Joy, p.28.
931:References
662:Charles II
623:John Speed
619:Ralph Agas
613:grand jury
563:John Speed
548:Ralph Agas
485:camouflage
409:shell keep
151:Shell keep
102:51°45′06″N
44:, England
2664:Swaleside
2644:Rochester
2639:Maidstone
2627:Parkhurst
2607:High Down
2557:Aylesbury
2071:Chicago:
2028:Routledge
858:mixed-use
853:Malmaison
642:Royalists
520:Henry III
413:Tonbridge
378:coral rag
229:, wooden
196:Coral rag
192:Materials
176:Condition
105:1°15′48″W
2674:Woodhill
2582:Downview
2193:City of
2090:Oxford:
2026:London:
1984:23436981
1924:Oxford:
1721:Archived
1641:Archived
1487:Archived
1434:Archived
1064:Archived
889:See also
878:Westgate
732:New Road
654:bulwarks
582:remains.
516:barbican
371:ringwork
212:medieval
140:SP509063
2683:Defunct
2602:Grendon
1856:7534514
1555:19 June
1197:10 June
1139:10 June
688:gallows
607:": the
601:Assizes
506:In the
469:Bristol
394:apsidal
275:History
2622:Albany
2592:Elmley
2550:Active
2272:Region
2195:Oxford
2117:
2098:
2079:
2034:
2015:
1997:
1982:
1932:
1914:573107
1912:
1884:
1869:
1854:
1838:
1805:
1574:, 1786
1037:Poore
841:Norman
814:batter
786:flèche
721:vermin
524:clerks
366:bailey
300:Norman
267:and a
254:prison
239:county
227:moated
219:Oxford
215:castle
200:gravel
155:bailey
2634:Lewes
1910:JSTOR
1133:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
1039:et al
911:Notes
778:motte
759:Today
383:et al
343:Saxon
335:et al
303:baron
243:Saxon
181:hotel
166:Owner
2649:Send
2597:Ford
2115:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1980:OCLC
1930:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1852:OCLC
1836:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1557:2018
1199:2018
1141:2018
862:RICS
415:and
331:moat
198:and
153:and
147:Type
1902:doi
1898:106
707:'s
699:'s
577:'s
221:in
2747::
2113:.
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2075:.
2030:.
2011:.
1928:.
1908:.
1896:.
1801:.
1629:^
1498:^
1466:^
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1393:^
1321:^
1282:^
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1238:^
1149:^
1105:^
1075:^
1019:^
947:^
755:.
369:a
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260:.
2534:e
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2019:.
2001:.
1986:.
1936:.
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1904::
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1788:.
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1143:.
788:.
448:.
20:)
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