375:
526:
3761:
670:. Glutamate toxicity in the brain is caused by a buildup of glutamate under times of stress. If oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity is dysfunctional (no adaptive stress compensation), the build-up of glutamate cannot be fixed, and brain pathologies can ensue. Dysfunctional oxoglutarate dehydrogenase may also predispose the cell to damage from other toxins that can cause
618:, and has an ability to change the functioning level of mitochondria to help prevent oxidative damage. In the presence of a high concentration of free radical species, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase undergoes fully reversible free radical mediated inhibition. In extreme cases, the enzyme can also undergo complete oxidative inhibition.
640:
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity is turned off in the presence of free radicals in order to protect the enzyme from damage. Once free radicals are consumed by the cell, the enzyme's activity is turned back on via glutaredoxin. The reduction in activity of the enzyme under times of oxidative stress
662:
Pathophysiologies can arise when the stress becomes cumulative or develops into chronic stress. The up-regulation response that occurs after acute exposure can become exhausted if the inhibition of the enzyme complex becomes too strong. Stress in cells can cause a deregulation in the biosynthesis of
649:
regulators act at the E1 domain of the enzyme complex, but all three domains of the enzyme complex can be allosterically controlled. The activity of the enzyme complex is upregulated with high levels of ADP and Pi, Ca2+, and CoA-SH. The enzyme is inhibited by high ATP levels, high NADH levels, and
733:
are all associated with an increased oxidative stress level in the brain. Specifically for
Alzheimer Disease patients, the activity of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase is significantly diminished. This leads to a possibility that the portion of the TCA cycle responsible for causing the build-up of free
658:
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase plays a role in the cellular response to stress. The enzyme complex undergoes a stress-mediated temporary inhibition upon acute exposure to stress. The temporary inhibition period sparks a stronger up-regulation response, allowing an increased level of oxoglutarate
644:
In addition to free radicals and the mitochondrial redox state, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity is also regulated by ATP/ADP ratios, the ratio of
Succinyl-CoA to CoA-SH, and the concentrations of various metal ion cofactors (Mg2+, Ca2+). Many of these
603:
of oxidative phosphorylation. Increased
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activation levels serve to increase the concentrations of NADH relative to NAD+. High NADH concentrations stimulate an increase in flux through oxidative phosphorylation.
1490:"Behavioral impact of the regulation of the brain 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by synthetic phosphonate analog of 2-oxoglutarate: implications into the role of the complex in neurodegenerative diseases"
1458:
Bunik VI, Fernie AR (August 2009). "Metabolic control exerted by the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction: a cross-kingdom comparison of the crossroad between energy production and nitrogen assimilation".
628:
It is believed that the temporary inhibition of mitochondrial function stems from the reversible glutathionylation of the E2-lipoac acid domain of
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Glutathionylation, a form of
776:"Subunit interactions in the mammalian alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Evidence for direct association of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase components"
734:
radical species in the brain of patients is a malfunctioning oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The mechanism for disease-related inhibition of this enzyme complex remains relatively unknown.
1830:
625:, flux through the electron transport chain is reduced, and NADH production is halted. Upon consumption and removal of the free radical source, normal mitochondrial function is restored.
972:
Applegate MA, Humphries KM, Szweda LI (January 2008). "Reversible inhibition of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase by hydrogen peroxide: glutathionylation and protection of lipoic acid".
3271:
637:. Glutathionylation "protects" the lipoic acid of the E2 domain from undergoing oxidative damage, which helps spare the Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from oxidative stress.
3403:
3036:
1680:
707:
399:
1134:
Gibson GE, Blass JP, Beal MF, Bunik V (2005). "The alpha-ketoglutarate-dehydrogenase complex: a mediator between mitochondria and oxidative stress in neurodegeneration".
1099:
Graf A, Trofimova L, Loshinskaja A, Mkrtchyan G, Strokina A, Lovat M, et al. (January 2013). "Up-regulation of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase as a stress response".
2206:
2169:
1437:
Bunik VI, Strumilo S (2009). "Regulation of
Catalysis Within Cellular Network: Metabolic and Signaling Implications of the 2-Oxoglutarate Oxidative Decarboxylation".
1404:"Kinetic properties of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii evidence for the formation of a precatalytic complex with 2-oxoglutarate"
182:
1823:
1572:
3327:
2103:
201:
3302:
738:
3264:
2687:
1816:
2682:
2773:
2355:
2074:
659:
dehydrogenase activity to compensate for the acute stress exposure. Acute exposures to stress are usually at lower, tolerable levels for the cell.
922:"Glutathionylation of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: the chemical nature and relative susceptibility of the cofactor lipoic acid to modification"
3011:
2441:
525:
3257:
2250:
2199:
1765:
1565:
3349:
2476:
1956:
3480:
3320:
3298:
2486:
2311:
1324:; Clarke, Joe T.R.; Laframboise, Rachel; Maranda, Bruno; Mitchell, Grant A.; BrunelâGuitton, Catherine; Braverman, Nancy E. (2019).
500:
366:
1277:
Sorbi S, Bird ED, Blass JP (January 1983). "Decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in
Huntington and Alzheimer brain".
3193:
2812:
2610:
2245:
194:
2979:
2807:
2471:
2192:
1723:
1366:
Wehbe, Zeinab; Behringer, Sidney; Alatibi, Khaled; Watkins, David; Rosenblatt, David; Spiekerkoetter, Ute; Tucci, Sara (2019).
754:
630:
633:, occurs during times of increased concentrations of free radicals, and can be undone after hydrogen peroxide consumption via
564:
for this reaction is -7.2 kcal mol. The energy needed for this oxidation is conserved in the formation of a thioester bond of
3423:
2802:
2588:
2546:
2113:
1943:
1931:
1880:
1728:
1700:
1673:
1651:
1636:
1601:
1558:
395:
356:
243:
121:
3636:
145:
3064:
1952:
711:
584:. A high energy charge in the cell will also be inhibitive. ADP and calcium ions are allosteric activators of the enzyme.
3751:
2392:
2334:
2224:
1939:
1646:
2446:
362:
1326:"Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria due to ACSF3 mutations: Benign clinical course in an unselected cohort"
3791:
3315:
3041:
3004:
2620:
2615:
2419:
2285:
3621:
3737:
3724:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3435:
3381:
3359:
3337:
3294:
2345:
2040:
687:
592:
465:
391:
3631:
394:. The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex has the same subunit structure and thus uses the same cofactors as the
3585:
3528:
3285:
2536:
2414:
2035:
1995:
1870:
1750:
1544:
600:
344:
309:
277:
139:
32:
3439:
1368:"The emerging role of the mitochondrial fatty-acid synthase (mtFASII) in the regulation of energy metabolism"
576:
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase is a key control point in the citric acid cycle. It is inhibited by its products,
3533:
3069:
2583:
2370:
2060:
1976:
1887:
1782:
1760:
1740:
698:
that has resulted from inflammatory immune responses. Some of these inflammatory responses are explained by
641:
also serves to slow the flux through the electron transport chain, which slows production of free radicals.
264:
126:
3398:
3310:
3046:
2578:
2235:
2019:
1968:
1935:
1745:
1641:
722:
718:
703:
596:
457:
295:
3786:
3554:
3473:
3228:
2997:
2952:
2692:
2568:
2404:
2382:
1913:
1061:
Strumilo S (2005). "Often ignored facts about the control of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex".
206:
3626:
114:
1540:
1321:
717:
Activity of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is decreased in many neurodegenerative diseases.
607:
While an increase in flux through this pathway generates ATP for the cell, the pathway also generates
2793:
2699:
2556:
2505:
2451:
2084:
2014:
1902:
746:
402:(TTP, CoA, lipoate, FAD and NAD). Only the E3 subunit is shared in common between the three enzymes.
49:
3590:
2164:
1797:
1787:
1755:
44:
142:
3523:
3167:
2723:
2491:
2365:
2055:
1792:
1367:
1302:
1179:"Antimitochondrial antibodies in acute liver failure: implications for primary biliary cirrhosis"
1159:
1078:
730:
726:
699:
66:
611:
species as a side product, which can cause oxidative stress to the cells if left to accumulate.
496:
1488:
Trofimova L, Lovat M, Groznaya A, Efimova E, Dunaeva T, Maslova M, et al. (October 2010).
599:
production. Reducing equivalents (such as NAD+/NADH) supply the electrons that run through the
3781:
3447:
2713:
2516:
2297:
1843:
1521:
1476:
1425:
1345:
1294:
1259:
1208:
1151:
1116:
1040:
989:
951:
895:
846:
797:
757:
degree of important mitochondrial enzymes, such as oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC).
671:
622:
561:
419:
231:
133:
3569:
3564:
3538:
3466:
3371:
3203:
3056:
2526:
2319:
2138:
2133:
2006:
1860:
1511:
1501:
1468:
1446:
1415:
1379:
1337:
1286:
1249:
1239:
1198:
1190:
1143:
1108:
1070:
1030:
1020:
981:
941:
933:
885:
877:
836:
828:
787:
664:
3616:
3600:
3513:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
2431:
2324:
1585:
1228:"Inactivation and reactivation of the mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex"
537:
102:
1325:
1177:
Leung PS, Rossaro L, Davis PA, Park O, Tanaka A, Kikuchi K, et al. (November 2007).
3249:
1808:
937:
821:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
378:
The OGDH E1-TPP mechanism involves the formation of a stabilized carbanion intermediate.
78:
3765:
3654:
3595:
3281:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
1733:
1616:
1593:
1516:
1489:
1254:
1227:
1203:
1178:
1035:
1008:
946:
921:
890:
865:
841:
816:
512:
423:
387:
382:
Three classes of these multienzyme complexes have been characterized: one specific for
177:
37:
774:
McCartney RG, Rice JE, Sanderson SJ, Bunik V, Lindsay H, Lindsay JG (September 1998).
443:
433:
374:
157:
3775:
3559:
3518:
3238:
3028:
2215:
1628:
1611:
1420:
1403:
152:
1306:
1163:
1082:
3508:
3223:
3020:
2848:
2823:
2481:
2360:
2273:
2079:
2065:
1987:
634:
615:
608:
577:
565:
554:
508:
1550:
1383:
1112:
1074:
881:
3732:
3667:
3503:
3208:
3079:
1606:
1147:
750:
683:
588:
327:
161:
3760:
1450:
817:"Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: a target and generator of oxidative stress"
3418:
3341:
3213:
2600:
2262:
1923:
1839:
1718:
1695:
691:
646:
550:
504:
439:
331:
1349:
792:
775:
587:
By controlling the amount of available reducing equivalents generated by the
3706:
3680:
3385:
3218:
2531:
1865:
1244:
1025:
1009:"Detailed kinetics and regulation of mammalian 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase"
667:
1525:
1480:
1429:
1263:
1212:
1155:
1120:
1044:
993:
955:
899:
850:
832:
1506:
1372:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1298:
1290:
801:
3233:
2677:
2551:
2184:
1897:
383:
312:
2837:
2832:
2752:
1472:
1341:
1320:
Levtova, Alina; Waters, Paula J.; Buhas, Daniela; LĂ©vesque, SĂ©bastien;
695:
347:
280:
109:
90:
1226:
Shi Q, Xu H, Yu H, Zhang N, Ye Y, Estevez AG, et al. (May 2011).
1194:
985:
3719:
3489:
3413:
3408:
3363:
2942:
2937:
2907:
2902:
2782:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
1846:
1690:
1685:
1581:
614:
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase is considered to be a redox sensor in the
429:
189:
85:
73:
61:
591:, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase has a downstream regulatory effect on
492:
The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme in the citric acid cycle is:
3693:
3198:
3132:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2653:
2640:
2148:
2143:
1775:
1770:
742:
543:
524:
246:(PDC), this enzyme forms a complex composed of three components:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2098:
1891:
1668:
1663:
581:
519:
321:
289:
97:
3462:
3253:
2993:
2989:
2188:
1812:
1554:
230:
is an enzyme complex, most commonly known for its role in the
866:"α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: a mitochondrial redox sensor"
1101:
3458:
920:
McLain AL, Cormier PJ, Kinter M, Szweda LI (August 2013).
749:(mtFASII) is impaired, which is the precursor reaction of
529:
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase)
1007:
Qi F, Pradhan RK, Dash RK, Beard DA (September 2011).
415:
This enzyme participates in three different pathways:
3749:
3404:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
3037:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
1681:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
708:
branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
400:
branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
3645:
3609:
3578:
3547:
3496:
3434:
3380:
3358:
3336:
3293:
3186:
3078:
3055:
3027:
2846:
2821:
2791:
2771:
2721:
2712:
2666:
2629:
2597:
2565:
2513:
2504:
2460:
2428:
2401:
2379:
2342:
2333:
2310:
2282:
2259:
2232:
2223:
2157:
2048:
2032:
2004:
1985:
1966:
1921:
1912:
1853:
1783:
Phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system
1711:
1627:
1592:
200:
188:
176:
171:
151:
132:
120:
108:
96:
84:
72:
60:
55:
43:
31:
26:
21:
2170:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
864:McLain AL, Szweda PA, Szweda LI (January 2011).
2075:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
1602:Photosynthetic reaction center complex proteins
3328:Mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase
3474:
3265:
3005:
2200:
1824:
1566:
8:
1494:International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1402:Bunik V, Westphal AH, de Kok A (June 2000).
1063:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education
739:combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria
702:. Other mitochondrial autoantigens include
3481:
3467:
3459:
3272:
3258:
3250:
3012:
2998:
2990:
2718:
2688:Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
2670:
2510:
2339:
2229:
2207:
2193:
2185:
2045:
1918:
1831:
1817:
1809:
1573:
1559:
1551:
621:When mitochondria are treated with excess
168:
1543:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1515:
1505:
1419:
1253:
1243:
1202:
1034:
1024:
945:
889:
840:
791:
2683:Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
915:
913:
911:
909:
815:Tretter L, Adam-Vizi V (December 2005).
373:
248:
3756:
1056:
1054:
967:
965:
766:
690:, a form of acute liver failure. These
533:This reaction proceeds in three steps:
16:Enzyme complex involved in Kreb's cycle
2442:Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
1330:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
1094:
1092:
753:biosynthesis. The result is a reduced
18:
1361:
1359:
228:α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
7:
682:2-Oxo-glutarate dehydrogenase is an
2356:Coenzyme Q â cytochrome c reductase
1766:Mitochondrial trifunctional protein
1232:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
938:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.020
926:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
780:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
710:, which are antigens recognized by
3394:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
3350:Formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
2542:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
2477:Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
2061:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
1957:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
650:high Succinyl-CoA concentrations.
220:oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
14:
3321:Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase
2487:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
317:dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase
3759:
2611:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
2251:Long-chain-fatty-acidâCoA ligase
2246:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
1421:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01387.x
1408:European Journal of Biochemistry
2472:Glutamate aspartate transporter
2085:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
1724:Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II
631:post-translational modification
553:, which forms the end product,
2589:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
2547:Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
1932:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
1729:Aspartate carbamoyltransferase
1637:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
455:The following values are from
396:pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
244:pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
1:
1953:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
1761:Glycine decarboxylase complex
1756:Fatty acid synthetase complex
712:anti-mitochondrial antibodies
694:appear to recognize oxidized
2393:Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
2056:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
1384:10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.07.012
1113:10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.002
1075:10.1002/bmb.2005.49403304284
882:10.3109/10715762.2010.534163
2447:Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
549:and subsequent transfer to
392:branched-chain α-keto acids
390:, and a third specific for
352:dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
3808:
3316:Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
3065:Epidermal transglutaminase
3042:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
2621:N-Acetylglutamate synthase
2616:Ornithine transcarbamylase
2420:Glycerol phosphate shuttle
2286:monoamine neurotransmitter
1876:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
1793:Sucrase-isomaltase complex
1659:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
1541:Oxoglutarate+dehydrogenase
1451:10.2174/187231309789054904
745:deficiency, mitochondrial
285:oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
22:oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
3637:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
2975:
2673:
2649:
2346:oxidative phosphorylation
2041:oxidative phosphorylation
737:In the metabolic disease
688:primary biliary cirrhosis
593:oxidative phosphorylation
478: : 9 ± 3 Όmol.min.mg
167:
3529:Diffusion-limited enzyme
3219:Filaggrin (Citrullinate)
2537:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
2415:Malate-aspartate shuttle
2036:electron transport chain
1996:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
1871:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
1751:Electron transport chain
1545:Medical Subject Headings
1439:Current Chemical Biology
793:10.1074/jbc.273.37.24158
601:electron transport chain
432:degradation (KEGG link:
386:, a second specific for
3070:Tissue transglutaminase
2584:Glutamate dehydrogenase
2371:Succinate dehydrogenase
1977:Glutamate dehydrogenase
1888:Succinate dehydrogenase
1881:Succinyl CoA synthetase
1741:P450-containing systems
1461:The Biochemical Journal
1322:AurayâBlais, Christiane
1245:10.1074/jbc.M110.203018
1026:10.1186/1471-2091-12-53
442:metabolism (KEGG link:
3399:Pyruvate dehydrogenase
3311:Aldehyde dehydrogenase
3194:Acetylcholine receptor
3047:Pyruvate dehydrogenase
2980:mitochondrial diseases
2579:Aspartate transaminase
2236:fatty acid degradation
2020:Aspartate transaminase
1746:Cytochrome b6f complex
1136:Molecular Neurobiology
833:10.1098/rstb.2005.1764
704:pyruvate dehydrogenase
530:
458:Azotobacter vinelandii
379:
296:thiamine pyrophosphate
3622:EadieâHofstee diagram
3555:Allosteric regulation
3229:Sp100 nuclear antigen
2693:Mitochondrial carrier
2569:anaplerotic reactions
2405:mitochondrial shuttle
2383:pyrimidine metabolism
1586:multienzyme complexes
1291:10.1002/ana.410130116
1148:10.1385/mn:31:1-3:043
870:Free Radical Research
528:
377:
3632:LineweaverâBurk plot
2700:Translocator protein
2557:Malate dehydrogenase
2452:Aldosterone synthase
2015:Pyruvate carboxylase
1903:Malate dehydrogenase
747:fatty acid synthesis
3440:ironâsulfur protein
2312:Intermembrane space
2165:Alternative oxidase
1969:α-ketoglutaric acid
1798:Tryptophan synthase
1788:Polyketide synthase
1507:10.4061/2010/749061
1279:Annals of Neurology
723:Parkinson's disease
719:Alzheimer's disease
540:of α-ketoglutarate,
3591:Enzyme superfamily
3524:Enzyme promiscuity
2667:Other/to be sorted
2632:alcohol metabolism
2492:Uncoupling protein
2366:NADH dehydrogenase
1473:10.1042/bj20090722
1342:10.1002/jimd.12032
731:supranuclear palsy
727:Huntington disease
700:gluten sensitivity
531:
451:Kinetic properties
411:Metabolic pathways
380:
3792:Citric acid cycle
3747:
3746:
3456:
3455:
3448:Pyruvate synthase
3247:
3246:
2987:
2986:
2971:
2970:
2714:Mitochondrial DNA
2708:
2707:
2662:
2661:
2517:citric acid cycle
2500:
2499:
2306:
2305:
2298:Monoamine oxidase
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2028:
2027:
1844:Citric acid cycle
1806:
1805:
1378:(11): 1629â1643.
1195:10.1002/hep.21828
986:10.1021/bi7017464
827:(1464): 2335â45.
672:neurodegeneration
623:hydrogen peroxide
483:Citric acid cycle
420:Citric acid cycle
372:
371:
232:citric acid cycle
216:
215:
212:
211:
115:metabolic pathway
3799:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3627:HanesâWoolf plot
3570:Enzyme activator
3565:Enzyme inhibitor
3539:Enzyme catalysis
3483:
3476:
3469:
3460:
3372:Aldehyde oxidase
3274:
3267:
3260:
3251:
3204:Apolipoprotein H
3057:Transglutaminase
3014:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2851:
2826:
2796:
2776:
2726:
2719:
2671:
2634:
2604:
2572:
2527:Citrate synthase
2520:
2511:
2465:
2435:
2408:
2386:
2349:
2340:
2320:Adenylate kinase
2291:
2267:
2239:
2230:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2046:
2007:oxaloacetic acid
1919:
1861:Citrate synthase
1833:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1484:
1454:
1433:
1423:
1388:
1387:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1013:BMC Biochemistry
1004:
998:
997:
969:
960:
959:
949:
917:
904:
903:
893:
861:
855:
854:
844:
812:
806:
805:
795:
786:(37): 24158â64.
771:
741:(CMAMMA) due to
665:neurotransmitter
471:: 0.14 ± 0.04 mM
249:
169:
19:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3655:Oxidoreductases
3641:
3617:Enzyme kinetics
3605:
3601:List of enzymes
3574:
3543:
3514:Catalytic triad
3492:
3487:
3457:
3452:
3430:
3376:
3354:
3332:
3289:
3282:oxidoreductases
3278:
3248:
3243:
3182:
3074:
3051:
3023:
3018:
2988:
2983:
2967:
2847:
2842:
2822:
2817:
2792:
2787:
2772:
2767:
2722:
2704:
2658:
2645:
2630:
2625:
2598:
2593:
2566:
2561:
2514:
2496:
2461:
2456:
2432:steroidogenesis
2429:
2424:
2402:
2397:
2380:
2375:
2343:
2329:
2325:Creatine kinase
2302:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2260:
2255:
2233:
2219:
2213:
2183:
2174:
2153:
2095:
2069:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2000:
1981:
1962:
1908:
1849:
1837:
1807:
1802:
1707:
1623:
1588:
1579:
1537:
1532:
1487:
1457:
1436:
1414:(12): 3583â91.
1401:
1397:
1395:Further reading
1392:
1391:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1238:(20): 17640â8.
1225:
1224:
1220:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1006:
1005:
1001:
971:
970:
963:
919:
918:
907:
863:
862:
858:
814:
813:
809:
773:
772:
768:
763:
680:
656:
654:Stress response
574:
546:of NAD to NADH,
538:decarboxylation
516:
497:α-ketoglutarate
490:
485:
477:
469:
453:
413:
408:
341:
306:
274:
240:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3728:
3715:
3702:
3689:
3676:
3663:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3579:Classification
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3307:
3305:
3291:
3290:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2337:
2335:Inner membrane
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2227:
2225:Outer membrane
2221:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1951:(regulated by
1948:
1947:
1928:
1926:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1734:Dihydroorotase
1731:
1726:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1594:Photosynthesis
1590:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1535:External links
1533:
1531:
1530:
1485:
1455:
1445:(3): 279â290.
1434:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1355:
1336:(1): 107â116.
1312:
1269:
1218:
1189:(5): 1436â42.
1169:
1142:(1â3): 43â63.
1126:
1088:
1069:(4): 284â287.
1050:
999:
961:
905:
856:
807:
765:
764:
762:
759:
686:recognized in
679:
676:
655:
652:
573:
570:
559:
558:
547:
541:
523:
522:
514:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
475:
472:
467:
452:
449:
448:
447:
437:
427:
412:
409:
407:
404:
388:2-oxoglutarate
370:
369:
360:
353:
350:
342:
339:
335:
334:
325:
318:
315:
307:
304:
300:
299:
293:
286:
283:
275:
272:
268:
267:
262:
259:
256:
253:
239:
236:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
192:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
165:
164:
155:
149:
148:
137:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3804:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Enzyme family
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Cooperativity
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Oxyanion hole
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3280:Aldehyde/oxo
3275:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3240:
3239:Topoisomerase
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3029:Dehydrogenase
3026:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2216:Mitochondrial
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2033:Mitochondrial
2031:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1629:Dehydrogenase
1626:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:(3): 405â21.
1466:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:(1): 175â89.
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
966:
962:
957:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
914:
912:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
852:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
808:
803:
799:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
675:
673:
669:
666:
660:
653:
651:
648:
642:
638:
636:
632:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
556:
552:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
535:
534:
527:
521:
517:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
494:
493:
487:
482:
473:
470:
464:
463:
462:
460:
459:
450:
445:
441:
438:
435:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
417:
416:
410:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
376:
368:
364:
361:
359:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:
343:
337:
336:
333:
329:
326:
324:
323:
319:
316:
314:
311:
308:
302:
301:
297:
294:
292:
291:
287:
284:
282:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
247:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
208:
205:
203:
199:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
154:
153:Gene Ontology
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
91:NiceZyme view
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
51:
48:
46:
42:
39:
36:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3787:Autoantigens
3733:Translocases
3730:
3717:
3704:
3691:
3678:
3668:Transferases
3665:
3652:
3509:Binding site
3393:
3224:Gangliosides
3080:Nucleoporins
3021:Autoantigens
2977:
2824:ATP synthase
2631:
2599:
2567:
2541:
2515:
2482:ATP synthase
2462:
2430:
2403:
2381:
2361:Cytochrome c
2344:
2284:
2274:Kynureninase
2261:
2234:
2091:
2080:Cytochrome c
1988:succinyl-CoA
1875:
1658:
1497:
1493:
1464:
1460:
1442:
1438:
1411:
1407:
1375:
1371:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1104:
1100:
1066:
1062:
1016:
1012:
1002:
980:(1): 473â8.
977:
974:Biochemistry
973:
929:
925:
876:(1): 29â36.
873:
869:
859:
824:
820:
810:
783:
779:
769:
736:
716:
681:
661:
657:
643:
639:
635:glutaredoxin
627:
620:
616:mitochondria
613:
609:free radical
606:
586:
578:succinyl CoA
575:
566:succinyl CoA
560:
555:succinyl CoA
532:
509:Succinyl CoA
491:
456:
454:
422:(KEGG link:
414:
381:
355:
320:
288:
241:
227:
223:
219:
217:
79:BRENDA entry
3504:Active site
3209:Cardiolipin
2774:Complex III
2097:synthesis:
1914:Anaplerotic
1607:Photosystem
1285:(1): 72â8.
755:lipoylation
751:lipoic acid
684:autoantigen
589:Krebs cycle
328:lipoic acid
67:IntEnz view
27:Identifiers
3776:Categories
3707:Isomerases
3681:Hydrolases
3548:Regulation
3342:cytochrome
3214:Centromere
2794:Complex IV
2601:urea cycle
2289:metabolism
2265:metabolism
2263:tryptophan
2092:Coenzyme Q
2066:Coenzyme Q
1924:acetyl-CoA
1840:Metabolism
1500:: 749061.
1183:Hepatology
761:References
692:antibodies
647:allosteric
572:Regulation
440:Tryptophan
406:Properties
332:Coenzyme A
242:Much like
136:structures
103:KEGG entry
50:9031-02-1
3586:EC number
3386:disulfide
2978:see also
2724:Complex I
2532:Aconitase
1866:Aconitase
1350:0141-8955
1019:(1): 53.
932:: 161â9.
678:Pathology
668:glutamate
544:reduction
255:EC number
56:Databases
3782:EC 1.2.4
3610:Kinetics
3534:Cofactor
3497:Activity
3234:Thrombin
2678:Frataxin
2552:Fumarase
2218:proteins
1898:Fumarase
1526:21049004
1481:19698086
1430:10848975
1307:29106528
1264:21454586
1213:17657817
1164:10787919
1156:15953811
1121:22814169
1083:86257831
1045:21943256
994:18081316
956:23567190
900:21110783
851:16321804
488:Reaction
461: :
444:MAP00380
434:MAP00310
424:MAP00020
398:and the
384:pyruvate
313:2.3.1.61
265:Cofactor
207:proteins
195:articles
183:articles
140:RCSB PDB
3766:Biology
3720:Ligases
3490:Enzymes
2838:MT-ATP8
2833:MT-ATP6
2753:MT-ND4L
2070:(CoQ10)
2049:Primary
1905:and ETC
1847:enzymes
1582:Enzymes
1517:2964918
1299:6219611
1255:3093839
1204:3731127
1036:3195097
947:3883985
891:3169906
842:1569585
802:9727038
696:protein
348:1.8.1.4
281:1.2.4.2
162:QuickGO
127:profile
110:MetaCyc
45:CAS no.
38:1.2.4.2
3752:Portal
3694:Lyases
3414:BCKDHB
3409:BCKDHA
3364:oxygen
3178:NUP214
3173:NUP205
3168:NUP210
3163:NUP188
3158:NUP160
3153:NUP155
3148:NUP153
3143:NUP133
3138:NUP107
2943:MT-TS2
2938:MT-TS1
2908:MT-TL2
2903:MT-TL1
2813:MT-CO3
2808:MT-CO2
2803:MT-CO1
2783:MT-CYB
2763:MT-ND6
2758:MT-ND5
2748:MT-ND4
2743:MT-ND3
2738:MT-ND2
2733:MT-ND1
2506:Matrix
2139:COQ10B
2134:COQ10A
1691:BCKDHB
1686:BCKDHA
1547:(MeSH)
1524:
1514:
1479:
1428:
1348:
1305:
1297:
1262:
1252:
1211:
1201:
1162:
1154:
1119:
1081:
1043:
1033:
992:
954:
944:
898:
888:
849:
839:
800:
729:, and
430:Lysine
298:(TPP)
190:PubMed
172:Search
158:AmiGO
146:PDBsum
86:ExPASy
74:BRENDA
62:IntEnz
33:EC no.
3646:Types
3436:1.2.7
3382:1.2.4
3360:1.2.3
3338:1.2.2
3295:1.2.1
3199:Actin
3187:Other
3133:NUP98
3128:NUP93
3123:NUP88
3118:NUP85
3113:NUP62
3108:NUP54
3103:NUP50
3098:NUP43
3093:NUP37
3088:NUP35
2963:MT-TY
2958:MT-TW
2953:MT-TV
2948:MT-TT
2933:MT-TR
2928:MT-TQ
2923:MT-TP
2918:MT-TN
2913:MT-TM
2898:MT-TK
2893:MT-TI
2888:MT-TH
2883:MT-TG
2878:MT-TF
2873:MT-TE
2868:MT-TD
2863:MT-TC
2858:MT-TA
2654:PMPCB
2641:ALDH2
2463:other
2158:Other
2149:PDSS2
2144:PDSS1
1854:Cycle
1776:HADHB
1771:HADHA
1712:Other
1303:S2CID
1160:S2CID
1079:S2CID
743:ACSF3
238:Units
226:) or
122:PRIAM
3738:list
3731:EC7
3725:list
3718:EC6
3712:list
3705:EC5
3699:list
3692:EC4
3686:list
3679:EC3
3673:list
3666:EC2
3660:list
3653:EC1
3303:NADP
3288:1.2)
2849:tRNA
2129:COQ9
2124:COQ7
2119:COQ6
2114:COQ5
2109:COQ4
2104:COQ3
2099:COQ2
1955:and
1892:SDHA
1669:DLST
1664:OGDH
1522:PMID
1498:2010
1477:PMID
1426:PMID
1376:1864
1346:ISSN
1295:PMID
1260:PMID
1209:PMID
1152:PMID
1117:PMID
1041:PMID
990:PMID
952:PMID
896:PMID
847:PMID
798:PMID
706:and
663:the
595:and
582:NADH
580:and
562:ÎG°'
520:NADH
322:DLST
290:OGDH
261:Gene
258:Name
252:Unit
224:OGDC
218:The
202:NCBI
143:PDBe
98:KEGG
3424:DLD
3419:DBT
3301:or
3299:NAD
2005:to
1986:to
1967:to
1922:to
1719:CAD
1701:DLD
1696:DBT
1674:DLD
1512:PMC
1502:doi
1469:doi
1465:422
1447:doi
1416:doi
1412:267
1380:doi
1338:doi
1287:doi
1250:PMC
1240:doi
1236:286
1199:PMC
1191:doi
1144:doi
1109:doi
1071:doi
1031:PMC
1021:doi
982:doi
942:PMC
934:doi
886:PMC
878:doi
837:PMC
829:doi
825:360
788:doi
784:273
597:ATP
551:CoA
505:CoA
501:NAD
476:max
367:NAD
363:FAD
357:DLD
178:PMC
134:PDB
3778::
3438::
3384::
3362::
3340::
3297::
3286:EC
2094:10
2068:10
1944:E3
1942:,
1940:E2
1938:,
1936:E1
1842::
1652:E3
1647:E2
1642:E1
1617:II
1584::
1520:.
1510:.
1496:.
1492:.
1475:.
1463:.
1441:.
1424:.
1410:.
1406:.
1374:.
1370:.
1358:^
1344:.
1334:42
1332:.
1328:.
1301:.
1293:.
1283:13
1281:.
1258:.
1248:.
1234:.
1230:.
1207:.
1197:.
1187:46
1185:.
1181:.
1158:.
1150:.
1140:31
1138:.
1115:.
1105:45
1103:.
1091:^
1077:.
1067:33
1065:.
1053:^
1039:.
1029:.
1017:12
1015:.
1011:.
988:.
978:47
976:.
964:^
950:.
940:.
930:61
928:.
924:.
908:^
894:.
884:.
874:45
872:.
868:.
845:.
835:.
823:.
819:.
796:.
782:.
778:.
725:,
721:,
714:.
674:.
568:.
518:+
513:CO
511:+
507:â
503:+
499:+
365:,
345:EC
330:,
310:EC
278:EC
234:.
160:/
3754::
3740:)
3736:(
3727:)
3723:(
3714:)
3710:(
3701:)
3697:(
3688:)
3684:(
3675:)
3671:(
3662:)
3658:(
3482:e
3475:t
3468:v
3284:(
3273:e
3266:t
3259:v
3013:e
3006:t
2999:v
2208:e
2201:t
2194:v
2038:/
1959:)
1946:)
1934:(
1894:)
1890:(
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
1612:I
1574:e
1567:t
1560:v
1528:.
1504::
1483:.
1471::
1453:.
1449::
1443:3
1432:.
1418::
1386:.
1382::
1352:.
1340::
1309:.
1289::
1266:.
1242::
1215:.
1193::
1166:.
1146::
1123:.
1111::
1085:.
1073::
1047:.
1023::
996:.
984::
958:.
936::
902:.
880::
853:.
831::
804:.
790::
557:.
515:2
474:V
468:M
466:K
446:)
436:)
426:)
340:3
338:E
305:2
303:E
273:1
271:E
222:(
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