84:(TSC), a synthetic drug containing the carotenoid structure of trans crocetin has been extensively investigated in animal disease models and in human clinical trials. Clinical trials of TSC have focused on testing the compound's effectiveness in sensitizing hypoxic cancer cells to radiation therapy in patients with
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among water molecules, which constitute the majority of the blood plasma medium. As hydrogen bonding increases, the overall molecular structure of water in the plasma becomes more lattice-like, a phenomenon known as structure building. Structure building reduces resistance to the movement of oxygen
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Lapchak P (2010). "Efficacy and safety profile of the carotenoid trans sodium crocetinate administered to rabbits following multiple infarct ischemic strokes: A combination therapy study with tissue plasminogen activator".
95:, has been shown to enhance the oxygenation of hypoxic tumor tissue and belongs to a subclass of oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds known as bipolar trans carotenoid salts.
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348:"Safety and Efficacy Study of Trans Sodium Crocetinate (TSC) With Concomitant Radiation Therapy and Temozolomide in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma (GBM)"
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Laidig, K.E., J.L. Gainer, V. Daggett (1998). "Altering
Diffusivity in Biological Solutions through Modification of Solution Structure and Dynamics".
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and into the tissues, the more structured character of water imparted by the oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound will enhance movement into tissues.
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Abdullaev F, Espinosa-Aguirre J (2004). "Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials".
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Computer simulations have shown that TSC specifically can increase the transport of oxygen through water by as much as 30 percent.
36:) of oxygen through plasma. Oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds have shown promise in the treatment of conditions associated with
409:"Diffusion Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Accelerated Review of TSC Clinical Development Plan to Treat COVID-19 Patients with ARDS"
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Sheehan, Jason; et al. (2008). "Use of trans sodium crocetinate for sensitizing glioblastoma multiforme to radiation".
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438:, Gainer J & Grabiak R, "Bipolar trans carotenoid salts and their uses", issued 2011-04-05
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through plasma via diffusion. Since blood plasma offers the major barrier for oxygen to move from the
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One of the first substances that was reported to produce an oxygen diffusion-enhancing effect was
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forces that interact with water molecules. These interactions result in greater
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Gainer, J (2008). "Trans-sodium crocetinate for treating hypoxia/ischemia".
44:(a lack of oxygen in the circulating blood supply). Such conditions include
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Gainer J; G.M. Chisolm III (1974). "Oxygen diffusion and atherosclerosis".
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Oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds are thought to act by exerting
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is any substance that increases the availability of oxygen in
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575:Starr, Cecie; McMillan, Beverly (2012).
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88:, an aggressive form of brain cancer.
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99:is currently investigating the use of
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32:and thereby promoting the movement (
18:oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound
579:(9th ed.). Cengage Learning.
40:(a lack of oxygen in tissues) and
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91:TSC, which is being developed by
267:Cancer Detection and Prevention
526:Manabe H, et al. (2010).
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627:Drugs by mechanism of action
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503:Pharmacology for Chemists
501:Cannon, Joseph G (1999).
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201:10.1517/13543784.17.6.917
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544:10.3171/2009.10.JNS09562
101:trans sodium crocetinate
82:Trans sodium crocetinate
532:Journal of Neurosurgery
375:Journal of Neurosurgery
436:US patent 7919527
162:US patent 8206751
50:myocardial infarction
103:in the treatment of
52:(heart attack), and
119:Mechanism of action
26:molecular structure
24:by influencing the
617:Chemical compounds
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601:Categories
143:References
612:Diffusion
113:cancerous
34:diffusion
562:19961314
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323:19891959
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115:tumors.
107:, acute
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