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origins. Large pots had storage purposes, with those of medium sizes being used for cooking, and the smallest used as jars (grey/brown), bowls (typically dark grey/black), lamps and plates. In spite of the major changes in size and cultural reach, the changes in pottery style throughout the city's occupation are not extensive. There is a lack of spores and pollen within the ceramics, which could be caused by a high firing temperature (more spores than pollen) or the origin of the clay had few plants.
257:. Reasons for Yoruba migration from cities such as Ile-Ife have been attributed to long droughts or the unselected in a leadership dispute leaving with his adherents. The Afin, the large palace complex, is a Yoruba tradition, while the sprawling market area signifies the role that mercantilism played in the maintenance and central focus of the Oyo empire. These are signatures of Yoruba cities, and the layout and features of Old Oyo were copied to New Oyo after the old city's abandonment.
269:
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233:(Ile meaning home and Ife meaning expansion) originates in the original expansion of Yoruba peoples. Ile-Ife was a settlement of the Yoruba travelers, absorbing those who were living in the area, and a place that became the Holy City of legend, the place of legendary creation, and a center for their culture as they spread from this city to the surrounding lands. In the cities that these Yoruba descendants established, the idea of a center such as
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originates from a nearby material source. Eastern areas of these series of excavations show two occupation levels, whereas the test pit in the
Western part in 2006 had one occupation. Pottery can be visible partway buried in this area. In the area between the Outer wall and the Main Outer wall, material was not seen, but excavations revealed pottery fragments. Segi, dichroic beads, are found at Old Oyo similar to other sites in Yorubaland.
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52:
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The walls of the city had a wide circumference, with ditches accompanying the walls. Some of the ground was dug, and a second earthwork was built on the other side of the ditch. There are three divisions of wall that researchers have established in Old Oyo: those of the Outer, the Main Outer, and the
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Pottery is found in abundance at this site. Old Oyo pottery, as described by Dr. Ogiogwa, can include "characteristic burnishing, basting, brush marking, shell-edge, scallop impressions, dot punctuate, and incised geometric symbols consisting of cross, triangular, square, and perpendicular motifs.",
439:
in relation to the Oyo Empire, or simply having contact through trade, as both groups took advantage of their positions between sea and land. The two styles that archeologists have isolated at Old Oyo include Diogun and Mejiro. Typically, the pottery found in excavations within this site have local
374:
The Aafin area has visible remnants of walls and pottery, and excavations yield charcoal and potsherds to varying depths. Inside the Main Outer wall, mud walls (collapsed and seen as mounds) are again visible, with more intense occupation mounds. From this excavation, a ceramic plate was found that
312:
The land in Oyo state changes the further North one travels, transitioning from lowland into rocky terrain. The entire area has north–south flowing rivers and their tributaries. A study on groundwater potential in this region shows that within this state, there is a distribution of aquifers, though
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is as follows, "A belt of thick wood runs round the walls, which are built of clay, and about twenty feet high, and surrounded by a dry ditch. There are ten gates in the walls, which are about fifteen miles in circumference, of an oval shape, about four miles in diameter one way, and six miles the
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In the broader landscape of empires in this area, Oyo Empire at its height in 1780 was a larger than the surrounding coastal empires, and city of Old Oyo received tribute in the form of slaves, soldiers, taxes, etc. During this time, Agbaje-Williams estimates the population to be 60,000 to 140,000
457:
The later style of pottery, labeled by Soper, was present at the nearby Mejiro cave. Characterized as grey/black wares, the beginning date is 1300±80. In mid-later points of this stage, potters marks are distinguished which helps archeologists track the spread of the artisans and their products
487:. The destruction of the city comes after a decline in trade and influence, the slave trade declined, the position that Oyo-Ile had in regards to this is what had enabled its prosperity while the surrounding kingdoms had less access, and the kingdoms surrounding Oyo-Ile had been gaining power.
498:
Areas of cultural history and heritage in
Nigeria have been experiencing gradual decay and/or replacement in the recent past. Regeneration of these areas with urban communities can strengthen cultural identity and can help local and national communities access the tourism industry.
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Three successive levels of potsherd pavements, consisting of flatly laid ceramic tiles, have been uncovered at Old Oyo. Two radiocarbon dates of ca. 13th and 14th centuries are assigned to the pavements. The pavements are associated with the flooring of houses, temples, and roads.
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A style of pottery found in layers before than the presence of walls. The dates for this occupation is (1100±110 AD), with further dating efforts adding dates as late as 765±90. "These wares are characterized by sandy paste, fawn/ grey-brown colour, and complex fluted rims."
466:
Large scale iron-working is known to be more prominent in the areas surrounding Old Oyo than in other regions of West Africa. This is caused by rich deposits in the area, and greater iron-working enabled the military to be better-equipped, and the empire to expand further.
217:. Archaeology has been conducted at this site for over four decades. The area designated as Old Oyo is nearly 3,000 hectares. Sites related in cultural relation and importance to the Oyo Empire include Koso, Bara, and Ipapo Ile, both cities in Nigeria.
235:
Ile-Ife has been repeated. In this way, Old Oyo was a center for Yoruba culture, the destination of tributes, and the seat of ritual and political rule. The empire at its height had political power over other Yoruba kingdoms and the broader region of
333:
This site has been lengthy occupied, and the effects of inhabitancy can be seen as changes to the environment, horticulture, and visible human artifacts still present on the landscape. Of the archaeology, there are features; the remains of walls and
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area from rainfall and wells, as the ground is rocky and difficult to dig. According to
Johnson, the city of Oyo-Ile was separated into 11 sections, and, mirrored in the city of New Oyo, a minor district on the outskirts of the city was dedicated to
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The walls of Oyo-Ile have been mapped several times. In most areas, they have collapsed or split, with the most enduring being those of the Inner circle, three inner and one outer of the walls surviving today .
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the Oyo ceramic complex. Restated in other papers, burnished-basted surfaces are signatures of Old Oyo ceramics. These productions have been found in various sites within the empire as well as being found in
308:
The seasons of
Nigeria alternate between rainy and dry, though, different from the North, the South has a longer rain, followed by a shorter dry period, then followed by a short wet and long dry season.
209:, or custodian/keeper of the palace which was called the Aafin. As the capital of a major state during the 17th and 18th centuries, the city is also the site of large markets such as the
348:
surveys across the site reveal a spike in measurement near the area where the Akesan marketplace once lay. Anthropogenic changes to the natural environment in this site have resulted in
475:
There are grinding hollows and grindstones found at this site. Grinding hollows can be used for a variety of purposes, including food, pigment, ceramic, and metal production.
244:, with a strong cavalry, trade system, and political organization. The Alaafin who lived in the major palace complex within Old Oyo was both ruler and judge for their people.
1437:"Back to the Grindstone? The Archaeological Potential of Grinding-Stone Studies in Africa with Reference to Contemporary Grinding Practices in Marakwet, Northwest Kenya"
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After its abandonment in the late 1830s, it never returned to city status. Over a century later, it was declared a game reserve and, later, a national park.
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According to the
National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Old Oyo historical site is located at the coordinates 8°56'-9° 03' North 4°20'- 4°26'East.
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area. In the region of West Africa, Grassland
Savanna and to a lesser extent, Broadleaf Forests have been the dominant biome in the last 520 ka.
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Small fragments of the wall revealed through archaeological work, revealed that the palace walls were completely smoothed and polished.
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The Oyo-Ile
Kingdom, during the crest of its power, sponsored new kingdoms located in the Oyo, Egbado, and Igbomina regions of Nigeria.
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This city was abandoned in 1835 after its destruction by Fulani attacks. This is what caused the shifting of the seat of power to
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https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/459362-historian-raises-alarm-over-destruction-of-old-oyo-empire-town.html?tztc=1
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Located in what is now the Oyo state of
Nigeria, the national park that preserves this area also extends into the Kwara state.
67:
2253:
949:"Evaluation of Groundwater Potential through Aquifer Hydraulic Properties in Oyo State, Southwestern Basement Complex Nigeria"
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across the wide trade routes and the travels of the people of Old Oyo, as well as their dispersal after the city's collapse.
337:
According to Frank
Willett, the first Ife antiquity to be obtained by a European was sold at the Queen's market of Old Oyo.
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930:"Geography of Nigeria; A Practical Article on the Concise Location of Nigeria in Africa and Other of her Unique Features"
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Inner wall (Aafin). 7.5 km encircling the Aafin, 18 km of the Main Outer, and 28 km of the Outer.
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1218:"Of Small Things Remembered: Beads, Cowries, and Cultural Translations of the Atlantic Experience in Yorubaland"
1412:"The Age of Iron in West Africa | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
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other, the south end leaning against the rocky hills, and forming an inaccessible barrier in that quarter."
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1528:"Cultural heritage tourism as a catalyst for sustainable development; the case of old Oyo town in Nigeria"
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717:""Elephants for Want of Towns": Archaeological Perspectives on West African Cities and Their Hinterlands"
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775:"Cultural Heritage Resources of the New Oyo Empire, Southwestern Nigeria: Prospects for Sustainability"
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201:
It was a major cultural and political center of West Africa during the empire's height. Established by
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511:
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1920:
1865:
572:"Ceramic Spheres and Regional Networks in the Yoruba-Edo Region, Nigeria, 13th-19th Centuries A.C."
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With studies on the proximal positions of Fez, Morocco and Kano, Old Oyo can feasibly be renewed.
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In the site of Old Oyo, there was a water reservoir located near the palace, created as a
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352:, useful shrubs, and thickets being more prevalent in areas of greater human occupation.
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An account of the wall from when they were still standing in 1829 by
Scottish explorer
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groups migrating from the city of Ile-Ife, the city was the seat of authority for the
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1178:"A History of Ibadan Art: Ibadan as Nigeria's art, culture and intellectual hub"
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The inspiration for the metropolitan, urban center that Old Oyo was comes from
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Shoemaker, Anna C.; Davies, Matthew I.J.; Moore, Henrietta L. (2017-09-01).
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A similar type of wall to the one that once stood at Old Oyo. found at Koso.
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According to The History of the Yorubas, the Oyo-Ile kingdom's founder was
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230:
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1265:"Potsherd Pavements in Ilare-ljesa, Yorubaland: A Regional Perspective"
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is the site of a ruined medieval city that was once the capital of the
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Dept. Of Archaeology and the African Studies Center, Boston University
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1991:
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1996:
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881:"Quaternary forest associations in lowland tropical West Africa"
842:"REEXAMINING THE YORUBA NATION - A History of the Yoruba People"
546:"Revisiting old Oyo: Report on an interdisciplinary field study"
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964:
962:
2042:
996:"Ago That became Oyo: An Essay in Yoruba Historical Geography"
1502:"ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF EARLY URBAN CENTRES IN NIGERIA"
371:
Excavations were carried out in 1981, 2002, 2004, and 2006.
947:
Agbede, Oluwole Akinyele; Aiyelokun; Oyelakin (July 2019).
756:"Conservation of Pottery Materials from the Old Oyo Empire"
803:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–14, 2010-09-30,
879:
Miller, Charlotte S.; Gosling, William D. (2014-01-15).
1342:
1340:
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1311:
1309:
1284:"INVESTIGATIONS AT OLD OYO, 1956—57: AN INTERIM REPORT"
1222:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1353:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1318:"Old Oyo or Ijebu-Oyo Pottery: The Vessels of Oke-Eri"
953:
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan
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market, which was recreated in the later city of New
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1954:
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1526:Madandola, Muhammed; Boussaa, Djamel (2023-01-19).
618:"Field Report: Oyo Ruins of NW Yorubaland, Nigeria"
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301:The site is situated South of River Niger, in a
1387:"Expedition Magazine | Benin, Oyo, and Dahomey"
1325:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
1578:
835:
833:
8:
1288:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
1119:A Contribution to the Archaeology of Old Oyo
1416:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
435:, potential putting Ijebu of a status with
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1532:International Journal of Heritage Studies
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1349:"Continuity and Change in Yoruba Pottery"
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56:Survey of palace grounds by Brian Hallam
779:African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter
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1316:Ogiogwa, Joan-Mary I. (October 2017).
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7:
198:. It has been abandoned since 1835.
74:
1117:Agbaje-Williams, Babatunde (1983).
616:Agbaje-Williams, Babatunde (1990).
229:history. The legend and history of
721:Journal of Archaeological Research
25:
1500:Okpoko, A. Ikechukwu (May 1998).
1263:Ogundiran, Akinwumi (June 2000).
715:Monroe, J. Cameron (2018-12-01).
544:Folorunso, C. A. (January 2006).
512:Nigeria's National Parks: Old Oyo
1282:Willett, Frank (December 1960).
1176:Adegbola, Tunde (27 June 2024).
274:
267:
138:
73:
66:
50:
27:Site of medieval City in Nigeria
2285:Archaeological sites in Nigeria
906:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.027
840:NOLTE, INSA (10 January 2012).
691:"The pattern of Yoruba history"
664:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
570:Ogundiran, Akinwumi O. (2001).
517:UNESCO: Tentative List, Old Oyo
275:
1076:The Journal of African History
928:ASEGIEMHE, A. J. (June 2019).
846:The Journal of African History
760:Cultural Heritage Conservation
471:Evidence of intense settlement
313:little groundwater potential.
1:
1545:10.1080/13527258.2023.2169332
1441:African Archaeological Review
1050:"Tourist Site - OYSG Tourism"
293:Location of Old Oyo in Africa
1410:Ross, Authors: Emma George.
1347:Allsworth-Jones, P. (1996).
1216:Ogundiran, Akinwumi (2002).
809:10.1017/cbo9780511702617.006
670:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
622:Journal of Field Archaeology
575:Journal of Field Archaeology
868:– via Cambridge Core.
2301:
2226:Education & Philosophy
1201:: CS1 maint: url-status (
885:Quaternary Science Reviews
801:The History of the Yorubas
797:"Origin and Early History"
390:
362:Map of Oyo-Ile city walls.
194:in what is now modern-day
1454:10.1007/s10437-017-9264-0
1365:10.1017/s0041977x00031591
1088:10.1017/S002185370000181X
1072:"Ife and Its Archaeology"
994:Goddard, Stephen (1971).
955:– via Researchgate.
858:10.1017/s0021853711000582
733:10.1007/s10814-017-9114-2
634:10.1179/jfa.1990.17.3.367
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61:
49:
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1509:African Study Monographs
1000:The Geographical Journal
754:Akintayo, Akinbowale M.
689:Biobaku, Saburi (1958).
1121:. University of Ibadan.
1070:Willett, Frank (1960).
970:"Old Oyo National Park"
2247:Yoruba Knowledge (XXG)
1477:"Yoruba empire of Oyo"
1133:www.premiumtimesng.com
494:Position in the future
383:
363:
773:Olukole, Titilayo O.
391:Further information:
381:
361:
44:Site of medieval City
37:Katunga, Eyo, Old Oyo
2275:Cities in Yorubaland
550:University of Ibadan
290:class=notpageimage|
2150:Trinidad and Tobago
1391:Expedition Magazine
1012:1971GeogJ.137..207G
897:2014QSRv...84....7M
329:Archaeological site
118:8.97472°N 4.30750°E
114: /
1888:Precolonial state:
1856:Idoani Confederacy
1722:Yoruboid languages
1302:– via JSTOR.
384:
364:
2280:Cities in Nigeria
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1157:Missing or empty
818:978-0-511-70261-7
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99:Coordinates:
90:
69:
53:
41:
31:
19:
2238:Architecture
2115:Sierra Leone
2097:Demographics
1904:Departments:
1831:Ondo Kingdom
1801:Olota of Ota
1535:
1531:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
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1444:
1440:
1430:
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1415:
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1390:
1381:
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1352:
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1324:
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1181:
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1132:
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1052:. 2024-01-29
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976:. 2021-03-18
973:
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669:
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350:baobab trees
342:
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252:
234:
224:
221:Significance
200:
187:
183:
179:
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171:
170:
155:14th Century
81:Oyo Ile
34:Oyo Ile
1851:Ila Kingdom
1826:Owu Kingdom
1816:Iwo Kingdom
479:Abandonment
462:Ironworking
238:West Africa
121: /
2269:Categories
2217:Literature
2083:Porto Novo
1879:Yorubaland
1821:Oyo Empire
1811:Egba Alake
1616:Oyo Empire
1486:2023-10-30
1421:2023-11-08
1396:2023-11-08
1141:2024-06-27
1056:2024-06-27
980:2023-11-28
974:litcaf.com
824:2023-10-30
675:2023-11-28
523:References
393:Benin Moat
192:Oyo Empire
160:Founded by
2078:Ondo City
2068:Ado-Ekiti
2053:Ogbomosho
1875:Geography
1650:Subgroups
1554:1352-7258
1463:1572-9842
1373:0041-977X
1242:0361-7882
1197:cite news
1096:0021-8537
1028:0016-7398
915:0277-3791
866:0021-8537
741:1573-7756
666:"Old Oyo"
642:0093-4690
595:0093-4690
417:Pavements
367:Artifacts
346:Phosphate
261:Geography
255:Oranmiyan
164:Oranmiyan
109:4°18′27″E
106:8°58′29″N
2233:Medicine
2205:Numerals
2200:Yoruboid
2195:Language
2190:Calendar
2185:Religion
2178:Highlife
2033:Abẹokuta
1921:Collines
1846:Ila Yara
1774:Politics
1760:Itsekiri
1735:Ulukwumi
1677:Igbomina
1300:41970821
1182:Vanguard
1150:cite web
891:: 7–25.
344:people.
249:Creation
240:and the
2160:Culture
2140:Jamaica
2043:Ilé-Ifẹ
1955:States:
1931:Alibori
1916:Plateau
1866:Nigeria
1841:Oke Ila
1712:Olukumi
1631:Nigeria
1603:History
1250:3097620
1187:27 June
1036:1796741
1008:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
603:3181458
485:New Oyo
426:Pottery
282:Oyo-Ile
231:Ile-Ife
207:Alaafin
196:Nigeria
184:Oyo-Oro
180:Katunga
176:Oyo-Ile
172:Old Oyo
152:Settled
146:Nigeria
134:Country
89:Nigeria
18:Oyo-Ile
2254:Yoruba
2145:Brazil
2130:Canada
2063:Osogbo
2028:Ilorin
2023:Ibadan
1926:Borgou
1755:Mokole
1740:Lucumí
1730:Yoruba
1672:Egbado
1657:Ijesha
1596:topics
1594:Yoruba
1552:
1461:
1371:
1298:
1248:
1240:
1104:180242
1102:
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1034:
1026:
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601:
593:
453:Mejiro
444:Diogun
323:Shango
227:Yoruba
211:Akesan
203:Yoruba
186:, and
143:
2210:Names
2173:Music
2110:Saros
2048:Akure
2018:Lagos
1992:Kwara
1987:Ekiti
1962:Lagos
1941:Donga
1911:Ouémé
1765:Igala
1707:Ilaje
1702:Ekiti
1687:Akoko
1682:Awori
1636:Benin
1505:(PDF)
1321:(PDF)
1296:JSTOR
1271:(53).
1246:JSTOR
1100:JSTOR
1032:JSTOR
694:(PDF)
599:JSTOR
437:Ilesa
433:Ijebu
387:Walls
2135:Cuba
1997:Kogi
1982:Ondo
1977:Osun
1972:Ogun
1692:Okun
1667:Egun
1662:Egba
1641:Togo
1550:ISSN
1515:(1).
1459:ISSN
1369:ISSN
1331:(9).
1238:ISSN
1203:link
1189:2024
1163:help
1092:ISSN
1024:ISSN
911:ISSN
862:ISSN
813:ISBN
785:(4).
737:ISSN
638:ISSN
591:ISSN
2168:Art
2073:Iwo
2058:Owo
2038:Ọyọ
2002:Edo
1967:Oyo
1936:Zou
1750:Ifè
1745:Ede
1697:Ana
1611:Ifẹ
1540:doi
1449:doi
1361:doi
1230:doi
1084:doi
1016:doi
1004:137
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854:doi
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729:doi
630:doi
583:doi
215:Oyo
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
