Oyo Empire - Knowledge (XXG)

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the Alaafin and the Oyo Mesi and thus no one was arrogated absolute power. The Ogboni was a very powerful secret society composed of aristocratic freemen noted for their age, wisdom, and importance in religious and political affairs. Its members enjoyed immense power over the common people due to their religious station. A testament to how widespread the institution was is the fact that there were (and still are) Ogboni councils at nearly all sub-courts within Yorubaland. Aside from their duties with respect to the worship of the earth, they were responsible for judging any case dealing with the spilling of blood. The leader of the Ogboni, the Oluwo, had the unqualified right of direct access to the Alaafin of Oyo on any matter.

2739:. In his quest for absolute power, Gaha conspired with the Oyo Mesi and probably to some extent the Ogboni to force four successive Alaafins to commit ritual suicide after they had been presented with the symbolic parrot's eggs. Between June and October 1754 alone, two Alaafins had been forced to commit suicide by Gaha. Because of this, Alaafin Awonbioju spent 130 days on the throne, while Alaafin Labisi only spent 17 days on the throne. Gaha's treachery was not ended until 1774 during the reign of Alaafin Abiodun, the fifth Alaafin he served. Gaha was subsequently executed by Abiodun but the instability that had been brought about by these intrigues had further weakened Oyo. 65: 2233:

Oyo was also expected to give his subordinates honours and presents. In return, all sub-rulers had to pay homage to the Oba and renew their allegiance at annual ceremonies. The most important of these was the Bere festival, marking the acclamation of successful rule by the Alaafin. After the Bere festival, peace in Yorubaland was supposed to last for three years. The king could not be disposed of but could be compelled to commit suicide if he was no longer wanted. This was done by sending Bashorun (The prime minister) to present either an empty

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voice of the nation and had the chief responsibility of protecting the interests of the empire. The Alaafin was required to take counsel from them whenever any important matter affecting the state occurred. Each chief had a state duty to perform at court every morning and afternoon. Each also had a deputy whom they would send to the Alaafin if their absence was unavoidable. The Oyo Mesi developed as a check on the Alaafin's power, preventing the Alaafin from being an

2189:. This area, like all tributary states, was allowed a fair degree of autonomy as long as taxes were paid, the orders from Oyo were strictly followed, and access to local markets was provided to Oyo merchants. The Oyo often demanded tribute in slaves. The tributary chiefs of other kingdoms sometimes made war on others to capture slaves for this purpose. Oyo was known to punish disobedience by wholesale slaughter of the erring community, as it accomplished in 723: 2646:

wooden posts and bas-relief doors, often depicting narratives of significant events, asserting power, and immortalizing the experiences of the residents. However, the most intricate and elaborate architectural artworks were reserved for the temples dedicated to the deities. An exceptional example is the temple of Sango. The structure, perfectly square and approximately twenty yards on each side, featured polished, deep-red stained floors and walls.

2931: 2750:. Afonja took cause with Awole when the latter commanded him to attack Alaafin Abiodun's maternal home, Iwere-Ile. Afonja, being bound by an oath and also desirous not to fall under a curse from a previous Alaafin made to the effect that any Aare Ona Kakanfo who attacked Iwere-Ile (his paternal home) was to die miserably, refused to comply. A further cause was given in 1795, when Awole ordered Afonja to attack the market town of 2432:

Alaafin with an empty calabash, or parrot's eggs, as a sign that he must commit suicide. This was the only way to remove the Alaafin because he could not legally be deposed. Once given the calabash or the parrot's eggs, the Alaafin, his eldest son the Aremo, and his personal counselor within the Oyo Mesi, the Asamu, all had to commit suicide to renew the government. The suicide ceremony took place during the Orun festival.

361: 2754:, a part of Ile-Ife. All Alaafins, due to the Yoruba belief that Ife was the spiritual home of the Yorubas, were previously made to swear an oath never to attack Ife. Afonja carried out Awole's order and sacked Apomu, but on the return of the army from the campaign he marched on the capital Oyo-Ile (which was itself a taboo), and demanded that Awole abdicate. Awole eventually committed ritual suicide. 2573: 2010:). The two most important structures in Oyo-Ile were the 'Afin,' or palace of the Oba, and his market. The palace was at the center of the city close to the Oba's market called 'Oja-Oba'. Around the capital was an enormous earthen wall for defense with 17 gates. The importance of the two large structures (the palace and the Oja Oba) signified the importance of the king in Oyo. 2717: 2483:. Cavalry was the long arm of the Oyo Empire. Late 16th and 17th century expeditions were composed entirely of cavalry. There were drawbacks to this. Oyo could not maintain its cavalry army in the south but could raid at will. Despite its drawbacks, Oyo managed to amass one hundred thousand cavalry horsemen, earning the fear of many kingdoms and empires across West Africa. 2623:, cloth and slaves. The Yoruba of metropolitan Oyo were also highly skilled in craft making and iron work. Aside from taxes on trade products coming in and out of the empire, Oyo also became wealthy off the taxes imposed on its tributaries. Taxes on the kingdom of Dahomey alone brought in an amount estimated at 14 million US dollars a year. In pre colonial times, 2840:, died in 1859. His first son, Adelu Alao Agunloye, became the Alaafin after him and ruled from 1859 to 1876, followed by his fourth son Alowolodu Adeyemi I, the third Alaafin to rule in the present Oyo, who also died in 1905. Others who ruled after Adeyemi I were Lawani Agogo ija, Ladigbolu I, Adeyemi II, Gbadegesin, and Lamidi Adeyemi, who died in 2022. 384: 2558: 331: 2450:

steady growth in population. This contributed to Oyo's ability to consistently field a large force. There was also an entrenched military culture in Oyo where victory was obligatory and defeat carried the duty of committing suicide. This do-or-die policy no doubt contributed to the military aggressiveness of Oyo's generals.

2532:. These were 70 junior war chiefs who were nominated by the Oyo Mesi and confirmed by the Alaafin of Oyo. The Eso were appointed for their military skill without regard to heritage, although de facto dynasties of Eso were also known to exist. The Eso were led by the Aare-Ona-Kakanfo, and were famous for living by a 2762:

chief who was the leader of the growing Muslim population in Oyo, also rose to power at this time. These new elements had lost regard for the office of the Alaafin due to the various political wranglings and the lack of a central authority at the time; this situation eventually led to Afonja seceding

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After the Nupe crisis, Oyo grew a more diverse population. The Yoruba elements remained the dominant population in the reconstructed empire. Next to them in influence were the Ibariba, and joining this multiethnic nation were elements of Nupe, Songhai, and Mossi. The presence of Ibariba, Songhai, and

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Tributary leaders and provincial governors were responsible for collecting tribute and contributing troops under local generalship to the imperial army in times of emergency. Occasionally, tributary leaders would be ordered to attack neighbors even without the backing of the main imperial army. These

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Since the Aare-Ona-Kakanfo could not reside near the capital, arrangements had to be made for the latter's protection in case of emergency. Forces inside metropolitan Oyo were commanded by the Bashorun, leading member of the Oyo Mesi. As stated earlier, Metropolitan Oyo was divided into six provinces

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The Oyo Empire, like many empires before it, used both local and tributary forces to expand its domains. The structure of the Oyo military prior to its imperial period was simple and closer aligned to the central government in metropolitan Oyo. This may have been adequate in the 14th century when Oyo

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meaning "deputy of the gods." The Bashorun had the final say on the nomination of the new Alaafin, his power rivaling that of the king himself. For example, the Bashorun orchestrated many religious festivals; he did this in addition to being commander-in-chief of the army, which gave him considerable

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The Oyo Empire developed a highly sophisticated political structure to govern its territorial domains. Scholars have not determined how much of this structure existed before the Nupe invasion. After reemerging from exile in the early 17th century, Oyo took on a noticeably more militant character. The

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rebellion. Clapperton also noticed a shortage of horses, even though the Oyo were renowned as a great cavalry force; this might have something to do with the fact that most of the empire's soldiers and hence cavalry were stationed at Ilorin under the command of Afonja (and later Alimi's successors).

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visited Oyo-Ile in 1825 during the reign of Alaafin Majotu, the empire was already in a state of decline. Clapperton's party recorded passing numerous Oyo villages burned by the Fulani of Ilorin while Majotu had also sought the help of the English king and the Oba of Benin in putting down the Ilorin

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After the death of Awole, there was a scramble for the throne by numerous contenders; some were reported to have spent less than six months on the throne; there was also a period of interregnum of almost twenty years where the various factions could not agree on a candidate. This power vacuum led to

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was described as a large square building supported by round pillars, against which were set sculptures of men, some armed with sword and shield and others holding pistols. Clapperton noted the remarkable skill of the artisans, stating that some of their sculptural creations rivaled those he had seen

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With its cavalry, Oyo campaigned over great distances. The Oyo army was able to attack defensive fortifications, but it was harder to supply an army, and they withdrew when supplies ran out. The Oyo did not use guns in its major conquests. The military waited until the 19th century to adopt them. In

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The Oyo Mesi were the seven principal councilors of the state. They constituted the Electoral Council and possessed legislative powers. Led by the Bashorun, acting as prime minister, and consisting of the Agbaakin, the Samu, the Alapini, the Laguna, the Akiniku, and the Ashipa, they represented the

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or half-heads, because of the custom of shaving half of their heads and applying what was believed to be a magical substance into them. The hundreds of Ilari were divided evenly between the sexes. Junior members of the Ilari did menial tasks, while seniors acted as guards or sometimes messengers to

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The Basorun was a key political office in the Oyo,(often likened to the role of the Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Kingdom) during the 16th to 18th centuries, controlled by Ibariba families. Serving as the head of the seven highest-ranking non-royal lords in the Oyo Mesi council, the Bashorun

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The Yoruba of Oyo went through an interregnum of 80 years as an exiled dynasty after its defeat by the Nupe. They re-established Oyo to be more centralized and expansive than ever. The people created a government that established its power over a vast territory. During the 17th century, Oyo began a

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After Oyo's return from exile, the post of Aare-Ona-Kakanfo was established as the supreme military commander. He was required to live in a frontier province of great importance to keep an eye on the enemy and to keep him from usurping the throne. During Oyo's imperial period, the Aare-Ona-Kakanfo

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Infantry in the region around the Oyo Empire was uniform in both armour and armament. All infantry in the region carried shields, swords and lances of one type or another. Shields were four feet tall and two feet wide and made of elephant or ox hide. A 3-foot-long (0.91 m) heavy sword was the

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The Oyo Mesi did not enjoy absolute power either. While the Oyo Mesi wielded political influence, the Ogboni represented the popular opinion backed by the authority of religion, and therefore the views of the Oyo Mesi could be moderated by the Ogboni. There were checks and balances on the power of

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upon his father's death. Independent of the succession, the Aremo was quite powerful in his own right. For instance, by custom, the Alaafin abstained from leaving the palace, except during the important festivals, which in practice curtailed his power. By contrast, the Aremo often left the palace.

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of Oyo (Alaafin means 'owner of the palace' in Yoruba), was the head of the empire and supreme overlord of the people. He was responsible for keeping tributaries safe from attack, settling internal quarrels between sub-rulers, and mediating between those sub-rulers and their people. The Alaafin of

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The second layer of the empire was composed of the towns closest to Oyo-Ile, which were recognized as brothers. This area was south of metropolitan Oyo, and its Yoruba inhabitants spoke different dialects from that of Oyo. These tributary states were led by their own rulers, titled Obas, who were

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By 1680, the Oyo Empire spanned over 150,000 square kilometers. It reached the height of its power in the 18th century. Despite its violent creation, it was held together by mutual self-interest. The government was able to provide unity for a vast area through a combination of local autonomy and

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There was a high degree of professionalism in the army of the Oyo Empire. Its military success was due in large part to its cavalry as well as the leadership and courage of Oyo officers and warriors. Because its main geographic focus was north of the forest, Oyo enjoyed easier farming and thus a

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During the colonial period, the Yorubas were one of the most urbanized groups in Africa. About 22% of the population lived in large areas with populations exceeding 100,000, and over 50% lived in cities made up of 25,000 or more people. The index of urbanization in 1950 was close to that of the

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The architecture within the Oyo Empire, exhibited an intricate built environment. Elite residences in Oyo-Ile showcased a distinctive architectural style, highlighted by intricate sculptures that symbolized the status of the inhabitants. Sculptors adorned houses and compounds with finely carved

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tributaries were allowed, like their Yoruba counterparts, to rule themselves. They were, however, supervised by Ajele. These were agents appointed by the Alaafin of Oyo to oversee his interest and monitor commerce. The lead representative of Oyo in the corridor was the Olu, ruler of the town of

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The reinvigorated Oyo Empire began raiding southward as early as 1682. By the end of its military expansion, Oyo's borders would extend to the coast, some 100 kilometres (62 mi) southwest of its capital. It met little serious opposition until the early 18th century. In 1728, the Oyo Empire

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sometime between 1578 and 1608, but failed as the mountains in Ekiti stopped the advance of cavalry units to attack Benin. A few kingdoms in Ekiti fell under Oyo, and Otun Ekiti served as buffer independent town between Oyo and Benin yet, Oyo continued to expand. The Oyo allowed autonomy to the

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of the Oyo palace were made of brass and were measured to be around 2 meters in height. The roof of the Old Oyo palace in its heyday was said to held up with around 100 brass pillars in a long corrider before The palace was invaded and ransacked by the Ilorin Emirate in the 19th century. It is

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Chief among the responsibilities of the Bashorun was the all-important festival of Orun. This religious divination, held every year, was to determine if the members of the Mesi still held favour with the Alaafin. If the council decided the disapproval of the Alaafin, the Bashorun presented the

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in a major campaign dominated by its cavalry. Dahomey warriors, on the other hand, had no cavalry but many firearms. Their gunshots scared the Oyo cavalry horses and prevented their charging. The Dahomey army also built fortifications such as trenches, which effectively made the use of cavalry

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At the beginning, the people were concentrated in metropolitan Oyo. With imperial expansion, Oyo reorganized to better manage its vast holdings within and outside of Yorubaland. It was divided into four layers defined by relation to the core of the empire. These layers were Metropolitan Oyo,

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was at war with the Bariba of Borgu, who wanted to subjugate the new city then still under construction. Orangun Ajagunla of Ila, Oranmiyan's elder brother, stormed in with his men to assist. Not long after the war was won, Oranmiyan had a son, Ajuwon Ajaka, by Princess Torosi of the Tapa

1962:); much later Arabambi was also born by the same woman. It is believed that the name "Sango" was given by his maternal grandfather or that he adopted it from the local name for the god of Thunder. Either way, the royal family was devoted to the Spirits of Thunder (Jakuta) and War (Ogun). 2018:

Oyo had grown into a formidable inland power by the end of the 14th century. For over a century, the Yoruba state had expanded at the expense of its neighbors. During the reign of Onigbogi, Oyo suffered military defeats at the hands of the Nupe led by Tsoede. Sometime around 1535, the

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Alaafin Abiodun during his reign had also conducted failed campaigns against Borgu in 1783 and Nupe in 1789, losing the equivalent of 11 and 13 generals and their men respectively. Abiodun was subsequently murdered by his own son Awole, who subsequently ascended his father's throne.

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played a crucial role in advising the king and representing non-royal interests. Their power was substantial, especially in the selection of a new king. From 1570 to 1750, several Basoruns had Ibariba or non-Yorùbá origins such as Basorun Magaji, Woruda, Biri, Yamba, Jambu, and Gaa.

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As Oyo tore itself apart via political intrigue, its vassals began taking advantage of the situation to press for independence. The Egba, under the leadership of a war chief called Lishabi, massacred the Ilari stationed in their area and drove off an Oyo punitive force.

1978:, who was later deified as the deity of thunder and lightning. Ajaka was restored after Sango's death. Ajaka returned to the throne thoroughly more warlike. His successor, Kori, managed to conquer the rest of what later historians would refer to as metropolitan Oyo. 2184:

Ajaland was the last layer added to the empire. It was the most restive and distant, and kept in line with threats of expeditions against it. This territory extended from the non-Yoruba areas west of the Egbado Corridor far into Ewe controlled territory in modern

2796:, to the Alaafin at Oyo to make peace. The peace talks eventually broke down, and Oyo subsequently attacked Dahomey. The Oyo army was decisively defeated, ending Oyo's hegemony over Dahomey. After gaining its independence, Dahomey began raiding the corridor. 2341:'s power in check. The Oyo Mesi spoke for the politicians while the Ogboni spoke for the people and were backed by the power of religion. The power of the Alaafin of Oyo to the Oyo Mesi and Ogboni depended on his personal character and political shrewdness. 2320:

All sub-courts of Oyo had Ilari who acted as both spies and taxmen. Oyo appointed these to visit and sometimes reside in Dahomey and the Egbado Corridor to collect taxes and spy on Dahomey's military successes so that the Alaafin of Oyo could get his cut.

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Ilorin from Oyo in 1817 with the help of Oyo Muslims. In 1823, after Afonja had been killed by his erstwhile allies Shehu Alimi and Solagberu (who was himself later killed by Alimi's son), Ilorin became part of the Sokoto Caliphate. By the time Captain

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Doors were also intricately cast and crafted in oyo. A large iron door looted from Oyo was kept and passed down from Emirs, and a Alaafin from the 18th century was said to have "made seven silver doors to the seven entrances of his sleeping apartment".

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to observe: "The father is the king of the palace, and the son the king for the general public". The two councils which checked the Alaafin tended to select a weak Alaafin after the reign of a strong one to keep the office from becoming too powerful.

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Oranmiyan, the first oba (king) of Oyo, was succeeded by Oba Ajaka, Alaafin of Oyo. Ajaka was deposed, because he lacked Yoruba military virtues and allowed his sub-chiefs too much independence. Leadership was then conferred upon Ajaka's brother,

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Metropolitan Oyo corresponded, more or less, to the Oyo state prior to the Nupe invasion. This was the hub of the empire, where the Yoruba spoke the Oyo dialect. Metropolitan Oyo was divided into six provinces, with three on the west side of the

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useless. The battle lasted four days, but the Oyo were eventually victorious after reinforcements arrived. Dahomey was forced to pay tribute to Oyo. The Oyo invaded Dahomey 11 times before finally subjugating the kingdom in 1748.

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The chief instructed Oranmiyan to follow the snake until it stopped somewhere for seven days and disappeared into the ground. Oranmiyan followed the advice and founded Oyo where the serpent stopped. The site is remembered as

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in neighbouring territories also used cavalry and may have had the same historical source. Oyo was able to purchase horses from the north and maintain them in metropolitan Oyo because of partial freedom from the

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The Oyo Empire was not a purely hereditary monarchy, nor was it an absolute one. The Oyo Mesi selected the Alaafin. He was not always closely related to his predecessor, although he did have to be descended from

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territory north of Dahomey in the late 18th century. The Yoruba also made use of the forces of their tributaries, for instance, they accomplished a 1784 naval blockade of Badagri with an Oyo-Dahomey-Lagos force.

2278:, and to hail from the Ona Isokun ward (which is one of the three royal wards). At the beginning of the Oyo Empire, the Alaafin's eldest son usually succeeded his father upon the throne. This sometimes led the 5887: 3862:(PRO:T.70/1523)."Extract of letter of W. Devaynes, Governor of the English fort at Whydah, 22 Oct. 1754, quoted in letter of T. Melvil, Cape Coast Castle, 30 Nov. 1754". Public Records Office, London 674:. The Oyo Empire was one of the most politically important states in Western Africa from the mid-17th to the late 18th century and held sway not only over most of the other kingdoms in 5907: 2052:, Alaafin of Oyo, succeeded in regaining Oyo's original territory from the Nupe. A new capital, Oyo-Igboho, was constructed, and the original became known as Old Oyo. The next oba, 2064:, he held the first Bere festival, an event to celebrate peace in the kingdom. Celebrated regularly, it would retain much significance among the Yoruba long after the fall of Oyo. 3967: 1930:. On the way to the battle, the brothers quarreled and the army split up. Oranmiyan's force was too small to make a successful attack, so he wandered the southern shore of the 2666:

claimed that they were first erected during the reign of Alaafin Aganju around the 15th century, although some sources attribute them to have been cast between 1750 and 1780.

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Mossi facial scarification among the Oyo population provides evidence for this multiethnic and multicultural integration in the formation of the Oyo identity after 1570.

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sought to preserve what remained of Oyo by placing on Ibadan the duty of protecting the capital from the Ilorin in the north and northeast. He also attempted to get the

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In the surrounding provinces of the Oyo Empire, smaller replicas of the architectural artistry dedicated to Sango were established. For example, a temple in

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oracle before the royal succession for approval from the gods. New alaafins of Oyo were therefore seen as being appointed by the gods. They were regarded as

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for the east and west side of the river respectively. Lesser war chiefs were known as Balogun, a title carried on by the soldiers of Oyo's successor state,

2282:, known as the Aremo, to hasten the death of his father. To prevent this occurrence, it became traditional for the crown prince to be made to commit ritual 5932: 1353: 4077:

Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee, with a statistical account of that kingdom, and geographical notices of other parts of the interior of Africa

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influence in the empire. It is known that at least some Muslim officials were kept in Metropolitan Oyo, and men capable of writing and calculating in

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main armament for close combat. The Yoruba and their neighbours used triple barbed javelins which could be thrown accurately from about 30 paces.

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long stretch of growth, becoming a major empire. Oyo never encompassed all Yoruba people, but it was the most populous kingdom in Yoruba history.

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United States, excluding Ilorin. The Yoruba continue to be the most urbanized African ethnic group today. Prominent contemporary cities include

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southeast of metropolitan Oyo, where the non-Yoruba areas could also act as a buffer between Oyo and Benin. By the end of the 16th century, the

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In 1823, Dahomey was reported to have raided villages that were under the protection of Oyo. Oyo immediately demanded a huge tribute from King

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the ascendancy of powerful military and regional commanders like Adegun, the Onikoyi and Solagberu, the Otun Are-Ona Kakanfo. Shehu Alimi, a

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The Bashorun's duties were closely tied to warfare, leading military campaigns for the state. Their position was second only to the alaafin.

2245:(i.e. the people reject you, the world rejects you and the gods reject you also). According to tradition, the Alaafin was expected to commit 5897: 3435: 2486:

Cavalry in highly developed societies such as Oyo was divided into light and heavy. Heavy cavalry on larger imported horses was armed with

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Many believe the decline of the Oyo empire had started as early as 1754 with the dynastic intrigues and palace coups sponsored by the Oyo

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Ilorin then besieged Offa and started raiding, burning and pillaging villages in Oyo, eventually destroying the capital Oyo-Ile in 1835.

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Unlike the great savannah empires, of which Oyo may not be called a successor since it was a successor of Ife, there was little if any

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Easley, Dr. Larry. "The Four Forest States of Africa." Oyo Empire. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. 2 Mar. 2009.

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until reaching Bussa. There, the local chief entertained him and provided a large snake with a magic charm attached to its throat.

670:-speaking state through the organizational and administrative efforts of the Yoruba people, trade, as well as the military use of 5927: 5922: 5917: 2202:

influence of an aggressive Yoruba culture is exemplified in the standards placed on the oba (king) and the roles of his council.

1922:). Oranmiyan made an agreement with his brother to launch a punitive raid on their northern neighbors for insulting their father 5377: 2708:

were reported by French traders in 1787. Muslim communities existed in several towns throughout the empire by the 19th century.

3871:(PRO: T.70/1545). "Letter of Lionel Abson, Governor of the English fort at Whydah, 26 Sept. 1783" Public Records Office, London 2724: 1444: 288: 274: 249: 3931: 3906: 3483:

Church Missionary Society, G.31 A.2/1888-9, Letter of S. Johnson to the Rev. J.B. Wood, 8 November 1887, as cited by Law R.,

2116: 1950:" (Alaafin means 'owner of the palace' in Yoruba). He left all his treasures in Ife and allowed another king to rule there. 2044:

The key to the Yoruba rebuilding of Oyo was a stronger military and a more centralized government. Taking a cue from their

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controlled only its heartland, but to make and maintain conquest farther away, the structure underwent several changes.

2119:. The victory among the alliance defined the borders between the neighboring states. Oyo led a successful campaign into 1559: 1325: 4857: 5820: 4539: 1894: 2793: 2369: 2363: 2146:

and three to the river's east. Each province was supervised by a governor appointed directly by the Alaafin of Oyo.

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The events that led to the secession of Ilorin began in 1793. Ilorin was a war camp headed by the Aare-Ona Kakanfo

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While the Alaafin of Oyo was the supreme overlord of the people, he was not without checks on his power. The

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led attacks to obliterate the Nupe to ensure Oyo was never threatened by them again. During the reign of Oba

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and the various members of the Bashorun chieftaincy family that have served the state throughout its history

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called it "The largest and most fancifully ornamented of any of a similar kind in the interior of Africa."

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Oyo became the southern emporium of the Trans-Saharan trade. Exchanges were made in salt, leather, horses,

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The empire's third layer was the Egbado Corridor southwest of Yorubaland. This area was inhabited by the

2071:, the Yoruba repopulated Oyo-Ile and rebuilt the original capital. Oyo attempted to take and conquer the 1970:

The founding of Oyo is regarded as 1300, but this is only estimated through backtracking the chronology.

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Atiba's gambit failed, and Oyo never regained its prominence in the region. The Oba, otherwise called

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to protect Oyo from the west against the Dahomeans. The center of Yoruba power moved further south to

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The History of the Yorubas: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate

3427: 2027:. The Nupe sacked the capital, destroying Oyo as a regional power until the early 17th century. 3953:

Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa: from the bight of Benin to Soccatoo

3826:"The Earliest Yoruba Translation of the Qur'an: Missionary Engagement with Islam in Yorubaland" 2633:

among the Yoruba. Esusu was recorded to have been practiced in Oyo during the reign of Alaafin

5763: 5659: 5595: 5590: 5519: 5416: 5131: 5059: 5054: 4896: 4825: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4598: 4549: 4348: 4310: 4291: 4272: 4253: 4234: 4211: 4174: 4120:

Goddard, Stephen (June 1971). "Ago That became Oyo: An Essay in Yoruba Historical Geography".

4057: 4034: 3927: 3902: 3845: 3792: 3726: 3634: 3464: 3323: 2920: 2895: 2676: 722: 525: 144: 5267: 2494:

armor was imported into Yorubaland from the north, and may have been worn by Oyo cavalrymen.

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forces were often utilized in Oyo's distant campaigns on the coast or against other states.

2072: 1645: 1295: 1025: 1015: 1000: 757: 5639: 3880:

Dalzel, Archibald. "The History of Dahomy, An Inland Kingdom of Africa" London,1793, p. 229

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divided evenly by a river. Provincial forces were thus grouped into two armies, under the

2300:

The Alaafin of Oyo appointed certain religious and government officials, who were usually

1943: 1707: 1686: 1480: 1078: 990: 986: 959: 935: 747: 706: 667: 596: 121: 111: 38: 5272: 5252: 4133: 3395:

Amazons of Black Sparta, 2nd Edition: The Women Warriors of Dahomey By Stanley B. Alpern

5773: 5768: 5731: 5706: 5689: 5600: 5585: 5556: 5514: 5362: 5322: 5317: 5205: 5198: 5158: 5148: 5138: 4953: 4832: 4726: 4593: 4475: 4050: 3951: 2845: 2792:

for the unauthorized incursion, to which Gezo dispatched his Brazilian viceroy, Chacha

2733: 2317:("do not oppose him"). They carried red and green fans as credentials of their status. 2246: 1947: 1673: 1635: 1630: 1593: 977: 945: 940: 825: 815: 742: 267: 360: 5871: 5854: 5741: 5536: 5509: 5482: 5460: 5438: 5282: 5262: 5188: 5173: 5017: 4970: 4958: 4884: 4776: 4650: 4645: 4620: 4502: 4227: 4204: 4194: 4075: 2959: 2945: 2810:

After the destruction of Oyo-Ile, the capital was moved further south, to Ago d'Oyo.

2487: 2416:; they compelled many Alaafins to commit suicide during the 17th and 18th centuries. 1464: 1454: 1423: 1159: 1020: 1010: 840: 714: 643: 356: 1209: 5746: 5487: 5477: 5443: 5372: 5367: 5294: 5084: 5066: 5027: 5022: 5002: 4997: 4869: 4862: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4736: 4674: 4655: 4640: 4576: 2964: 2475: 2279: 2228:

The oba (meaning 'king' in the Yoruba language) at Oyo, who was referred to as the

1783: 1663: 1640: 1403: 1358: 1284: 1276: 982: 910: 890: 870: 810: 780: 752: 578: 564: 129: 4103: 1809: 1154: 177: 5465: 5450: 5299: 5012: 4921: 4911: 4837: 4485: 4480: 4333:

Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Limited, 1995

2533: 2467: 2164: 2120: 2049: 2045: 2020: 1959: 1931: 1927: 1625: 1433: 1118: 915: 875: 860: 820: 805: 800: 647: 468: 456: 2868:, which are some of the major cities that flourished after old Oyo's collapse. 5492: 5309: 5183: 5143: 4170: 2969: 2572: 2520:

Oyo maintained a semi-standing army of specialist cavalry soldiers called the

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enemies (whom they called "Tapa"), the Yoruba rearmed with armor and cavalry.

1763: 1753: 1748: 1598: 1537: 995: 895: 775: 732: 679: 675: 423: 306: 254: 4178: 3849: 1918:(also known as Oranmiyan), the last prince of the Yoruba Kingdom of Ile-Ife ( 5382: 5153: 5037: 5007: 4788: 4662: 4453: 4330:" Department of Philosophy Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. 29 Apr. 2009. 4086: 2716: 2537: 2529: 2413: 2271: 2061: 2023:

occupied Oyo and forced its ruling dynasty to take refuge in the kingdom of

1828: 1778: 1542: 1133: 1098: 920: 850: 330: 3825: 3841: 399:

of the Yoruba and totem of both the emperors and kings that have followed

4783: 4566: 4524: 4463: 2979: 2900: 2861: 2853: 2673: 2616: 2463: 2330: 2309:

the other world via sacrifice. Their titles related to the king, such as

2234: 2057: 2053: 1773: 1758: 1516: 1485: 1413: 1219: 1050: 830: 365: 353: 203: 4696: 4625: 4581: 4497: 4436: 4309:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 340. 4157:

Law, Robin (1975). "A West African Cavalry State: The Kingdom of Oyo".

4149: 3771: 3747: 2662: 2459: 2283: 2275: 2229: 2214: 1988: 1954: 1923: 1915: 1678: 1418: 1408: 1055: 790: 785: 671: 655: 543: 521: 471: 446: 413: 396: 373: 314: 152: 91: 4186: 4112: 2557: 383: 4529: 4404: 2857: 2849: 2819: 2759: 2747: 2705: 2590: 2334: 2301: 2238: 2190: 2172: 2168: 1975: 1820: 1798: 1715: 1511: 1506: 1240: 1214: 1204: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1144: 1093: 905: 845: 627: 617: 502: 281: 207: 97: 78: 4269:

Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000-1800

4141: 3763: 1128: 1113: 574: 2490:. Light cavalry on smaller indigenous ponies was armed with clubs. 5163: 4307:

Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800

4250:

Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-Colonial West Africa Second Edition

3788:

Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed

2865: 2751: 2728:

Reconstructed palace of Alaafin of Oyo circa mid-1900s, colorized.

2715: 2701: 2654: 2620: 2556: 2471: 2108: 2068: 2024: 1939: 1847: 1833: 1743: 1469: 1459: 1428: 1255: 1251: 1199: 1123: 972: 855: 795: 686: 651: 582: 496: 490: 382: 369: 359: 329: 322: 125: 2419:

The head of the council of Oyo Mesi, the Bashorun, consulted the

2941: 2937: 2789: 2736: 2186: 1653: 1189: 1164: 880: 392: 388: 4377: 4328:

The Democratic Structure of Yoruba Political-Cultural Heritage.

4336:

Fasanya, Akin (2004). "The Original Religion of the Yorubas."

3025: 2462:; it did so because most of its territory was in the northern 2420: 2348: 1919: 1184: 885: 835: 560: 4338:

http://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/2004/database/fasanya.html

3758:(3). UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center: 60–61+92. 2549:

personally commanded the army in the field on all campaigns.

3063: 2679:

at Old Oyo have been dated from the 13th to 14th centuries.

2084:

states of modern Benin Republic were paying tribute to Oyo.

1718:

Festival (Brazil, Cuba, Trinidad, USA, Venezuela, Argentina)

2871:

A remnant of the monarchy continues to exist as one of the

4373: 2458:

The Oyo Empire was one of the only Yoruba states to adopt

2241:'s eggs to him and pass a sentence of rejection, known as 2171:, and guaranteed Oyo's trade with the coast. The Egba and 2822:, a Yoruba war camp settled by Oyo commanders in 1830. 2133:

southern Yorubaland, the Egbado Corridor, and Ajaland.

5888:

States and territories established in the 14th century

4052:

Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey

4014:. Lagos: C.M.S. (Nigeria) Bookshops. pp. 223–226. 2056:, conquered nearly all of Yorubaland. After this, Oba 593:

A ki ro'ba fi la le de Oyo, o ya e je a lo ree Alaafin

4033:. Vol. 2. Carolina Academic Press. p. 173. 3968:

Royal Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer

2466:. The origin of the cavalry is unclear; however, the 5839: 5791: 5670: 5308: 4712: 4411: 3633:p. 254. Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. 2012. 3570:Afolayan, Funso. (2000) "Kingdoms of West Africa", 678:, but also over nearby African states, notably the 603: 588: 570: 556: 531: 511: 462: 452: 442: 429: 419: 409: 347: 302: 218: 213: 199: 183: 165: 151: 135: 117: 107: 84: 74: 23: 4226: 4203: 4049: 3924:Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee (1819) 1986:The heart of metropolitan Oyo was its capital at 4345:West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century 3631:: The origins of power, prosperity and poverty. 4031:Kingdoms of West Africa: Benin, Oyo and Asante 3715:Falola, Toyin; Adebayo, Akanmu Gafari (2000). 16:Former empire in present-day Benin and Nigeria 5908:States and territories disestablished in 1905 4389: 4029:Afolayan, Funso (2000). Falola, Toyin (ed.). 3945: 3943: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3666: 3664: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3283: 3281: 3262: 3260: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3002: 3000: 1895: 666:zone). The empire grew to become the largest 8: 5846:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 4225:Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2001). 3718:Culture, Politics and Money Among the Yoruba 3614: 3612: 3610: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3134: 3132: 2624: 28: 3987: 3985: 3785:Falola, Toyin; Jennings, Christian (2004). 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3049: 3047: 5667: 4396: 4382: 4374: 4252:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 3810: 3808: 3791:. University Rochester Press. p. 50. 3692: 3690: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3122: 3120: 3118: 1902: 1888: 701: 63: 20: 4233:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4210:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4102: 3901:. Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria). 2832:List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo 2576:Oyo empire extent, 17th to 18th centuries 2399:Learn how and when to remove this message 650:. It was located in present-day southern 69:Oyo Empire during the 17th–18th centuries 2723: 2571: 2536:that was comparable to the Latin dictum 2362:This article includes a list of general 2209: 222:150,000 km (58,000 sq mi) 4347:. Oxford University Press. p. 36. 3438:from the original on 14 September 2017. 2996: 2877: 2631:rotating savings and credit association 1914:The origins of the Oyo Empire lie with 713: 217: 212: 5913:14th-century establishments in Nigeria 3600: 3598: 3328:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3321: 599:for "Oyo, Descendants of the Alaafin") 344: 5883:14th-century establishments in Africa 3899:War and Peace in Yorubaland 1793-1893 3618:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 302. 3592:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 301. 3529:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 299. 3509:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 300. 3416:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 298. 3384:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 297. 3362:Oliver & Atmore 2001, p. 95. 3310:from the original on 20 February 2007 3187:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 293. 3171:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 296. 3126:Oliver & Atmore 2001, p. 89. 182: 164: 160: 150: 7: 4288:Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500-1800 4267:Stride, G.T. & C. Ifeka (1971). 4128:(2). Blackwell Publishing: 207–211. 3824:Solihu, Abdul Kabir Hussain (2015). 3053:Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 291 2304:. These officials were known as the 4369:Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology 2720:A Survey of Old Oyo Palace compound 2333:and the Yoruba Earth cult known as 334:Oyo Empire and surrounding states, 5933:1900s disestablishments in Nigeria 4290:. London and New York: Routledge. 2561:Oyo Empire and surrounding states 2368:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 4087:"Some Aspects of Yoruba Urbanism" 3432:The University of Texas at Austin 2975:Rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo 2428:independent religious authority. 2155:confirmed by the Alaafin of Oyo. 662:zone and the western half of the 2948:and totem of the Alaafins of Oyo 2929: 2908: 2883: 2658:in Europe in terms of delicacy. 2353: 1966:Early period (13th century–1535) 1340:Àwọ̀fin, Ààfin, Àọ̀fin, Àghọ̀fẹn 928:Related Yoruboid-speaking groups 721: 286: 272: 247: 4206:The Cambridge History of Africa 4085:Bascom, William (August 1962). 3746:Morton-Williams, Peter (1995). 3088:Goddard 1971, pp. 207–211. 4159:The Journal of African History 4000:Bascom 1962, pp. 699-709. 3485:The Oyo Empire c. 1600-c. 1836 3112:Stride & Ifeka p. 292 1: 4104:10.1525/aa.1962.64.4.02a00010 4056:. New York University Press. 2562: 2287:This led the noted historian 2218: 1573: 433: 335: 168: 50: 5903:History of the Yoruba people 5893:Countries in medieval Africa 4326:Kehnide Salami, Yunusa PhD " 3897:Akinjogbin, Adeagbo (1998). 3463:. Indiana University Press. 1669:Aké Arts & Book Festival 1326:History of the Yoruba people 5898:Nigerian traditional states 4048:Alpern, Stanley B. (1998). 3830:Journal of Qur'anic Studies 3574:ed. by Tony Falola, p. 173. 3006:Thornton 1998, p. 104. 2775:Loss of the Egbado Corridor 2313:("the king is supreme") or 2031:Imperial period (1608–1800) 1791:Folk / Traditional 1612:Festivals / events 1312:Politics / History 484:Iba Aare Ona Kakanfo of Oyo 5949: 4286:Thornton, John K. (1999). 3748:"Two Yoruba Brass Pillars" 3670:Thornton 1999, p. 80. 3342:Thornton 1999, p. 88. 3266:Thornton 1999, p. 86. 3254:Thornton 1999, p. 82. 3138:Thornton 1999, p. 77. 2829: 2803: 685:in the modern Republic of 4248:Smith, Robert S. (1989). 4229:Medieval Africa 1250-1800 4171:10.1017/S0021853700014079 3979:Alpern 1998, p. 166. 3950:Clapperton, Hugh (1829). 3461:The Yoruba: A New History 3275:Alpern 1998, p. 165. 2875:of contemporary Nigeria. 549:Candido da Fonseca Galvao 352: 226: 195: 161: 62: 47: 4122:The Geographical Journal 4010:Johnson, Samuel (1921). 3991:Smith 1989, p. 123. 3926:. Taylor & Francis. 3922:Bowdich, Edward (1966). 3649:Dahomey and the Dahomans 3604:Law 1975, pp. 1–15. 3147:Alpern 1998, p. 37. 2980:Oyotunji African Village 2903:symbol of Yoruba royalty 2794:Francisco Félix de Sousa 2265:Selection of the Alaafin 2040:Reconquest and expansion 94:(1300–1535); (1600–1835) 5928:18th century in Nigeria 5923:17th century in Nigeria 5918:16th century in Nigeria 4305:Thornton, John (1998). 4202:Oliver, Roland (1975). 4091:American Anthropologist 3814:Smith 1989, p. 20. 3705:Smith 1989, p. 57. 3696:Smith 1989, p. 53. 3682:Smith 1989, p. 56. 3658:Smith 1989, p. 50. 3547:Smith 1989, p. 12. 3245:Smith 1989, p. 48. 2683:Ethnic diversity in Oyo 2383:more precise citations. 4343:Forde, Daryll (1967). 4072:Bowdich, Thomas Edward 3723:Transaction Publishers 3426:Fasanya, Akin (2004). 2729: 2721: 2625: 2577: 2569: 2225: 404: 380: 342: 29: 5816:Medieval great powers 4271:. Edinburgh: Nelson. 3842:10.3366/jqs.2015.0210 3287:Thornton 1999, p. 97. 3211:Thornton 1999, p. 79. 2727: 2719: 2637:in the 18th century. 2575: 2560: 2213: 2067:Under his successor, 1946:) with the title of " 1874:List of Yoruba people 1867:Notable personalities 1530:Military and commerce 996:Afro-Cubans / Lucumis 386: 363: 333: 108:Common languages 5826:European colonialism 5811:Ancient great powers 4080:. London: J. Murray. 3970:" Cape Coast, 1822-3 3725:. pp. 132–135. 2697:imperial authority. 1712:Yoruba Arts Festival 1691:Yorùbá Drum Festival 1674:World Sango Festival 5821:Modern great powers 4134:1971GeogJ.137..207G 3457:akinwumi, ogundiran 3428:"Untitled Document" 3393:Alpern 1998, p. 34: 3225:Smith 1989, p. 122. 2197:Political structure 2111:-Dahomey-Oyo force 2014:The Nupe occupation 1694:New Yam- Ọdún Ìjẹṣu 1547:Parakòyí / Bàbálájé 1230:Legendary creatures 481:Iba Bashorun of Oyo 437: 13th century 190:Adeyemi I Alowolodu 141:Hereditary Monarchy 3556:Smith 1989, p. 10. 2985:History of Nigeria 2916:Ìbọ̀ onígun mẹ́rin 2873:traditional states 2784:The Dahomey Revolt 2730: 2722: 2578: 2570: 2528:or, formally, the 2226: 2206:The Alaafin of Oyo 2095:Kingdom of Dahomey 1269:Religious concepts 936:Ìtsẹkírì (Ìwẹ́rẹ́) 683:Kingdom of Dahomey 557:Connected families 405: 381: 374:kings and emperors 343: 5865: 5864: 5787: 5786: 5752:Polish–Lithuanian 4927:Gurjara-Pratihara 3070:. 12 January 2016 3032:. 12 January 2016 3015:Forde,1967, p. 36 2944:, war god of the 2799: 2553:Metropolitan Army 2409: 2408: 2401: 1912: 1911: 1499:Nobility (Ògbóni) 1044:Cultural concepts 636: 635: 565:Bini royal family 526:Imperial Highness 478:Oba Obirin of Oyo 328: 327: 298: 297: 294: 293: 260: 259: 185:• ????–1896 5940: 5668: 5333:Austro-Hungarian 5033:Chagatai Khanate 4398: 4391: 4384: 4375: 4358: 4320: 4301: 4282: 4263: 4244: 4232: 4221: 4209: 4198: 4153: 4116: 4106: 4081: 4067: 4055: 4044: 4016: 4015: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3894: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3683: 3680: 3671: 3668: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3629:Why Nations Fail 3625: 3619: 3616: 3605: 3602: 3593: 3590: 3575: 3568: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3530: 3527: 3510: 3507: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3453: 3440: 3439: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3363: 3360: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3226: 3223: 3212: 3209: 3188: 3185: 3172: 3169: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3127: 3124: 3113: 3110: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2933: 2912: 2887: 2628: 2567: 2564: 2544:Aare Ona Kakanfo 2538:infra dignitatem 2488:bow & arrows 2404: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2379:this article by 2370:inline citations 2357: 2356: 2349: 2223: 2220: 2137:Metropolitan Oyo 1904: 1897: 1890: 1646:Badagry Festival 1138:Awo & Ogberi 826:Ìdàáṣà (Ìdàáshà) 725: 702: 698:Legend of origin 609:Alowolodu (Oyo) 561:Ife royal family 438: 435: 376:of Oyo prior to 348:House of Oranyan 345: 340: 337: 290: 289: 276: 275: 264: 263: 251: 250: 244: 243: 228: 227: 173: 170: 67: 58: 57: 55: 52: 42: 34: 31:Orílẹ̀ Ọba Ọ̀yọ́ 21: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5850:American Empire 5835: 5831:African empires 5783: 5666: 5358:Central African 5304: 5122:Romano-Germanic 4708: 4442:Middle Assyrian 4415: 4407: 4402: 4365: 4355: 4342: 4317: 4304: 4298: 4285: 4279: 4266: 4260: 4247: 4241: 4224: 4218: 4201: 4156: 4142:10.2307/1796741 4119: 4084: 4070: 4064: 4047: 4041: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3965: 3961: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3896: 3895: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3764:10.2307/3337272 3745: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3533: 3528: 3513: 3508: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3455: 3454: 3443: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3366: 3361: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3298:"Archived copy" 3296: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3229: 3224: 3215: 3210: 3191: 3186: 3175: 3170: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3116: 3111: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2956: 2949: 2934: 2925: 2913: 2904: 2888: 2838:Atiba Atobatele 2834: 2828: 2808: 2806:Atiba Atobatele 2802: 2786: 2777: 2765:Hugh Clapperton 2714: 2694: 2685: 2648:Hugh Clapperton 2643: 2613: 2608: 2599: 2565: 2555: 2546: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2375:Please help to 2374: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2327: 2298: 2267: 2255: 2243:Awon Eniyan Koo 2221: 2208: 2199: 2182: 2161: 2159:Egbado Corridor 2152: 2139: 2130: 2104: 2090: 2042: 2033: 2016: 1992:(also known as 1984: 1968: 1944:Yoruba language 1908: 1879: 1878: 1869: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1825:Ekun Iyawo/Rara 1788: 1759:Yoruba Highlife 1732: 1731: 1730:Performing arts 1722: 1721: 1708:Odunde Festival 1697: 1614: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1527: 1496: 1441: 1343: 1330: 1314: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1300:Ẹbọ & Ètùtù 1266: 1227: 1147:, Imọlẹ̀, Ẹbọra 1141: 1103: 1082: 1081: 1070: 1069: 1046: 1045: 1036: 1035: 1006:Afro-Dominicans 963: 962: 951: 950: 925: 881:Òǹkò (Òkè-Ògùn) 771: 770: 700: 695: 658:(including the 610: 581: 577: 563: 540: 524: 520: 475: 436: 338: 287: 273: 248: 186: 174: 171: 139:Constitutional 122:Yoruba religion 103: 70: 53: 49: 48: 43: 36: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5870: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4714:Post-classical 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4513:Middle Kingdom 4510: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4469:Neo-Babylonian 4466: 4461: 4459:Old Babylonian 4451: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4364: 4363:External links 4361: 4360: 4359: 4353: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4302: 4296: 4283: 4277: 4264: 4258: 4245: 4239: 4222: 4216: 4199: 4154: 4117: 4097:(4): 699–709. 4082: 4068: 4062: 4045: 4039: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4002: 3993: 3981: 3972: 3959: 3939: 3932: 3914: 3907: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3816: 3804: 3797: 3777: 3738: 3731: 3707: 3698: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3620: 3606: 3594: 3576: 3558: 3549: 3531: 3511: 3489: 3487:, p. 71 (1977) 3476: 3469: 3441: 3418: 3398: 3386: 3364: 3344: 3335: 3289: 3277: 3268: 3256: 3247: 3227: 3213: 3189: 3173: 3149: 3140: 3128: 3114: 3090: 3081: 3055: 3043: 3017: 3008: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2921:Solomon's knot 2914: 2907: 2905: 2896:Solomon's knot 2889: 2882: 2880: 2830:Main article: 2827: 2824: 2804:Main article: 2801: 2798: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2734:Prime Minister 2713: 2710: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2642: 2639: 2629:was a type of 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2597:Tributary Army 2595: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2407: 2406: 2361: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2326: 2323: 2297: 2294: 2266: 2263: 2254: 2251: 2247:ritual suicide 2207: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2181: 2178: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2107:1764, a joint 2103: 2102:Later conquest 2100: 2089: 2086: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2015: 2012: 1983: 1980: 1967: 1964: 1948:Alaafin of Oyo 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1641:Ẹ̀yọ̀ Festival 1638: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1594:Yoruba country 1590: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 980: 975: 970: 964: 958: 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 948: 943: 938: 932: 931: 929: 924: 923: 921:Yéwa (Ẹ̀gbádò) 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 772: 768: 767: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 727: 726: 718: 717: 711: 710: 699: 696: 694: 691: 634: 633: 632: 631: 624: 621: 614: 613:Agunloye (Oyo) 611: 605: 604:Cadet branches 601: 600: 590: 586: 585: 572: 568: 567: 558: 554: 553: 552: 551: 546: 541: 533: 529: 528: 515: 509: 508: 507: 506: 500: 494: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 464: 460: 459: 454: 450: 449: 444: 440: 439: 431: 427: 426: 421: 420:Current region 417: 416: 411: 407: 406: 350: 349: 326: 325: 304: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 284: 278: 277: 270: 268:Ilorin Emirate 261: 258: 257: 252: 240: 239: 234: 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 211: 210: 201: 197: 196: 193: 192: 187: 184: 181: 180: 175: 166: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 149: 148: 137: 133: 132: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 102: 101: 95: 88: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 45: 44: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5945: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5856: 5855:Soviet empire 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840:Miscellaneous 5838: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439:German Empire 5437: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5179:Turco-Persian 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4354:0-19-724187-5 4350: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4316:0-521-62724-9 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4297:1-85728-393-7 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4278:0-17-511448-X 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4259:0-299-12334-0 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4240:0-521-79372-6 4236: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4217:0-521-20981-1 4213: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4063:0-8147-0678-9 4059: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4042: 4040:0-89089-768-9 4036: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798:9781580461405 3794: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3732:9781580462969 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639:9780307719218 3636: 3632: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572:Africa Vol. 1 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3470:9780253051509 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2960:Ijebu Kingdom 2958: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2918:, (Quadruple 2917: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2513: 2506: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2403: 2400: 2392: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2237:or a dish of 2236: 2231: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2136: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2073:Benin Kingdom 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1956: 1953:At one time, 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 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1257: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1086:Supreme deity 1085: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1011:Afro-Haitians 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 1001:United States 999: 997: 994: 992: 988: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 961: 955: 954: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 930: 927: 926: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 871:Ọ̀họ̀rí (Ìjẹ) 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 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176: 156: 154: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 99: 96: 93: 90: 89: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 66: 61: 46: 40: 33: 32: 22: 19: 5606:Contemporary 5456:Indo-Persian 5444:Nazi Germany 5388:Contemporary 5290:Vijayanagara 5189:Great Seljuk 5100:Thessalonica 5076: 5028:Golden Horde 4668:Carthaginian 4447:Neo-Assyrian 4432:Neo-Sumerian 4344: 4306: 4287: 4268: 4249: 4228: 4205: 4162: 4158: 4125: 4121: 4094: 4090: 4076: 4051: 4030: 4011: 4005: 3996: 3975: 3962: 3952: 3923: 3917: 3898: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3836:(3): 10–37. 3833: 3829: 3819: 3787: 3780: 3755: 3752:African Arts 3751: 3741: 3717: 3710: 3701: 3654: 3645: 3627: 3623: 3571: 3552: 3484: 3479: 3460: 3431: 3421: 3389: 3338: 3312:. Retrieved 3292: 3271: 3250: 3143: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3067: 3058: 3034:. Retrieved 3029: 3020: 3011: 2965:Ondo Kingdom 2919: 2915: 2894: 2890: 2870: 2842: 2835: 2826:Final demise 2809: 2787: 2778: 2770: 2756: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2672: 2668: 2661:The support 2660: 2652: 2644: 2641:Architecture 2614: 2600: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2547: 2534:warrior code 2530:Eso of Ikoyi 2525: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2485: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2425:Ekeji Orisa, 2424: 2418: 2410: 2395: 2386: 2367: 2328: 2325:The Councils 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2280:crown prince 2268: 2260: 2256: 2253:The Bashorun 2249:thereafter. 2242: 2227: 2200: 2183: 2162: 2153: 2140: 2131: 2128:Organization 2117:Ashanti army 2115:an invading 2105: 2093:invaded the 2091: 2088:Dahomey Wars 2066: 2043: 2034: 2017: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1972: 1969: 1952: 1936: 1926:, the first 1913: 1736:Contemporary 1679:Odun Egungun 1626:Ọ̀ṣun-Òṣogbo 1346:Rulers (Oba) 911:Ùdoko (Oǹdó) 900: 738:Architecture 654:and western 639: 637: 592: 579:Christianity 517: 453:Current head 410:Parent house 318: 310: 237:Succeeded by 236: 231: 130:Christianity 30: 18: 5194:Khwarezmian 5127:Carolingian 4932:Rashtrakuta 4636:Shaishunaga 4535:Hellenistic 4518:New Kingdom 4508:Old Kingdom 4165:(1): 1–15. 2899:), a quasi- 2566: 1700 2381:introducing 2274:, a son of 2224:, colorized 2222: 1910 2050:Oba Ofinran 1995:Oya Katunga 1932:Niger River 1928:Ooni of Ife 1687:Ọdún Olókun 1618:West Africa 1021:Ivory Coast 648:West Africa 457:Interregnum 368:(Ajanaku), 339: 1625 232:Preceded by 200:Legislature 172: 1300 54: 1570 5878:Oyo Empire 5872:Categories 5764:Portuguese 5645:Revival Le 5635:Vietnamese 5278:Later Tran 5248:Vietnamese 5144:Singhasari 5132:Holy Roman 4756:Bulgarian 4692:Satavahana 4663:Phoenician 4599:Achaemenid 4560:Indo-Greek 4540:Macedonian 4454:Babylonian 4023:References 3933:0714617946 3908:9781294973 2970:Ife empire 2492:Chain mail 2481:tsetse fly 2436:The Ogboni 2389:April 2012 2364:references 2289:S. Johnson 2150:Yorubaland 2144:Ogun River 1599:Yorubaland 1106:Divination 861:Ìshà (Ìṣà) 786:Ànàgó-Kúrá 776:Ana (Ifɛ̀) 676:Yorubaland 660:South West 646:empire in 640:Oyo Empire 571:Traditions 487:Iba of Oyo 424:Yorubaland 307:Yorubaland 255:Ife Empire 136:Government 98:Oyo-Igboho 25:Oyo Empire 5757:Couronian 5395:Ethiopian 5383:Manchukuo 5338:Brazilian 5184:Ghaznavid 5154:Srivijaya 5105:Trebizond 5090:Byzantine 5072:North Sea 5067:Norwegian 5055:Almoravid 5038:Ilkhanate 5008:Majapahit 4981:Muromachi 4890:Solomonic 4875:Ethiopian 4789:Caliphate 4722:Aragonese 4550:Ptolemaic 4195:165298301 4179:0021-8537 3850:1465-3591 3026:"Oranyan" 2879:Symbology 2812:Oba Atiba 2800:Ago d'Oyo 2677:Pavements 2617:kola nuts 2507:Structure 2337:kept the 2315:madarikan 2311:oba l'olu 2296:The Ilari 2272:Oranmiyan 2193:in 1698. 2062:Ajiboyede 1829:Dadakuada 1821:Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ́ 1779:Afrobeats 1659:Ojúde Ọba 1654:Ọdún Ògún 1587:Geography 1553:Olúkọ̀tún 1517:Ọ̀yọ́mèsì 1354:Ọma-Jagun 1210:Ọ̀rúnmìlà 1205:Ọ̀ṣọ́ọ̀sì 1134:Agere Ifa 1099:Olodumare 769:Subgroups 758:Mythology 616:Oluyole ( 178:Oranmiyan 147:features. 118:Religion 5737:Japanese 5700:Scottish 5680:American 5672:Colonial 5601:Imperial 5569:Moroccan 5505:Japanese 5483:Afsharid 5342:Burmese 5328:Austrian 5283:Later Le 5258:Early Le 5243:Venetian 5169:Tiwanaku 5082:Hellenic 5045:Moroccan 4976:Kamakura 4966:Japanese 4949:Saffarid 4902:Georgian 4816:Chalukya 4794:Rashidun 4784:Calakmul 4752:Bruneian 4631:Haryanka 4609:Sasanian 4604:Parthian 4555:Bactrian 4545:Seleucid 4525:Goguryeo 4503:Egyptian 4437:Assyrian 4427:Akkadian 4418:Colonies 4074:(1819). 3459:(2020). 3436:Archived 3324:cite web 3305:Archived 2954:See also 2901:heraldic 2862:Ogbomoso 2854:Abeokuta 2674:Potsherd 2611:Commerce 2585:and the 2498:Infantry 2464:savannah 2445:Military 2414:autocrat 2345:Oyo Mesi 2331:Oyo Mesi 2235:calabash 2113:defeated 2058:Orompoto 2054:Eguguojo 1774:Afrobeat 1700:Diaspora 1574:Baṣọ̀run 1567:Ajagunnà 1560:Ìyálọ́jà 1550:Olórogun 1493:Ọ̀dọ̀fin 1409:Awùjalẹ̀ 1404:Ọlọ́ghọ̀ 1394:Àkárìgbò 1318:Timeline 1248:Akudaaya 1195:Ọbalúayé 1160:Ọ̀sanyìn 1119:Opon Ifá 1079:Religion 1063:Agbo ilé 1051:Omọlúàbí 960:Diaspora 891:Ọ̀wọ́rọ̀ 831:Ìgbómìnà 748:Language 707:a series 705:Part of 626:Afonja ( 518:Kabiyesi 513:Style(s) 366:Elephant 354:Nigerian 204:Oyo Mesi 145:Elective 5804:largest 5799:Empires 5779:Swedish 5774:Spanish 5769:Russian 5732:Italian 5707:Chinese 5695:English 5690:British 5685:Belgian 5660:Vietnam 5650:Tay son 5596:Tsarist 5591:Russian 5586:Ottoman 5552:Dzungar 5547:Khoshut 5520:Mexican 5515:Maratha 5498:Pahlavi 5478:Safavid 5473:Iranian 5400:Haitian 5363:Chinese 5323:Ashanti 5295:Wagadou 5221:Eastern 5216:Western 5199:Timurid 5159:Tibetan 5149:Songhai 5139:Serbian 5060:Almohad 5050:Idrisid 4954:Samanid 4944:Tahirid 4939:Iranian 4917:Kannauj 4897:Genoese 4833:Chinese 4826:Eastern 4821:Western 4809:Fatimid 4804:Abbasid 4799:Umayyad 4772:Burmese 4732:Ayyubid 4727:Angevin 4697:Xianbei 4685:Eastern 4680:Western 4626:Magadha 4589:Iranian 4582:Xiongnu 4567:Hittite 4476:Chinese 4464:Kassite 4413:Ancient 4405:Empires 4150:1796741 4130:Bibcode 3772:3337272 3064:"Ajaka" 2712:Decline 2702:Islamic 2663:pillars 2635:Abiodun 2606:Culture 2583:Onikoyi 2516:The Eso 2460:cavalry 2454:Cavalry 2377:improve 2302:eunuchs 2284:suicide 2276:Oduduwa 2230:Alaafin 2215:Alaafin 2180:Ajaland 2176:Ilaro. 2007:Oyo-Oro 2001:Old Oyo 1989:Oyo-Ile 1982:Oyo Ile 1955:Oyo-Ile 1924:Oduduwa 1916:Oranyan 1852:Iremoje 1631:Ọlọ́jọ́ 1564:Balógun 1556:Olúkòsì 1538:Kakaǹfò 1486:Olú-awo 1481:Ìyálóde 1419:Òràngún 1399:Oníṣabẹ 1389:Aláàfin 1384:Òṣemàwé 1379:Alákétu 1333:Palaces 1292:Àkámarà 1220:Òṣùmàrè 1165:Ẹlẹ́gbà 1155:Ọbàtálá 1129:Odù Ifá 1066:Alájọbí 1031:Ireland 1026:Britain 973:Bahians 941:Olùkùmi 866:Mọkọ́lé 821:Ìbọ̀lọ́ 816:Ìbàràpá 791:Ṣábẹ̀ẹ́ 743:Culture 693:History 672:cavalry 656:Nigeria 544:Oluyole 538:Abiodun 532:Members 522:Majesty 474:of Oyo 472:Alaafin 447:Oranyan 443:Founder 430:Founded 401:Abiodun 397:war god 378:Abiodun 372:of the 315:Nigeria 167:• 153:Alaafin 92:Oyo-Ile 85:Capital 5742:Mongol 5727:German 5722:French 5712:Danish 5655:Dainam 5630:Tongan 5618:Somali 5613:Sokoto 5579:'Alawi 5557:Kalmyk 5537:Mongol 5530:Second 5510:Korean 5461:Mughal 5451:Indian 5434:German 5427:Second 5417:French 5410:Second 5346:Second 5318:Afghan 5310:Modern 5236:Kyrgyz 5231:Uighur 5226:Second 5206:Turkic 5174:Toltec 5110:Epirus 5095:Nicaea 5018:Mongol 4971:Yamato 4907:Huetar 4765:Second 4702:Rouran 4651:Shunga 4646:Maurya 4621:Kushan 4594:Median 4572:Hunnic 4530:Harsha 4351: 4313: 4294: 4275: 4256: 4237: 4214: 4193: 4187:181095 4185: 4177: 4148: 4113:667787 4111: 4060: 4037: 3930: 3905: 3848: 3795: 3770: 3729: 3637: 3467: 3314:8 July 3074:4 June 3068:Litcaf 3036:4 June 3030:Litcaf 2946:Yoruba 2864:, and 2858:Osogbo 2850:Ibadan 2820:Ibadan 2760:Fulani 2748:Afonja 2706:Arabic 2692:Zenith 2591:Ibadan 2524:, the 2366:, but 2335:Ogboni 2239:parrot 2191:Allada 2173:Egbado 2169:Egbado 1976:Shango 1806:Bírípo 1803:Obitun 1799:Bolojo 1784:Sakara 1716:Yemoja 1683:Líṣàbí 1650:Orosun 1507:Ògbóni 1474:Ọlọ́jà 1465:Baálẹ̀ 1445:Titles 1434:Ọlọ́fà 1289:Ìmùlẹ̀ 1254:& 1241:Egbere 1215:Aganjú 1175:Olókun 1170:Yemọja 1145:Orisha 1094:Olorun 1056:Aṣọẹbí 1016:Canada 991:Amaros 989:& 987:Agudas 983:Taboms 886:Ọ̀ghọ̀ 851:Ìkálẹ̀ 846:Ìjẹ̀ṣà 841:Ìjẹ̀bú 668:Yoruba 644:Yoruba 642:was a 628:Ilorin 618:Ibadan 597:Yoruba 505:of Oyo 503:Oloori 499:of Oyo 493:of Oyo 463:Titles 319:· 317: 311:· 309: 282:Ibadan 208:Ogboni 157: 112:Yoruba 100:(1600) 79:Empire 75:Status 39:Yoruba 35: 5792:Lists 5747:Omani 5717:Dutch 5623:Isaaq 5574:Saadi 5542:Oirat 5525:First 5493:Qajar 5422:First 5405:First 5378:China 5351:Third 5211:First 5164:Tikal 5115:Morea 5085:Roman 5003:Latin 4998:Khmer 4993:Kanem 4959:Buyid 4885:Zagwe 4880:Aksum 4870:Chola 4777:First 4760:First 4747:Bornu 4742:Benin 4737:Aztec 4675:Roman 4656:Gupta 4641:Nanda 4577:White 4191:S2CID 4183:JSTOR 4146:JSTOR 4109:JSTOR 3768:JSTOR 3308:(PDF) 3301:(PDF) 2991:Notes 2866:Ilaro 2816:Ijaye 2752:Apomu 2655:Ilaro 2626:Esusu 2621:ivory 2587:Okere 2476:Hausa 2472:Borgu 2306:ilari 2109:Akyem 2069:Abipa 2025:Borgu 1940:Ajaka 1848:Gbedu 1844:Ogede 1841:Alamo 1834:Oriki 1817:Ijala 1814:Olele 1744:Apala 1636:Ìgògò 1570:Aṣípa 1543:Ẹ̀ṣọ́ 1524:Ilédì 1490:Olótu 1470:Ọmọba 1460:Òjoyè 1455:Olorì 1447:(Oyè) 1424:Dééjì 1414:Aláké 1374:Alárá 1369:Ọọ̀ni 1359:Eléko 1256:Emere 1252:Abiku 1237:Ẹbọra 1200:Ọ̀ṣun 1180:Ṣàngó 1124:Opele 1060:Èsúsú 978:Saros 946:Ígálà 906:Rẹ́mọ 901:Ọ̀yọ́ 856:Ìlàjẹ 811:Èkìtì 806:Ẹ̀gbá 801:Àwórì 796:Àkókó 753:Music 687:Benin 652:Benin 589:Motto 583:Islam 497:Omoba 491:Oloye 414:Oodua 370:totem 323:Benin 321: 313: 143:with 126:Islam 56:–1896 5562:Bogd 5488:Zand 5466:Sikh 5373:Qing 5368:Ming 5300:Wari 5268:Tran 5253:Dinh 5023:Yuan 5013:Mali 4922:Pala 4912:Inca 4863:Yuan 4853:Song 4848:Liao 4843:Tang 4616:Kush 4498:Dʿmt 4349:ISBN 4311:ISBN 4292:ISBN 4273:ISBN 4254:ISBN 4235:ISBN 4212:ISBN 4175:ISSN 4058:ISBN 4035:ISBN 3928:ISBN 3903:ISBN 3846:ISSN 3793:ISBN 3727:ISBN 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