Oyster - Knowledge (XXG)

1098: 1904: 1366:) is presently the most widely grown bivalve around the world. Two methods are commonly used, release and bagging. In both cases, oysters are cultivated onshore to the size of spat, when they can attach themselves to a substrate. They may be allowed to mature further to form "seed oysters". In either case, they are then placed in the water to mature. The release technique involves distributing the spat throughout existing oyster beds, allowing them to mature naturally to be collected like wild oysters. Bagging has the cultivator putting spat in racks or bags and keeping them above the bottom. Harvesting involves simply lifting the bags or rack to the surface and removing the mature oysters. The latter method prevents losses to some predators, but is more expensive. 1807: 1480:

Currently, for the installation cost of $ 3000, roughly 4.8 million liters of water are being filtered daily. In New Jersey, however, the Department of Environmental Protection refused to allow oysters as a filtering system in Sandy Hook Bay and the Raritan Bay, citing worries that commercial shellfish growers would be at risk and that members of the public might disregard warnings and consume tainted oysters. New Jersey Baykeepers responded by changing their strategy for utilizing oysters to clean up the waterway, by collaborating with Naval Weapons Station Earle. The Navy station is under 24/7 security and therefore eliminates any

1246: 1188: 1334: 1887: 1868: 1795: 2151: 1771: 646: 909: 115: 1982: 1008:, including oysters, are effective filter feeders and can have large effects on the water columns in which they occur. As filter feeders, oysters remove plankton and organic particles from the water column. Multiple studies have shown individual oysters are capable of filtering up to 190 litres (42 imp gal; 50 US gal) of water per day, and thus oyster reefs can significantly improve water quality and clarity. Oysters consume nitrogen-containing compounds ( 632: 783: 1838: 144: 1821: 516: 1447:, where the surface water is typically warm enough for spawning in the summer. Over the following years, spat spread out sporadically and populated adjacent areas. Eventually, possibly following adaptation to the local conditions, the Pacific oyster spread up and down the coast and now is the basis of the North American west coast oyster industry. Pendrell Sound is now a reserve that supplies spat for cultivation. Near the mouth of the 1783: 2190:, a bacterium found in coastal waters near highly populated cities having sewage systems discharging waste nearby, or in the presence of agricultural discharges. Depuration expands beyond oysters into many shellfish and other related products, especially in seafood that is known to come from potentially polluted areas; depurated seafood is effectively a product cleansed from inside-out to make it safe for human consumption. 6359: 5349: 1573: 6352: 2046: 4638: 6345: 1414: 802: 5462: 2361: 293: 1215:, and helped initiate the city's restaurant trade. New York's oystermen became skilled cultivators of their beds, which provided employment for hundreds of workers and nutritious food for thousands. Eventually, rising demand exhausted many of the beds. To increase production, they introduced foreign species, which brought disease; 2178:

in does not remain in the oyster, since the water used for depuration must be fully sterilized, plus the depuration facility would not necessarily be located near the farming location. Depuration of oysters can remove moderate levels of contamination of most bacterial indicators and pathogens. Well-known contaminants include

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in the water and develop into larvae, which eventually find suitable sites, such as another oyster's shell, on which to settle. Attached oyster larvae are called spat. Spat are oysters less than 25 mm (1 in) long. Many species of bivalves, oysters included, seem to be stimulated to settle near adult

1465:. That is far lower than in the late 1880s, when the bay's population was in the billions, and watermen harvested about 910,000 m (25 million imp bsh) annually. The 2009 harvest was less than 7,300 m (200,000 imp bsh). Researchers claim the keys to the project were: 1148:

is held in September. In fact, in Victorian England, it was quite common for people to go to the pub and enjoy their favorite beer with some oysters. They quickly realized that the "rich, sweet, malty stouts" were great with the "briny, creamy oyster". Then brewers found that oyster shells naturally

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usually spawn from the end of June until mid-August. An increase in water temperature prompts a few oysters to spawn. This triggers spawning in the rest, clouding the water with millions of eggs and sperm. A single female oyster can produce up to 100 million eggs annually. The eggs become fertilized

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that fall to the bottom and remain out of the water column. Oysters feed most actively at temperatures ranging from the high 60s to the high 70s (20–26 °C). Under ideal laboratory conditions, an oyster can filter up to 190 L (50 US gal) of water per day. Under average conditions,

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Oyster depuration begins after the harvest of oysters from farmed locations. The oysters are transported and placed into tanks pumped with clean water for periods of 48 to 72 hours. The holding temperatures and salinity vary according to species. The seawater that the oysters were originally farmed

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of oysters is a common industry practice and widely researched in the scientific community but is not commonly known by end consumers. The main objective of seafood depuration is to remove fecal contamination in seafood before being sold to end consumers. Oyster depuration is useful since they are

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Cooked oysters that do not open are generally assumed to be previously dead and therefore unsafe. There is only one criterion: the oyster must be capable of tightly closing its shell. Open oysters should be tapped on the shell; a live oyster will close up and is safe to eat. Oysters which are open

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with water) but they are not permanently open. They regularly shut their valves to enter a resting state, even when they are permanently submersed. Their behaviour follows very strict circatidal and circadian rhythms according to the relative moon and sun positions. During neap tides, they exhibit

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Pearl farmers can culture a pearl by placing a nucleus, usually a piece of polished mussel shell, inside the oyster. In three to seven years, the oyster can produce a perfect pearl. Since the beginning of the 20th century, when several researchers discovered how to produce artificial pearls, the

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Recycled oyster shells can help restore oyster reefs to provide marine life habitat that reduces flooding, and protects shorelines from storms. Shell-recycling non-profits retrieve shells from restaurants, wash and dry them, and set them in the sun for up to a year to kill bacteria. Some states

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The "oyster-tecture" movement promotes the use of oyster reefs for water purification and wave attenuation. An oyster-tecture project has been implemented at Withers Estuary, Withers Swash, South Carolina, by Neil Chambers-led volunteers, at a site where pollution was affecting beach tourism.

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and increasing sedimentation from erosion destroyed most of the beds by the early 20th century. Oysters' popularity has put ever-increasing demands on wild oyster stocks. This scarcity increased prices, converting them from their original role as working-class food to their current status as an

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is the only East Coast state without aquaculture, but making aquaculture a state-controlled industry of leasing water by the acre for commercial harvesting of shellfish is being considered. Supporters of Delaware's legislation to allow oyster aquaculture cite revenue, job creation, and nutrient

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It was once assumed that oysters were only safe to eat in months with the letter 'r' in their English and French names. This myth is based in truth, in that in the Northern Hemisphere, oysters are much more likely to spoil in the warmer months of May, June, July, and August. In recent years,

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An oyster reef can increase the surface area of a flat bottom 50-fold. An oyster's mature shape often depends on the type of bottom to which it is originally attached, but it always orients itself with its outer, flared shell tilted upward. One valve is cupped and the other is flat.

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Similar laws were enacted in Connecticut before World War I and lasted until 1969. The laws restricted the harvesting of oysters in state-owned beds to vessels under sail. These laws prompted the construction of the oyster sloop-style vessel to last well into the 20th century.

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is used. This is a toothed bar attached to a chain bag. The dredge is towed through an oyster bed by a boat, picking up the oysters in its path. While dredges collect oysters more quickly, they heavily damage the beds, and their use is highly restricted. Until 1965,

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A number of bivalve molluscs (other than true oysters and pearl oysters) also have common names that include the word "oyster", usually because they either taste like or look somewhat like true oysters, or because they yield noticeable pearls. Examples include:

2349:. Cellulitis can be severe and rapidly spreading, requiring antibiotics, medical care, and in some severe cases amputation. It is usually acquired when the contents of the oyster come in contact with a cut skin lesion, as when shucking an oyster. 2252:

Oysters are subject to various diseases which can reduce harvests and severely deplete local populations. Disease control focuses on containing infections and breeding resistant strains, and is the subject of much ongoing research.

1020:, plankton, detritus, bacteria, and dissolved organic matter, removing them from the water. What is not used for animal growth is then expelled as solid waste pellets, which eventually decompose into the atmosphere as nitrogen. In 3568:"Loxahatchee River oyster reef restoration monitoring report: Using baselines derived from long-term monitoring of benthic community structure on natural oyster reefs to assess the outcome of large-scale oyster reef restoration" 2896:"Loxahatchee River oyster reef restoration monitoring report: Using baselines derived from long-term monitoring of benthic community structure on natural oyster reefs to assess the outcome of large-scale oyster reef restoration" 1041:

cycling benefits. It is estimated that one acre (0.40 ha) can produce nearly 750,000 oysters, which could filter between 57,000 to 150,000 m (2.0–5.3 million cu ft) of water daily. Also see

1089:, native oyster presence is associated with higher species diversity of benthic invertebrates. As the ecological and economic importance of oyster reefs has become more acknowledged, restoration efforts have increased. 774:'s once-flourishing oyster population historically filtered excess nutrients from the estuary's entire water volume every three to four days. As of 2008 it was estimated that a complete cycle would take nearly a year. 4244: 2780: 2324:

off the eastern aspect of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It was found that the causative agent of these lesions are associated with amitochondriate protistan microcells, which were later identified as

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Unlike most shellfish, oysters can have a fairly long shelf life of up to four weeks. However, their taste becomes less pleasant as they age. Fresh oysters must be alive just before consumption or cooking.

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Newell, R. I. E., Fisher, T. R., Holyoke, R. R., Cornwell, J. C. (2005). "Influence of eastern oysters on nitrogen and phosphorus regeneration in the Chesapeake Bay, USA". In Dame, R., Olenin, S. (eds.).

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became the largest source of oysters worldwide. On any day in the late 19th century, six million oysters could be found on barges tied up along the city's waterfront. They were naturally quite popular in

1950:; one dozen raw oysters provides only 460 kilojoules (110 kilocalories). They are rich in protein (approximately 9 g in 100 g of Pacific oysters). Two oysters (28 grams or 1 ounce) provide the 1903: 1325:

In any case, when the oysters are collected, they are sorted to eliminate dead animals, bycatch (unwanted catch), and debris. Then they are taken to market, where they are either canned or sold live.

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and unresponsive are dead and must be discarded. Some dead oysters, or oyster shells which are full of sand, may be closed. These make a distinctive noise when tapped, and are known as "clackers".

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and associated human health risk. Oyster-tecture projects have been proposed to protect coastal cities, such as New York, from the threat of rising sea levels due to climate change. Additionally

974:, in the west. Large beds of edible oysters are also found in Japan and Australia. In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global oyster harvest. In Europe, France remained the industry leader. 2274:, causes massive mortality, and poses a significant economic threat to the oyster industry. The disease is not a direct threat to humans consuming infected oysters. Dermo first appeared in the 3531:

Camara MD, Vadopalas B (2009). "Genetic Aspects of Restoring Olympia Oysters and Other Native Bivalves: Balancing the Need for Action, Good Intentions, and the Risks of Making Things Worse".

7485: 1965:, partially because they resemble female sex organs. A team of American and Italian researchers analyzed bivalves and found they were rich in amino acids that trigger increased levels of 1591:

were an important industry where they were plentiful. Overfishing and pressure from diseases and pollution have sharply reduced supplies, but they remain a popular treat celebrated in

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clarify a beer and they started putting crushed oyster shells into their brews. The first known brewery to start this was in 1938 at the Hammerton Brewery in London. That is where the

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If the oyster has a particularly soft shell, the knife can be inserted instead in the "sidedoor", about halfway along one side where the oyster lips widen with a slight indentation.

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for shoreline protection. Assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus into shellfish tissues provides an opportunity to remove these nutrients from the water column. In California's

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Oyster-shucking has become a competitive sport; competitions are staged around the world. The Guinness World Oyster Opening Championship was held annually in September at the

569:. Over the years, the irritating object is covered with enough layers of nacre to become a pearl. The many different types, colours and shapes of pearls depend on the natural 2301:; survivors, however, develop resistance and can help propagate resistant populations. MSX is associated with high salinity and water temperatures. MSX was first noted in 3242:. US Dept Commer, Northeast Fish Sci Cent Ref Doc. 10–19; 12 p. Available from: National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1026. 5847: 4747: 4222: 2167: 4252: 3172:. NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Series (NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences ed.). Netherlands: Springer. pp. 93–120. 2784: 1097: 1440:) was introduced to California waters in 1875, while the Pacific oyster was introduced there in 1929. Proposals for further such introductions remain controversial. 4226: 3209:. Theoretical Ecology Series. Vol. 4 (Ecosystem Engineers: Concepts, Theory and Applications ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier-Academic Press. pp. 281–298. 3054:

Newell, R. 2004. Ecosystem Influences of Natural and Cultivated Populations of Suspension-Feeding Bivalve Molluscs: A Review. J. Shellfish Research, 23(1):51-61.

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are also negatively impacting oysters around the world, with many impacts affecting molecular, physiological, and behavioral processes in species including

6497: 849:. The hard surfaces of oyster shells and the nooks between the shells provide places where a host of small animals can live. Hundreds of animals, such as 703:, located on the underside of the muscle, remove waste products from the blood. Their nervous system includes two pairs of nerve cords and three pairs of 3567: 2895: 2018:, are recommended; apart from the knife, the shell itself can be razor-sharp. Professional shuckers require fewer than three seconds to open the shell. 2000:

While different methods are used to open an oyster (which sometimes depend on the type), the following is one commonly accepted oyster-shucking method.

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basis). The other 9 kg (20 lb) goes into the pond and after mineralization, provides food for phytoplankton, which in turn feeds the oyster.

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Denman Island disease causes visible yellow/green pustules on the body and adductor muscles of oysters. This disease mainly affects Pacific oysters (

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Almost all shell-bearing mollusks can secrete pearls, yet most are not very valuable. Pearls can form in both saltwater and freshwater environments.

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Officer, C.B., T.J. Smayda & R. Mann. 1982. Benthic filter feeding, a natural eutrophication control. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 9:203–120.

1886: 1229:) has five years to mature and is protected by the people during their May-to-August spawning season. The current market is dominated by the larger 718:), their reproductive organs contain both eggs and sperm. Because of this, it is technically possible for an oyster to fertilize its own eggs. The 4420: 3793: 1605:

have caused outbreaks in several harvesting areas of the eastern United States during the summer months, lending further credence to this belief.

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is quoted as having said, "He was a bold man that first ate an oyster". Evidence of oyster consumption goes back into prehistory, evidenced by

4848: 4776: 4756: 4457: 3759: 3734: 3699: 3661: 3412: 3222: 3185: 3137: 3265: 5840: 2025: 1293:, and even since then motor boats can be used only on certain days of the week. These regulations prompted the development of specialized 4791:"Impact of water salinity and types of oysters on depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)" 3639: 1118:, Australia, dated at ten thousand years. They have been cultivated in Japan from at least 2000 BC. In the United Kingdom, the town of 645: 4161:"How the Pacific Oyster Responds to Ocean Acidification: Development and Application of a Meta-Analysis Based Adverse Outcome Pathway" 3865: 2649: 1729: 1187: 892:

into the water. As they grow over the next two or three years and develop greater energy reserves, they spawn as females by releasing

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In many areas, non-native oysters have been introduced in attempts to prop up failing harvests of native varieties. For example, the

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Oysters are harvested by simply gathering them from their beds. In very shallow waters, they can be gathered by hand or with small

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Collected Oyster Shells at Galveston Bay for restoration project by the Galveston Bay Foundation's Oyster Shell Recycling Program.

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has shown to increase the population of oyster beds within the oceans while also conserving the biolife within the oyster reefs.

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Inexperienced shuckers can apply too much force, which can result in injury if the blade slips. Heavy gloves, sometimes sold as

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in 1957, and is now found all up and down the East Coast of the United States. Evidence suggests it was brought to the US when

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using waste oyster shells to elevate the reef floor 25–45 cm (9.8–17.7 in) to keep the spat free of bottom sediments

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Opening oysters, referred to as "oyster-shucking", requires skill. The preferred method is to use a special knife (called an

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Lindahl O, Hart R, Hernroth B, Kollberg S, Loo LO, Olrog L, Rehnstam-Holm AS, Svensson J, Svensson S, Syversen U (2005).

3138:"Oyster Restoration Projected to Provide Significant Boost to Bay Grasses While Removing Nitrogen Pollution from the Bay" 2545: 1653:, or used in a variety of drinks. Eating can be as simple as opening the shell and eating the contents, including juice. 6266: 5372: 4499: 2110:. Oysters are filter feeders, so will naturally concentrate anything present in the surrounding water. Oysters from the 143: 1764:

from New Jersey. Variations in water salinity, alkalinity, and mineral and nutritional content influence their flavor.

1508:. Oyster reefs occupy a small fraction of their distribution prior to mass harvesting during the last three centuries. 667:

is a favorite seafood source in the southern part of the country. Because of its good flavor, it commands high prices.

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of the United States, for example, contain high bacterial loads of human pathogens in the warm months, most notably

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can be lowered on a line to reach beds that are too deep to reach directly. In all cases, the task is the same: the

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Arkema KK, Guannel G, Verutes G, Wood SA, Guerry A, Ruckelshaus M, Kareiva P, Lacayo M, Silver JM (14 July 2013).

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found worldwide. Oysters were an important food source in all coastal areas where they could be found, and oyster

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generally eaten raw and in many countries, the requirement to process is government-regulated or mandatory. The

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by humans has the potential to negatively impact native oyster populations. For example, non-native species in

1203: 2222: 2150: 3578: 2906: 7418: 7321: 6996: 6907: 6719: 6661: 6572: 5716: 5604: 5140: 4613: 4589: 4565: 2456: 2282:. While it is most serious in warmer waters, it has gradually spread up the east coast of the United States. 2180: 2122: 2063: 1601: 1485: 1427: 1145: 22: 4384: 908: 7411: 7057: 7024: 6624: 6474: 6407: 6358: 5661: 4790: 4137: 3901: 2287: 1951: 1250: 1025: 4061:"Fishing down the coast: Historical expansion and collapse of oyster fisheries along continental margins" 7371: 7347: 7331: 6902: 6890: 6777: 6492: 6469: 6432: 5928: 5918: 5597: 4942: 2440: 1461: 1192: 967: 761:

of a gill, and from there are transported to the mouth, where they are eaten, digested, and expelled as

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A website devoted to the online study of molluscan bivalve behavior around the world, including oysters

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surround the digestive organs, and are made up of sex cells, branching tubules, and connective tissue.

4300: 3066:"Feeding by Oyster Larvae: The Functional Response, Energy Budget and a Comparison with Mussel Larvae" 2170:(FAO) formally recognizes depuration and has published detailed documents on the process, whereas the 2004:

Insert the blade, with moderate force and vibration if necessary, at the hinge between the two valves.

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is considered the first major merchant and cultivator of oysters. Using his considerable knowledge of

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are not closely related to true oysters, being members of a distinct family, the feathered oysters (

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oyster cannot propagate, which prevents introduced oysters from spreading into unwanted habitats.

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by 8,600 t (9,500 short tons) per year by 2010. Several studies have shown that oysters and

858: 484: 138: 4480: 897: 782: 6344: 4424: 1543:, and explosions conducted underwater produce low frequencies that may be detected by oysters. 7480: 7404: 7381: 7298: 7184: 7141: 7135: 7106: 7095: 6831: 6826: 6762: 6757: 6614: 5825: 5649: 5618: 5450: 5443: 5418: 5259: 5219: 4984: 4979: 4877:

molluSCAN-eye - Online biomonitoring project hosted by the University of Bordeaux and the CNRS

4772: 4752: 4721: 4703: 4532: 4453: 4182: 4108: 4090: 3755: 3730: 3695: 3513: 3466: 3408: 3373: 3318: 3240:"International Workshop on Bioextractive Technologies for Nutrient Remediation Summary Report" 3218: 3181: 2876: 2754: 2623: 2337: 2316: 2307: 2266: 2127: 2116: 1319: 1028:

had implemented a plan to use oysters to reduce the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the

826: 814: 622: 353: 329:, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. Many, but not all oysters, are in the superfamily 3439:"Improving Marine Water Quality by Mussel Farming: A Profitable Solution for Swedish Society" 1676:

Care should be taken when consuming oysters. They may be eaten raw, with no dressing or with

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are grown in ponds, it takes typically 10 kg (22 lb) of feed to produce 1 kg (

1144:) are consumed. The United Kingdom hosts several other annual oyster festivals; for example, 958:, although these beds have decreased in number due to overfishing and pollution. Other large 7495: 7293: 7245: 7195: 7189: 7130: 7067: 6960: 6896: 6696: 6603: 5624: 5548: 5498: 5436: 5429: 5352: 5204: 5029: 5004: 4935: 4913: 4802: 4711: 4695: 4172: 4098: 4080: 3961: 3846: 3603: 3540: 3505: 3458: 3400: 3365: 3308: 3210: 3173: 3085: 3021: 2990: 2944: 2866: 2819: 2746: 2613: 2576: 2186: 1693: 1524: 1512: 1180:, he built a sophisticated cultivation system, including channels and locks, to control the 1070: 1066: 971: 822: 733:

for two to three weeks before settling on a bed and reaching sexual maturity within a year.

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Some oysters also harbor bacterial species which can cause human disease; of importance is

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Once her millions of eggs are fertilized, the female discharges them into the water. The

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Special knives for opening live oysters, such as this one, have short and stout blades.

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contains the shells from oysters harvested for food dating from 2200 to 1000 years ago

377:, and first appeared in English during the 14th century. The French derived from the 7474: 7440: 7341: 7234: 7227: 7147: 7019: 7014: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6772: 6724: 6704: 6442: 6320: 6310: 6092: 6087: 6015: 5988: 5933: 5785: 5760: 5535: 5477: 5162: 5099: 5009: 4999: 4989: 3330: 2485: 2451: 2424: 2412: 2321: 1547: 1298: 1212: 1199: 1169: 1140: 1127: 951: 893: 742: 684: 606: 590: 548: 397: 326: 195: 71: 4899: 4660: 3552: 3478: 3097: 3041: 2839: 2766: 1572: 7087: 6609: 6390: 6380: 6284: 6107: 6033: 5875: 5795: 5770: 5693: 5505: 5491: 5324: 5244: 5199: 4806: 3202: 2635: 2495:, Recipe for Oysters in Bread Sauce (Oysters in Cynee) from the 1390 English text, 2429: 2391: 2302: 2015: 1990: 1829: 1701: 1520: 1355: 1310: 1150: 1135: 1074: 1036:

have the capacity to dramatically alter nitrogen levels in estuaries. In the U.S.,

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can be extracted from pearl oysters, though other molluscs, such as the freshwater

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In nature, pearl oysters produce pearls by covering a minute invasive object with

4332: 2807: 2750: 7253: 6980: 6860: 6836: 6767: 6747: 6729: 6666: 6641: 6447: 6400: 6385: 6367: 6070: 6038: 5950: 5913: 5726: 5254: 5167: 5019: 3239: 2650:"Native oyster species in Surigao del Sur draws attention for R&D | eVolved" 2366: 2327: 2232: 2045: 1966: 1962: 1947: 1940: 1753: 1717: 1670: 1658: 1540: 1501: 1370: 1262: 1234: 1105: 1086: 994: 902: 862: 795: 766: 660: 451: 436: 304: 277: 239: 46: 4447: 4278: 3462: 2010:

Slide the blade upward to cut the adductor muscle which holds the shell closed.

1114:

testify to the prehistoric importance of oysters as food, with some middens in

1065:, along with provisioning, regulating and cultural services. Oysters influence 7445: 7285: 7211: 6928: 6597: 6395: 6289: 6276: 6183: 5800: 5744: 5405: 5307: 5209: 5045: 4177: 4160: 3404: 3089: 2356: 2346: 2293: 2225: 2162: 2155: 2111: 2032:, Ireland until 2010. Since 2011, "Guinness" has been dropped from the title. 1894: 1705: 1536: 1399: 1315:

is believed to be the last-built Connecticut oyster sloop, completed in 1948.

1131: 1119: 885: 870: 463: 369: 330: 282: 272: 262: 249: 227: 91: 56: 4707: 4186: 4094: 3775: 3438: 3377: 2443:(classic recipe made from Tasmanian Gold Oysters and Tasmanian Black Truffle) 1277:

scrapes oysters into a pile, and then scoops them up with the rake or tongs.

443:. This family includes the edible oysters, which mainly belong to the genera 7258: 7201: 7176: 6782: 6671: 6592: 6168: 6155: 6112: 5898: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 4606:"World Oyster Opening Championship – Craobhchomórtas Domhanda Oscailt Oisrí" 4085: 3688: 3493: 3392: 3346:"Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea-level rise and storms" 3313: 3288: 3177: 2734: 2581: 1936: 1847: 1826: 1177: 1017: 940: 865:. Many of these animals are prey to larger animals, including fish, such as 854: 664: 610: 540: 504: 457: 440: 233: 221: 209: 155: 96: 40: 4725: 4112: 3517: 3470: 3322: 3010:"The Trophic Consequences of Oyster Stock Rehabilitation in Chesapeake Bay" 2949: 2880: 2758: 2627: 1413: 801: 515: 130: 5461: 4900:

Oyster farming in the Rivers Crouch, Roach and Blackwater of Eastern Essex

4739: 3752:

The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat

3345: 292: 7450: 6555: 6135: 6102: 6055: 6050: 5978: 5908: 5883: 5805: 5511: 5396: 5050: 4699: 4504: 3544: 3369: 2871: 2854: 2446: 2401: 2271: 2261: 2258: 2139: 2107: 1932: 1851: 1761: 1713: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1630: 1523:

conditions. Oysters rely on hearing waves and currents to regulate their

1481: 1407: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1274: 1165: 1078: 1037: 1021: 1005: 986: 944: 874: 846: 754: 616: 499: 337: 308: 267: 215: 185: 175: 86: 81: 66: 61: 51: 7308: 7276: 6985: 6937: 6872: 6685: 6582: 6256: 6246: 6236: 6228: 6201: 6140: 6097: 6082: 6060: 6023: 5983: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5857: 5734: 5629: 5530: 5522: 5413: 4500:"Competitive Oyster Shucking Is Real, Decadent, And China's Best Party" 4385:"Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Mollusks, oyster, eastern, wild, raw" 3033: 3009: 2994: 2831: 2618: 2597: 2565:"Geologically oldest oysters were epizoans on Early Triassic ammonoids" 2070: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1928: 1721: 1697: 1685: 1681: 1638: 1618: 1588: 1403: 1398:

To prevent spawning, sterile oysters are now cultured by crossbreeding

1161: 1033: 1013: 1009: 982: 730: 704: 700: 600: 570: 314: 311: 101: 76: 5364: 4355:"Let's Cook Japanese – Kaki Furai (Oysters Deep-Fried in Breadcrumbs)" 3205:. In Cuddington, K., Byers, J. E., Wilson, W.G., Hastings, A. (eds.). 2808:"Life-History and Biology of the Oyster Crab, Pinnotheres ostreum Say" 2733:

Tran D, Nadau A, Durrieu G, Ciret P, Parisot JP, Massabuau JC (2011).

2360: 2130:

individuals, who are unable to fight off infection and can succumb to

1198:

In the early 19th century, oysters were cheap and mainly eaten by the

962:

areas in the US include the bays and estuaries along the coast of the

729:

develop in about six hours and exist suspended in the water column as

679:. In addition to their gills, oysters can exchange gases across their 7395: 7034: 6739: 6656: 6422: 6241: 6206: 6075: 6065: 5888: 5688: 5655: 5110: 2609: 2279: 2240: 2229: 2131: 2029: 1878: 1859: 1661:

are often added. Poached oysters can be served on toast with a cream

1654: 1626: 1622: 1584: 1342: 1157: 1111: 921: 810: 726: 719: 552: 445: 418: 406: 165: 3393:"Trophic Interactions Between Phytoplankton and Bivalve Aquaculture" 3025: 2823: 2707:. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 920:

Oysters filter large amounts of water to feed and breathe (exchange

4912: 4639:"Raw Oysters Are Alive Until You Eat Them, In Case You Didn't Know" 4034:"Invasive Species Threaten Critical Habitats, Oyster Among Victims" 2184:, a temperature-sensitive bacterium found in seawater animals, and 1472:

building larger reefs, ranging up to 8.1 ha (20 acres) in size

336:

Some species of oyster are commonly consumed and are regarded as a

7358: 7167: 7117: 7006: 6677: 6518: 6261: 6211: 6196: 6145: 5998: 5973: 5893: 5790: 5739: 5423: 5125: 3170:

The Comparative Roles of Suspension Feeders in Ecosystems, Vol. 47

3070:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

2218: 2149: 1997:), with a short and thick blade about 5 cm (2 in) long. 1980: 1745: 1677: 1571: 1515:

can affect oysters as they close their shells when exposed to low

1412: 1374: 1332: 1266: 1254: 1244: 1186: 1181: 1096: 990: 907: 889: 800: 781: 762: 758: 750: 696: 688: 566: 520: 514: 495: 378: 345: 291: 916:

equipped with activity electrodes to follow their daily behaviour

577:

cultured pearl market has far outgrown the natural pearl market.

6564: 6375: 6191: 6130: 5993: 5903: 5579: 4883:

World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Fal Oyster Boat, Sunny South

2205:

Food and drink prohibitions § Crustaceans and other seafood

1970: 1924: 1920: 1662: 1634: 1528: 1138:

each October, at which "Colchester Natives" (the native oyster,

978: 746: 676: 6522: 5829: 5368: 4931: 4876: 3905: 372: 6163: 6028: 4362: 2039: 947:

roots. Low tide can expose them, making them easy to collect.

770:

mature oysters filter 11–45 L (3–12 U.S. gal).

3626: 3624: 3289:"Unprecedented Restoration of a Native Oyster Metapopulation" 412: 400: 2278:

in the 1950s, and until 1978 was believed to be caused by a

1168:

is noted for its oysters, which also date from Roman times.

888:; during their first year, they spawn as males by releasing 2966:"Benthic Filter Feeding – a Natural Eutrophication Control" 2677:"Pumped-up performance: Oysters' filtering feat overstated" 296:

Mixed seafood in Dubai; oysters are at the edge of the tray

4927: 4205:"The 'Save the Oceans' Tax Break: Recycling Oyster Shells" 4128:"Yes, Oysters Can 'Hear.' They Probably Wish We'd Clam Up" 3510:

10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2378:diocra]2.0.co;2

1354:

Oysters have been cultured since at least the days of the

2311:, Pacific oyster variety, was introduced to Delaware Bay. 2285:

Multinucleated sphere X (MSX) is caused by the protozoan

2238:

prohibit consuming bivalves, including oysters, as it is

1265:. In somewhat deeper water, long-handled rakes or oyster 932:

much longer closing periods than during the spring tide.

2552:. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via perseus.tufts.edu. 2533:. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via perseus.tufts.edu. 3715: 3713: 3711: 3258:"'Aquaculture' shellfish harvesting bill moves forward" 3112:"A dozen ocean-cleaners and a pint of Guinness, please" 1081:

dynamics. Oyster reef habitats have been recognized as

4657:"Safely Cooking Oysters and Other Molluscan Shellfish" 4528:"Clodagh gets a real taste of the festival atmosphere" 4421:"Nutrients for 2 oyster, NFS, raw (28 g) Oysters, raw" 3203:"Restoring oyster reefs to recover ecosystem services" 1564:

encourage shell recycling by offering tax incentives.

573:

of the nacre, and the shape of the original irritant.

4740:

Bivalve Depuration: fundamental and practical aspects

2437:(classic recipe and minor English literary character) 2297:. It is infectious and causes heavy mortality in the 884:

Oysters usually reach maturity in one year. They are

4843: 4841: 2781:"China harvests almost 4 m tonnes of oyster in 2005" 2213:

As shellfish, consumption of oyster is forbidden by

2174:, encourages the application of seafood depuration. 1369:

The Pacific oyster has been grown in the outflow of

7428: 7394: 7357: 7307: 7284: 7275: 7244: 7210: 7175: 7166: 7116: 7086: 7033: 7005: 6936: 6927: 6871: 6792: 6738: 6695: 6563: 6554: 6366: 6303: 6275: 6227: 6182: 6154: 6121: 6014: 5949: 5874: 5865: 5753: 5725: 5709: 5676: 5572: 5520: 5469: 5403: 5300: 5268: 5187: 5180: 5150: 5092: 5085: 5038: 4972: 4965: 3776:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Aquatic species" 2548:. In Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie (eds.). 2529:. In Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie (eds.). 248: 201: 137: 32: 3929:"Oysters Are on the Rebound in the Chesapeake Bay" 3687: 1504:have resulted in the loss of half of California's 950:The largest oyster-producing body of water in the 786:Oyster reef at about mid-tide off fishing pier at 707:. There is no evidence that oysters have a brain. 3238:Rose JM, Tedesco M, Wikfors GH, Yarish C (2010). 325:habitats. In some species, the valves are highly 7486:Dishes involving the consumption of live animals 2320:). The disease was first described in 1960 near 2168:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 809:covered by oysters, at Bangchuidao Scenic Area, 699:to all parts of the body. At the same time, two 603:, in reference to the scallop shell of St. James 4659:. SafeOysters.org. 9 March 2009. Archived from 4065:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3829:Nell J. A. (2002). "Farming triploid oysters". 2416:(Australian southern mud or native flat oyster) 1961:Traditionally, oysters are considered to be an 794:A group of oysters is commonly called a bed or 683:, which are lined with many small, thin-walled 558:The largest pearl-bearing oyster is the marine 4277:. Nefsc.noaa.gov. 16 June 2011. Archived from 3984:"NY/NJ Baykeeper | Protect, Preserve, Restore" 3662:"10 pearls of wisdom about the opulent oyster" 6534: 5841: 5380: 4943: 4684:"Vibrio vulnificus: Disease and Pathogenesis" 1973:content aids the production of testosterone. 1613:Oysters can be eaten on the half shell, raw, 1122:is noted for oyster farming from beds on the 8: 4558:"Guinness World Oyster Opening Championship" 4221:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3875:Department of Animal Science. Archived from 2007:Twist the blade until there is a slight pop. 1696:, which consists primarily of fresh chopped 1692:. Upscale restaurants pair raw oysters with 4481:"Pearly wisdom: oysters are an aphrodisiac" 2806:Christensen AM, McDermott JJ (April 1958). 2544:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott (1940). 2525:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott (1940). 1527:, and perception of weather events—such as 387: 381: 7281: 7172: 6933: 6560: 6541: 6527: 6519: 5871: 5848: 5834: 5826: 5387: 5373: 5365: 5184: 5089: 4969: 4950: 4936: 4928: 4553:Comparison of archived title of the game: 4225:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3201:Grabowski, J. H., Petersen, C. H. (2007). 2598:"A History of the Cultured Pearl Industry" 757:and non-food particles are trapped in the 113: 29: 5284:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell 4818: 4816: 4715: 4423:. nutritioncalculator.net. Archived from 4176: 4102: 4084: 3726:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell 3443:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment 3397:Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment 3312: 3287:Schulte DM, Burke RP, Lipcius RN (2009). 2948: 2870: 2617: 2580: 2126:. In these cases, the main danger is for 2086:Learn how and when to remove this message 1800:Steamed Eastern oysters on the half shell 663:, a local thorny oyster species known as 555:, also yield pearls of commercial value. 252:included but traditionally excluded taxa 4851:. Chesapeake Bay Program. Archived from 3251: 3249: 3207:Ecosystem Engineers – Plants to Protists 3142:Maryland Department of Natural Resources 1459:now harbor more than 180 million native 4826:. Connecticut Department of Agriculture 4198: 4196: 2478: 1909:Chinese oysters with garlic and peppers 1766: 1546:Environmental stressors as a result of 993:. Some oysters contain crabs, known as 627: 4214: 3604:"Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine" 2345:, which is usually self-limiting, and 1511:In October 2017, it was reported that 307:for a number of different families of 2702:"Oyster Reefs: Ecological importance" 2563:Hautmann M, Ware D, Bucher H (2017). 2291:, generally seen as a multinucleated 1237:species which are farmed year-round. 7: 4888:Oysters grown on trestles in Ireland 4761:. Fisheries Technical paper No. 511. 4409:. Recipeofhealth.com. 28 March 2015. 3636:NSW Department of Primary Industries 3064:Crisp DJ, Yule AB, White KN (1985). 2964:Officer C, Smayda T, Mann R (1982). 2511:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, 2068:adding citations to reliable sources 2026:Galway International Oyster Festival 1576:Freshly shucked European flat oyster 1102:Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine 4452:. The University of Chicago Press. 2859:Integrative and Comparative Biology 1919:Oysters are an excellent source of 935:Some tropical oysters, such as the 710:While some oysters have two sexes ( 599:Pilgrim oyster, another term for a 4682:Jones MK, Oliver JD (1 May 2009). 4302:Creamed Oysters and Leeks On Toast 4251:. 24 November 2004. Archived from 3960:. 24 February 2011. Archived from 613:family also known as jingle shells 356:, are harvested for their shells. 352:. Others, such as the translucent 340:in some localities. Some types of 14: 5817:List of fishing topics by subject 3902:"Shellfish Tenures Locations Map" 2138:is the most deadly seafood-borne 1318:Oysters can also be collected by 6357: 6350: 6343: 5460: 5348: 5347: 4159:Ducker J, Falkenberg LJ (2020). 3638:. NSW Government. Archived from 3008:Ulanowicz RE, Tuttle JH (1992). 2359: 2044: 1902: 1885: 1873:Raw "Fine de Claire" oysters at 1866: 1836: 1819: 1805: 1793: 1781: 1769: 1443:The Pacific oyster prospered in 1223:In Britain, the native species ( 977:Common oyster predators include 644: 630: 619:, members of the family Dimyidae 142: 3873:University of California, Davis 3492:Kimbro DL, Grosholz ED (2006). 2055:needs additional citations for 1202:. Throughout the 19th century, 1045:for an extended explanation of 5470:Land and freshwater gastropods 4920:New International Encyclopedia 4807:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.025 4498:Mateer N (11 September 2019). 3729:. New York: Ballantine Books. 2974:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1496:The accidental or intentional 745:, drawing water in over their 675:Oysters breathe primarily via 16:Variety of families of Mollusc 1: 4526:Melia P (27 September 2010). 4126:Quenqua D (25 October 2017). 3851:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00861-4 3794:"Oyster Farming in Louisiana" 3533:Journal of Shellfish Research 3215:10.1016/S1875-306X(07)80017-7 2209:List of halal and kosher fish 1061:, oysters provide supporting 503:grew on the shells of living 4407:"Calories in pacific Oyster" 3927:Fountain H (3 August 2009). 2751:10.3109/07420528.2011.565897 2569:Journal of Molluscan Studies 2106:Oysters can contain harmful 1740:from Long Island, New York, 1475:disease-resistant broodstock 1269:are used to reach the beds. 419: 407: 4789:Phuvasate S, Su YC (2013). 4165:Frontiers in Marine Science 4059:Kirby MX (23 August 2004). 3866:"California Oyster Culture" 2739:Chronobiology International 1191:Still-Life with Oysters by 687:. A small, three-chambered 487:. Ostreidae evolved in the 7527: 3954:"Oyster-Tecture in Action" 3801:Louisiana State University 3463:10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.131 2675:Wheeler TB (20 May 2020). 2202: 1595:in many cities and towns. 1513:underwater noise pollution 1425: 1347: 1126:that have been used since 526: 439:are members of the family 413: 401: 20: 7459: 7043:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian 6483: 6341: 5814: 5458: 5342: 4637:Thomson J (25 May 2017). 4485:The Sydney Morning Herald 4329:Best Malaysian Food Guide 4178:10.3389/fmars.2020.597441 3405:10.1002/9780470960967.ch5 3090:10.1017/S0025315400052589 829:for many marine species. 788:Hunting Island State Park 256: 206: 139:Scientific classification 121: 112: 6914:Placopecten magellanicus 6758:New Zealand green-lipped 5563:Placopecten magellanicus 4009:"Oyster-tecture – SCAPE" 3632:"Oyster industry in NSW" 3566:Jud Z, Layman C (2011). 3256:Brown A (10 June 2013). 2894:Jud Z, Layman C (2011). 1422:Restoration and recovery 7419:Acanthopleura granulata 6988:(group of four species) 5717:Freshwater pearl mussel 5605:Austrovenus stutchburyi 5141:Chesapeake Bay deadrise 4086:10.1073/pnas.0405150101 3754:. London: Ebury Press. 3608:National Gallery of Art 3314:10.1126/science.1176516 3178:10.1007/1-4020-3030-4_6 2550:A Greek-English Lexicon 2531:A Greek-English Lexicon 2457:San Leandro Oyster Beds 2257:"Dermo" is caused by a 2181:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 2123:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 2036:Food safety and storage 1602:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1498:introduction of species 1486:Oyster reef restoration 1428:Oyster reef restoration 1406:oysters. The resulting 749:through the beating of 467:. Examples include the 386:, the feminine form of 373: 23:Oyster (disambiguation) 7491:Symbols of Mississippi 7412:Acanthopleura echinata 7322:Atlantic white-spotted 6773:Asian/Philippine green 5662:Ruditapes largillierti 4751:(Report). Rome. 2008. 4688:Infection and Immunity 4610:Galway Oyster Festival 4586:Galway Oyster Festival 4562:Galway Oyster Festival 4242:, 1738, cited e.g. in 3575:Martin County, Florida 2903:Martin County, Florida 2499:, from Celtnet Recipes 2288:Haplosporidium nelsoni 2159: 1986: 1952:Reference Daily Intake 1577: 1418: 1391: lb) of product ( 1345: 1258: 1251:Whaleback Shell Midden 1195: 1146:Woburn Oyster Festival 1130:times. The borough of 1108: 1104:, a 1620s painting by 1026:Chesapeake Bay Program 917: 818: 791: 524: 388: 382: 344:are harvested for the 297: 258:All other members of: 7348:Amphioctopus fangsiao 6992:South African abalone 6864:("true oyster" genus) 6630:California butterclam 6493:World fish production 5856:Principal commercial 5598:Mercenaria mercenaria 5521:Free-swimming marine 3988:www.nynjbaykeeper.org 3686:Holland, Tom (2003). 3350:Nature Climate Change 2582:10.1093/mollus/eyx018 2270:). It is a prevalent 2244:(highly prohibited). 2236:dietary jurisprudence 2153: 1984: 1954:of zinc and vitamin B 1946:. Oysters are low in 1875:Mercado de San Miguel 1575: 1462:Crassostrea virginica 1438:Crassostrea virginica 1416: 1336: 1248: 1241:Fishing from the wild 1193:Alexander Adriaenssen 1190: 1100: 1073:, habitat structure, 968:Apalachicola, Florida 911: 804: 785: 778:Habitat and behaviour 518: 295: 7506:Mollusc common names 7073:Ribbed Mediterranean 6588:Grooved carpet shell 5668:Grooved carpet shell 5556:Argopecten irradians 5250:Steak and oyster pie 5225:Oysters en brochette 4700:10.1128/IAI.01046-08 4568:on 23 September 2010 4255:on 28 September 2007 4240:Polite Conversations 3545:10.2983/035.028.0104 3399:. pp. 125–133. 3370:10.1038/nclimate1944 2950:10.1093/icb/37.6.612 2407:List of smoked foods 2387:European flat oyster 2134:, leading to death. 2064:improve this article 1734:Prince Edward Island 1728:from Massachusetts, 1449:Great Wicomico River 1373:ponds. When fish or 1289:limited dredging to 1226:European flat oyster 1220:expensive delicacy. 1083:green infrastructure 1047:nutrient remediation 469:European flat oyster 411:) 'oyster'. Compare 348:produced within the 230:– windowpane oysters 21:For other uses, see 7068:Rayed Mediterranean 6662:Japanese littleneck 5710:Freshwater bivalves 5636:Spisula solidissima 5313:List of oyster bars 5277:Consider the Oyster 5235:Oysters Rockefeller 5230:Oysters Kirkpatrick 5195:Angels on horseback 5105:Oystering machinery 4905:3 July 2009 at the 4893:17 May 2008 at the 4616:on 21 December 2013 4387:. Nutritiondata.com 4249:Wilmington Magazine 4077:2004PNAS..10113096K 4071:(35): 13096–13099. 3908:on 19 November 2007 3843:2002Aquac.210...69N 3642:on 22 December 2015 3455:2005Ambio..34..131L 3391:Wikfors GH (2011). 3362:2013NatCC...3..913A 3305:2009Sci...325.1124S 3299:(5944): 1124–1128. 3262:Delaware State News 3148:on 3 September 2006 3082:1985JMBUK..65..759C 2987:1982MEPS....9..203O 2853:Padilla DK (2010). 2812:Biological Bulletin 2714:on 8 September 2014 2491:10 May 2013 at the 2435:Oysters Kirkpatrick 2376:Angels on horseback 1813:Oysters Rockefeller 1788:Chargrilled oysters 1708:and lemon juice or 1667:Oysters Rockefeller 1153:was first started. 837:live mainly in the 523:from a pearl oyster 218:– dimyarian oysters 7441:Land snail farming 6855:Gillardeau oysters 6573:Atlantic jackknife 6508:Fisheries glossary 6498:Commercial species 6488:Commercial fishing 5876:Large pelagic fish 5643:Paphies ventricosa 5612:Saxidomus nuttalli 5585:Atlantic surf clam 5291:The Oyster Dredger 4592:on 17 October 2011 4365:. 28 February 2020 4140:on 25 October 2017 4133:The New York Times 3933:The New York Times 3882:on 1 December 2007 3810:on 1 December 2007 3268:on 22 October 2013 3118:. 18 December 2008 2995:10.3354/meps009203 2937:American Zoologist 2872:10.1093/icb/icq080 2787:on 26 January 2012 2619:10.2108/zsj.30.783 2602:Zoological Science 2513:A Latin Dictionary 2462:Sydney rock oyster 2441:Oysters Queensland 2402:List of delicacies 2328:Mikrocytos mackini 2215:Jewish dietary law 2172:Codex Alimentarius 2160: 1987: 1760:from Maryland and 1750:Rappahannock River 1599:pathogens such as 1578: 1419: 1346: 1337:Oyster culture in 1259: 1196: 1160:seaside resort of 1109: 1063:ecosystem services 1059:ecosystem engineer 1053:Ecosystem services 1043:nutrient pollution 918: 825:, oysters provide 819: 792: 695:, pumps colorless 691:, lying under the 623:Windowpane oysters 617:Dimydarian oysters 525: 485:Sydney rock oyster 354:Windowpane oysters 298: 7511:Aphrodisiac foods 7468: 7467: 7446:Gastropod anatomy 7405:Chiton magnificus 7390: 7389: 7367:New Zealand arrow 7271: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7142:Kelletia lischkei 7107:Littorina sitkana 7053:Yellow-foot opihi 6923: 6922: 6817:Colchester native 6516: 6515: 6413:Freshwater prawns 6339: 6338: 5823: 5822: 5766:Gathering by hand 5650:Paphies australis 5619:Arctica islandica 5573:Infaunal bivalves 5451:Kelletia lischkei 5444:Kelletia kelletii 5362: 5361: 5338: 5337: 5220:Oysters Bienville 5176: 5175: 5081: 5080: 4824:"Oyster Diseases" 4777:978-92-5-105914-2 4758:978-92-5-106006-3 4533:Irish Independent 4459:978-1-86189-221-8 4281:on 4 October 2011 3761:978-0-09-189780-2 3750:Clover C (2004). 3736:978-0-345-47638-8 3701:978-0-385-50313-6 3414:978-0-8138-1413-1 3224:978-0-12-373857-8 3187:978-1-4020-3030-7 2931:Jonas RB (1997). 2656:. 2 December 2011 2497:The Forme of Cury 2338:Vibrio vulnificus 2317:Crassostrea gigas 2308:Crassostrea gigas 2267:Perkinsus marinus 2136:Vibrio vulnificus 2128:immunocompromised 2117:Vibrio vulnificus 2096: 2095: 2088: 1993:, a variant of a 1850:. Also common in 1665:. In the case of 1525:circadian rhythms 1280:In some areas, a 970:, in the east to 914:Crassostrea gigas 815:Liaoning Province 609:, members of the 290: 289: 236:– feather oysters 107: 7518: 7282: 7196:Chorus giganteus 7173: 6934: 6897:Pecten jacobaeus 6604:Mactra stultorum 6561: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6361: 6354: 6347: 5929:southern bluefin 5919:Atlantic bluefin 5872: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5827: 5677:Sessile bivalves 5549:Pecten jacobaeus 5499:Cepaea nemoralis 5464: 5437:Bullacta exarata 5430:Buccinum undatum 5389: 5382: 5375: 5366: 5351: 5350: 5185: 5090: 4970: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4929: 4924: 4916: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4786: 4780: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4744: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4694:(5): 1723–1733. 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4612:. Archived from 4601: 4599: 4597: 4588:. Archived from 4577: 4575: 4573: 4564:. Archived from 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4487:. 24 March 2005. 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4446:Stott R (2004). 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4427:on 22 March 2020 4417: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4331:. Archived from 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4275:"Nefsc Fish Faq" 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4220: 4212: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4180: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4136:. Archived from 4123: 4117: 4116: 4106: 4088: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4040:. 10 August 2009 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3964:on 14 April 2013 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3904:. Archived from 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3809: 3803:. Archived from 3798: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3717: 3706: 3705: 3693: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3584:on 8 August 2022 3583: 3577:. Archived from 3572: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3504:(9): 2378–2388. 3489: 3483: 3482: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3316: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3264:. Archived from 3253: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3144:. Archived from 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2912:on 8 August 2022 2911: 2905:. Archived from 2900: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2783:. Archived from 2777: 2771: 2770: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2621: 2596:Nagai K (2013). 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2522: 2516: 2506: 2500: 2486:Oysters in Cynee 2483: 2378:(classic recipe) 2369: 2364: 2363: 2217:. Similarly, in 2194:Cultural aspects 2187:Escherichia coli 2091: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2048: 2040: 1977:Shucking oysters 1906: 1889: 1870: 1840: 1823: 1809: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1694:mignonette sauce 1593:oyster festivals 1553:Magallana gigas. 1457:artificial reefs 1455:, five-year-old 1390: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1305:) for dredging. 1134:holds an annual 1071:water filtration 1067:nutrient cycling 1001:Nutrient cycling 972:Galveston, Texas 823:keystone species 790:, South Carolina 648: 634: 422: 416: 415: 410: 404: 403: 391: 385: 376: 212:– saddle oysters 202:Groups included 147: 146: 133:basin in France 117: 106: 43: 36:Temporal range: 35: 30: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7455: 7451:Bivalve anatomy 7424: 7386: 7372:Japanese flying 7353: 7303: 7263: 7240: 7206: 7162: 7112: 7082: 7063:Common European 7029: 7001: 6919: 6903:Peruvian calico 6867: 6788: 6785:(mussel family) 6734: 6691: 6636:Senilia senilis 6550: 6549:Edible mollusks 6547: 6517: 6512: 6479: 6418:Gilt-head bream 6362: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6335: 6326:Lobster fishing 6299: 6271: 6223: 6178: 6156:Other wild fish 6150: 6123:Freshwater fish 6117: 6010: 5945: 5924:Pacific bluefin 5861: 5854: 5824: 5819: 5810: 5749: 5721: 5705: 5700:Pinctada maxima 5672: 5590:Soft-shell clam 5568: 5516: 5465: 5456: 5399: 5393: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5334: 5320:Oyster festival 5296: 5264: 5172: 5146: 5077: 5034: 4961: 4956: 4911: 4907:Wayback Machine 4895:Wayback Machine 4873: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4855:on 1 March 2009 4847: 4846: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4663:on 15 June 2015 4655: 4654: 4650: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4619: 4617: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4359:NHK World-Japan 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4335:on 25 July 2015 4323: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4305:. Food and Wine 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4245:"Oyster Heaven" 4243: 4238: 4234: 4213: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3868: 3864:Conte, Fred S. 3863: 3862: 3858: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3719: 3718: 3709: 3702: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3356:(10): 913–918. 3343: 3342: 3338: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3026:10.2307/1352778 3007: 3006: 3002: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2824:10.2307/1538845 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509:ostrea, ostreum 2507: 2503: 2493:Wayback Machine 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2420:Oyster omelette 2382:Auckland oyster 2365: 2358: 2355: 2343:gastroenteritis 2341:, which causes 2250: 2211: 2201: 2196: 2148: 2092: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2061: 2049: 2038: 1979: 1957: 1944: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1898: 1890: 1881: 1871: 1862: 1854:and throughout 1844:Oyster omelette 1841: 1832: 1824: 1815: 1810: 1801: 1798: 1789: 1786: 1777: 1774: 1756:from Virginia, 1684:(most commonly 1611: 1570: 1561: 1559:Shell recycling 1506:Olympia oysters 1494: 1430: 1424: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1364:Magallana gigas 1352: 1331: 1243: 1208:New York Harbor 1116:New South Wales 1095: 1055: 1003: 943:, grow best on 937:mangrove oyster 930: 925: 912:Pacific oyster 839:intertidal zone 807:intertidal zone 780: 739: 712:European oyster 693:adductor muscle 673: 655: 649: 640: 635: 583: 560:Pinctada maxima 545:cultured pearls 531: 513: 434: 429: 392:, which is the 362: 242:– spiny oysters 141: 108: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 38: 37: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7524: 7522: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7473: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7436:Oyster farming 7432: 7430: 7429:Related topics 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7221:Cornu aspersum 7216: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7192: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7039: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6857: 6852: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6730:Giant Atlantic 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6652:Triangle shell 6649: 6644: 6639: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6503:Fishing topics 6500: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6372: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6331:Shrimp fishery 6328: 6323: 6318: 6316:Crab fisheries 6313: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6108:Smelt-whitings 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6044:Alaska pollock 6041: 6036: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860:species groups 5855: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5781:Oyster farming 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5542:Pecten maximus 5538: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5485:Cornu aspersum 5481: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5401: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5330:Oyster cracker 5327: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5158:Oyster farming 5154: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4914:"Oyster" 4909: 4897: 4885: 4880: 4872: 4871:External links 4869: 4867: 4866: 4837: 4812: 4801:(2): 569–573. 4781: 4764: 4757: 4731: 4674: 4648: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4602: 4578: 4546: 4518: 4490: 4472: 4458: 4438: 4412: 4398: 4376: 4346: 4325:"Fried Oyster" 4316: 4292: 4266: 4232: 4192: 4151: 4118: 4051: 4025: 4000: 3975: 3945: 3919: 3893: 3856: 3837:(1–4): 69–88. 3821: 3785: 3767: 3760: 3742: 3735: 3707: 3700: 3678: 3653: 3620: 3595: 3558: 3523: 3484: 3449:(2): 131–138. 3429: 3420: 3413: 3383: 3336: 3279: 3245: 3230: 3223: 3193: 3186: 3159: 3129: 3103: 3076:(3): 759–783. 3056: 3047: 3020:(3): 298–306. 3000: 2956: 2943:(6): 612–620. 2923: 2886: 2865:(2): 213–225. 2845: 2818:(2): 146–179. 2798: 2772: 2745:(4): 307–317. 2725: 2693: 2667: 2641: 2588: 2575:(3): 253–260. 2555: 2536: 2517: 2501: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2467:Tabby concrete 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2397:Eastern oyster 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2354: 2351: 2333: 2332: 2312: 2299:eastern oyster 2283: 2276:Gulf of Mexico 2249: 2246: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2147: 2144: 2094: 2093: 2052: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1995:shucking knife 1978: 1975: 1955: 1942: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1901: 1899: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1856:Southeast Asia 1842: 1835: 1833: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1776:Smoked oysters 1775: 1768: 1710:sherry vinegar 1690:cocktail sauce 1610: 1607: 1585:oyster middens 1581:Jonathan Swift 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1493: 1490: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1453:Chesapeake Bay 1445:Pendrell Sound 1434:eastern oyster 1426:Main article: 1423: 1420: 1360:Pacific oyster 1350:Oyster farming 1348:Main article: 1339:Riec-sur-Belon 1330: 1327: 1301:and later the 1282:scallop dredge 1242: 1239: 1231:Pacific oyster 1174:Roman Republic 1094: 1091: 1054: 1051: 1030:Chesapeake Bay 1002: 999: 964:Gulf of Mexico 960:oyster farming 956:Chesapeake Bay 939:in the family 928: 923: 859:hooked mussels 779: 776: 772:Chesapeake Bay 743:filter feeders 738: 735: 731:veliger larvae 716:Olympia oyster 672: 669: 657: 656: 652:Pacific oyster 650: 643: 641: 638:Pacific oyster 636: 629: 626: 625: 620: 614: 607:Saddle oysters 604: 597: 591:Thorny oysters 582: 579: 549:natural pearls 527:Main article: 512: 509: 489:Early Triassic 481:Pacific oyster 477:Olympia oyster 473:eastern oyster 433: 430: 428: 425: 361: 358: 288: 287: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 254: 253: 246: 245: 244: 243: 237: 231: 225: 224:– true oysters 219: 213: 204: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 135: 134: 123:Pacific oyster 119: 118: 110: 109: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 44: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7523: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7332:Pacific giant 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7235:Helix pomatia 7232: 7230: 7229: 7228:Helix lucorum 7225: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6848:Ostra chilena 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:Mediterranean 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6681:(razor genus) 6680: 6679: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620:Pacific razor 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6578:Atlantic surf 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6544: 6539: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6321:Krill fishery 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311:Cod fisheries 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Sea cucumbers 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6093:Orange roughy 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6016:Demersal fish 6013: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791:Pearl farming 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761:Heliciculture 5759: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536:Queen scallop 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5478:Helix pomatia 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5354: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:Oyster pirate 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:European flat 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4675: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4519: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4439: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4293: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4152: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3694:. Doubleday. 3692: 3691: 3682: 3679: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3160: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3117: 3116:The Economist 3113: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2452:Rolled oyster 2450: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2425:Oyster pirate 2423: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413:Ostrea angasi 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2329: 2323: 2322:Denman Island 2319: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2154:Oysters in a 2152: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2087: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2053:This section 2051: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2016:oyster gloves 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1969:. Their high 1968: 1964: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1935:, as well as 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720:from Oregon, 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688:vinegar), or 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1548:global change 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519:of sounds in 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213:New York City 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:working class 1194: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:Sergius Orata 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1141:Ostrea edulis 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Kentish Flats 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093:Human history 1092: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1000: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:United States 948: 946: 942: 938: 933: 926: 915: 910: 906: 904: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 816: 812: 808: 803: 799: 797: 789: 784: 777: 775: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 736: 734: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 685:blood vessels 682: 678: 670: 668: 666: 662: 653: 647: 642: 639: 633: 628: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 608: 605: 602: 598: 596: 593:in the genus 592: 589: 588: 587: 580: 578: 574: 572: 568: 563: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537:Pearl oysters 534: 530: 522: 517: 511:Pearl oysters 510: 508: 506: 502: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465: 460: 459: 454: 453: 448: 447: 442: 438: 431: 426: 424: 421: 409: 399: 398:Ancient Greek 395: 390: 384: 380: 375: 371: 367: 359: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 342:pearl oysters 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 317:that live in 316: 313: 310: 306: 302: 294: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 259: 255: 251: 250:Cladistically 247: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 205: 200: 197: 196:Pteriomorphia 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 42: 31: 28: 24: 19: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7346: 7337:Southern red 7233: 7226: 7219: 7194: 7168:Other snails 7140: 7105: 6912: 6895: 6881:Atlantic bay 6859: 6847: 6812:Southern mud 6793: 6684: 6676: 6634: 6615:Ocean quahog 6602: 6443:salmon trout 6251: 5796:Pearl diving 5786:Oyster boats 5771:Clam digging 5698: 5694:Pearl oyster 5683: 5660: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5506:Otala lactea 5504: 5497: 5492:Helix aperta 5490: 5483: 5476: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5325:Oyster Feast 5289: 5282: 5275: 5200:Hangtown fry 5100:Oyster knife 4958: 4918: 4857:. Retrieved 4853:the original 4828:. Retrieved 4798: 4795:Food Control 4794: 4784: 4767: 4746: 4734: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4661:the original 4651: 4642: 4632: 4620:18 September 4618:. Retrieved 4614:the original 4609: 4596:18 September 4594:. Retrieved 4590:the original 4585: 4572:18 September 4570:. Retrieved 4566:the original 4561: 4549: 4539:18 September 4537:. Retrieved 4531: 4521: 4511:24 September 4509:. Retrieved 4503: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4463:. Retrieved 4448: 4441: 4429:. Retrieved 4425:the original 4415: 4401: 4389:. Retrieved 4379: 4367:. Retrieved 4358: 4349: 4337:. Retrieved 4333:the original 4328: 4319: 4307:. Retrieved 4301: 4295: 4283:. Retrieved 4279:the original 4269: 4257:. Retrieved 4253:the original 4248: 4239: 4235: 4208: 4203:Journal KR. 4168: 4164: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4138:the original 4131: 4121: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4042:. Retrieved 4038:ScienceDaily 4037: 4028: 4016:. Retrieved 4012: 4003: 3991:. Retrieved 3987: 3978: 3966:. 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Retrieved 2653: 2644: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2549: 2539: 2530: 2520: 2515:, on Perseus 2512: 2504: 2496: 2481: 2430:Oyster sauce 2411: 2392:Bluff oyster 2336: 2334: 2326: 2315: 2306: 2303:Delaware Bay 2292: 2286: 2265: 2251: 2239: 2212: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2161: 2135: 2121: 2115: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2082: 2076:January 2020 2073: 2062:Please help 2057:verification 2054: 2023: 2020: 2013: 1999: 1991:oyster knife 1988: 1967:sex hormones 1960: 1918: 1893: 1830:oyster misua 1675: 1612: 1600: 1597: 1579: 1562: 1552: 1545: 1541:pile drivers 1531:—may induce 1521:experimental 1510: 1495: 1492:Human impact 1478: 1460: 1442: 1437: 1431: 1397: 1368: 1363: 1356:Roman Empire 1353: 1324: 1317: 1311: 1307: 1279: 1271:Patent tongs 1260: 1224: 1222: 1197: 1155: 1151:oyster stout 1139: 1136:Oyster Feast 1110: 1101: 1075:biodiversity 1056: 1004: 995:oyster crabs 976: 949: 934: 919: 913: 903:conspecifics 883: 879: 867:striped bass 863:oyster reefs 851:sea anemones 842: 834: 830: 820: 793: 753:. 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