Oyster - Knowledge

1109: 1915: 1377:) is presently the most widely grown bivalve around the world. Two methods are commonly used, release and bagging. In both cases, oysters are cultivated onshore to the size of spat, when they can attach themselves to a substrate. They may be allowed to mature further to form "seed oysters". In either case, they are then placed in the water to mature. The release technique involves distributing the spat throughout existing oyster beds, allowing them to mature naturally to be collected like wild oysters. Bagging has the cultivator putting spat in racks or bags and keeping them above the bottom. Harvesting involves simply lifting the bags or rack to the surface and removing the mature oysters. The latter method prevents losses to some predators, but is more expensive. 1818: 1491:

Currently, for the installation cost of $ 3000, roughly 4.8 million liters of water are being filtered daily. In New Jersey, however, the Department of Environmental Protection refused to allow oysters as a filtering system in Sandy Hook Bay and the Raritan Bay, citing worries that commercial shellfish growers would be at risk and that members of the public might disregard warnings and consume tainted oysters. New Jersey Baykeepers responded by changing their strategy for utilizing oysters to clean up the waterway, by collaborating with Naval Weapons Station Earle. The Navy station is under 24/7 security and therefore eliminates any

1257: 1199: 1345: 1898: 1879: 1806: 2162: 1782: 657: 920: 126: 1993: 1019:, including oysters, are effective filter feeders and can have large effects on the water columns in which they occur. As filter feeders, oysters remove plankton and organic particles from the water column. Multiple studies have shown individual oysters are capable of filtering up to 190 litres (42 imp gal; 50 US gal) of water per day, and thus oyster reefs can significantly improve water quality and clarity. Oysters consume nitrogen-containing compounds ( 643: 794: 1849: 155: 1832: 527: 1458:, where the surface water is typically warm enough for spawning in the summer. Over the following years, spat spread out sporadically and populated adjacent areas. Eventually, possibly following adaptation to the local conditions, the Pacific oyster spread up and down the coast and now is the basis of the North American west coast oyster industry. Pendrell Sound is now a reserve that supplies spat for cultivation. Near the mouth of the 1794: 2201:, a bacterium found in coastal waters near highly populated cities having sewage systems discharging waste nearby, or in the presence of agricultural discharges. Depuration expands beyond oysters into many shellfish and other related products, especially in seafood that is known to come from potentially polluted areas; depurated seafood is effectively a product cleansed from inside-out to make it safe for human consumption. 6370: 5360: 1584: 6363: 2057: 4649: 6356: 1425: 813: 5473: 2372: 304: 1226:, and helped initiate the city's restaurant trade. New York's oystermen became skilled cultivators of their beds, which provided employment for hundreds of workers and nutritious food for thousands. Eventually, rising demand exhausted many of the beds. To increase production, they introduced foreign species, which brought disease; 2189:

in does not remain in the oyster, since the water used for depuration must be fully sterilized, plus the depuration facility would not necessarily be located near the farming location. Depuration of oysters can remove moderate levels of contamination of most bacterial indicators and pathogens. Well-known contaminants include

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in the water and develop into larvae, which eventually find suitable sites, such as another oyster's shell, on which to settle. Attached oyster larvae are called spat. Spat are oysters less than 25 mm (1 in) long. Many species of bivalves, oysters included, seem to be stimulated to settle near adult

1476:. That is far lower than in the late 1880s, when the bay's population was in the billions, and watermen harvested about 910,000 m (25 million imp bsh) annually. The 2009 harvest was less than 7,300 m (200,000 imp bsh). Researchers claim the keys to the project were: 1159:

is held in September. In fact, in Victorian England, it was quite common for people to go to the pub and enjoy their favorite beer with some oysters. They quickly realized that the "rich, sweet, malty stouts" were great with the "briny, creamy oyster". Then brewers found that oyster shells naturally

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usually spawn from the end of June until mid-August. An increase in water temperature prompts a few oysters to spawn. This triggers spawning in the rest, clouding the water with millions of eggs and sperm. A single female oyster can produce up to 100 million eggs annually. The eggs become fertilized

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that fall to the bottom and remain out of the water column. Oysters feed most actively at temperatures ranging from the high 60s to the high 70s (20–26 °C). Under ideal laboratory conditions, an oyster can filter up to 190 L (50 US gal) of water per day. Under average conditions,

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Oyster depuration begins after the harvest of oysters from farmed locations. The oysters are transported and placed into tanks pumped with clean water for periods of 48 to 72 hours. The holding temperatures and salinity vary according to species. The seawater that the oysters were originally farmed

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of oysters is a common industry practice and widely researched in the scientific community but is not commonly known by end consumers. The main objective of seafood depuration is to remove fecal contamination in seafood before being sold to end consumers. Oyster depuration is useful since they are

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Cooked oysters that do not open are generally assumed to be previously dead and therefore unsafe. There is only one criterion: the oyster must be capable of tightly closing its shell. Open oysters should be tapped on the shell; a live oyster will close up and is safe to eat. Oysters which are open

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with water) but they are not permanently open. They regularly shut their valves to enter a resting state, even when they are permanently submersed. Their behaviour follows very strict circatidal and circadian rhythms according to the relative moon and sun positions. During neap tides, they exhibit

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Pearl farmers can culture a pearl by placing a nucleus, usually a piece of polished mussel shell, inside the oyster. In three to seven years, the oyster can produce a perfect pearl. Since the beginning of the 20th century, when several researchers discovered how to produce artificial pearls, the

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Recycled oyster shells can help restore oyster reefs to provide marine life habitat that reduces flooding, and protects shorelines from storms. Shell-recycling non-profits retrieve shells from restaurants, wash and dry them, and set them in the sun for up to a year to kill bacteria. Some states

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The "oyster-tecture" movement promotes the use of oyster reefs for water purification and wave attenuation. An oyster-tecture project has been implemented at Withers Estuary, Withers Swash, South Carolina, by Neil Chambers-led volunteers, at a site where pollution was affecting beach tourism.

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and increasing sedimentation from erosion destroyed most of the beds by the early 20th century. Oysters' popularity has put ever-increasing demands on wild oyster stocks. This scarcity increased prices, converting them from their original role as working-class food to their current status as an

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is the only East Coast state without aquaculture, but making aquaculture a state-controlled industry of leasing water by the acre for commercial harvesting of shellfish is being considered. Supporters of Delaware's legislation to allow oyster aquaculture cite revenue, job creation, and nutrient

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It was once assumed that oysters were only safe to eat in months with the letter 'r' in their English and French names. This myth is based in truth, in that in the Northern Hemisphere, oysters are much more likely to spoil in the warmer months of May, June, July, and August. In recent years,

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An oyster reef can increase the surface area of a flat bottom 50-fold. An oyster's mature shape often depends on the type of bottom to which it is originally attached, but it always orients itself with its outer, flared shell tilted upward. One valve is cupped and the other is flat.

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Similar laws were enacted in Connecticut before World War I and lasted until 1969. The laws restricted the harvesting of oysters in state-owned beds to vessels under sail. These laws prompted the construction of the oyster sloop-style vessel to last well into the 20th century.

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is used. This is a toothed bar attached to a chain bag. The dredge is towed through an oyster bed by a boat, picking up the oysters in its path. While dredges collect oysters more quickly, they heavily damage the beds, and their use is highly restricted. Until 1965,

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A number of bivalve molluscs (other than true oysters and pearl oysters) also have common names that include the word "oyster", usually because they either taste like or look somewhat like true oysters, or because they yield noticeable pearls. Examples include:

2360:. Cellulitis can be severe and rapidly spreading, requiring antibiotics, medical care, and in some severe cases amputation. It is usually acquired when the contents of the oyster come in contact with a cut skin lesion, as when shucking an oyster. 2263:

Oysters are subject to various diseases which can reduce harvests and severely deplete local populations. Disease control focuses on containing infections and breeding resistant strains, and is the subject of much ongoing research.

1031:, plankton, detritus, bacteria, and dissolved organic matter, removing them from the water. What is not used for animal growth is then expelled as solid waste pellets, which eventually decompose into the atmosphere as nitrogen. In 3579:"Loxahatchee River oyster reef restoration monitoring report: Using baselines derived from long-term monitoring of benthic community structure on natural oyster reefs to assess the outcome of large-scale oyster reef restoration" 2907:"Loxahatchee River oyster reef restoration monitoring report: Using baselines derived from long-term monitoring of benthic community structure on natural oyster reefs to assess the outcome of large-scale oyster reef restoration" 1052:

cycling benefits. It is estimated that one acre (0.40 ha) can produce nearly 750,000 oysters, which could filter between 57,000 to 150,000 m (2.0–5.3 million cu ft) of water daily. Also see

1100:, native oyster presence is associated with higher species diversity of benthic invertebrates. As the ecological and economic importance of oyster reefs has become more acknowledged, restoration efforts have increased. 785:'s once-flourishing oyster population historically filtered excess nutrients from the estuary's entire water volume every three to four days. As of 2008 it was estimated that a complete cycle would take nearly a year. 4255: 2791: 2335:

off the eastern aspect of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It was found that the causative agent of these lesions are associated with amitochondriate protistan microcells, which were later identified as

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Unlike most shellfish, oysters can have a fairly long shelf life of up to four weeks. However, their taste becomes less pleasant as they age. Fresh oysters must be alive just before consumption or cooking.

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Newell, R. I. E., Fisher, T. R., Holyoke, R. R., Cornwell, J. C. (2005). "Influence of eastern oysters on nitrogen and phosphorus regeneration in the Chesapeake Bay, USA". In Dame, R., Olenin, S. (eds.).

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became the largest source of oysters worldwide. On any day in the late 19th century, six million oysters could be found on barges tied up along the city's waterfront. They were naturally quite popular in

1961:; one dozen raw oysters provides only 460 kilojoules (110 kilocalories). They are rich in protein (approximately 9 g in 100 g of Pacific oysters). Two oysters (28 grams or 1 ounce) provide the 1914: 1336:

In any case, when the oysters are collected, they are sorted to eliminate dead animals, bycatch (unwanted catch), and debris. Then they are taken to market, where they are either canned or sold live.

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and unresponsive are dead and must be discarded. Some dead oysters, or oyster shells which are full of sand, may be closed. These make a distinctive noise when tapped, and are known as "clackers".

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and associated human health risk. Oyster-tecture projects have been proposed to protect coastal cities, such as New York, from the threat of rising sea levels due to climate change. Additionally

985:, in the west. Large beds of edible oysters are also found in Japan and Australia. In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global oyster harvest. In Europe, France remained the industry leader. 2285:, causes massive mortality, and poses a significant economic threat to the oyster industry. The disease is not a direct threat to humans consuming infected oysters. Dermo first appeared in the 3542:

Camara MD, Vadopalas B (2009). "Genetic Aspects of Restoring Olympia Oysters and Other Native Bivalves: Balancing the Need for Action, Good Intentions, and the Risks of Making Things Worse".

7496: 1976:, partially because they resemble female sex organs. A team of American and Italian researchers analyzed bivalves and found they were rich in amino acids that trigger increased levels of 1602:

were an important industry where they were plentiful. Overfishing and pressure from diseases and pollution have sharply reduced supplies, but they remain a popular treat celebrated in

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clarify a beer and they started putting crushed oyster shells into their brews. The first known brewery to start this was in 1938 at the Hammerton Brewery in London. That is where the

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If the oyster has a particularly soft shell, the knife can be inserted instead in the "sidedoor", about halfway along one side where the oyster lips widen with a slight indentation.

1878: 1723:. Raw oysters have complex flavors that vary among varieties and regions: salty, briny, buttery, metallic or fruity. The texture is soft and fleshy. North American varieties include 3642: 1096:

for shoreline protection. Assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus into shellfish tissues provides an opportunity to remove these nutrients from the water column. In California's

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Oyster-shucking has become a competitive sport; competitions are staged around the world. The Guinness World Oyster Opening Championship was held annually in September at the

580:. Over the years, the irritating object is covered with enough layers of nacre to become a pearl. The many different types, colours and shapes of pearls depend on the natural 2312:; survivors, however, develop resistance and can help propagate resistant populations. MSX is associated with high salinity and water temperatures. MSX was first noted in 3253:. US Dept Commer, Northeast Fish Sci Cent Ref Doc. 10–19; 12 p. Available from: National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1026. 5858: 4758: 4233: 2178: 4263: 3183:. NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Series (NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences ed.). Netherlands: Springer. pp. 93–120. 2795: 1108: 1451:) was introduced to California waters in 1875, while the Pacific oyster was introduced there in 1929. Proposals for further such introductions remain controversial. 4237: 3220:. Theoretical Ecology Series. Vol. 4 (Ecosystem Engineers: Concepts, Theory and Applications ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier-Academic Press. pp. 281–298. 3065:

Newell, R. 2004. Ecosystem Influences of Natural and Cultivated Populations of Suspension-Feeding Bivalve Molluscs: A Review. J. Shellfish Research, 23(1):51-61.

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are also negatively impacting oysters around the world, with many impacts affecting molecular, physiological, and behavioral processes in species including

6508: 860:. The hard surfaces of oyster shells and the nooks between the shells provide places where a host of small animals can live. Hundreds of animals, such as 714:, located on the underside of the muscle, remove waste products from the blood. Their nervous system includes two pairs of nerve cords and three pairs of 3578: 2906: 2029:, are recommended; apart from the knife, the shell itself can be razor-sharp. Professional shuckers require fewer than three seconds to open the shell. 2011:

While different methods are used to open an oyster (which sometimes depend on the type), the following is one commonly accepted oyster-shucking method.

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basis). The other 9 kg (20 lb) goes into the pond and after mineralization, provides food for phytoplankton, which in turn feeds the oyster.

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Denman Island disease causes visible yellow/green pustules on the body and adductor muscles of oysters. This disease mainly affects Pacific oysters (

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Almost all shell-bearing mollusks can secrete pearls, yet most are not very valuable. Pearls can form in both saltwater and freshwater environments.

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Officer, C.B., T.J. Smayda & R. Mann. 1982. Benthic filter feeding, a natural eutrophication control. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 9:203–120.

1897: 1240:) has five years to mature and is protected by the people during their May-to-August spawning season. The current market is dominated by the larger 729:), their reproductive organs contain both eggs and sperm. Because of this, it is technically possible for an oyster to fertilize its own eggs. The 4431: 3804: 1616:

have caused outbreaks in several harvesting areas of the eastern United States during the summer months, lending further credence to this belief.

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is quoted as having said, "He was a bold man that first ate an oyster". Evidence of oyster consumption goes back into prehistory, evidenced by

4859: 4787: 4767: 4468: 3770: 3745: 3710: 3672: 3423: 3233: 3196: 3148: 3276: 5851: 2036: 1304:, and even since then motor boats can be used only on certain days of the week. These regulations prompted the development of specialized 4802:"Impact of water salinity and types of oysters on depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)" 3650: 1129:, Australia, dated at ten thousand years. They have been cultivated in Japan from at least 2000 BC. In the United Kingdom, the town of 656: 4172:"How the Pacific Oyster Responds to Ocean Acidification: Development and Application of a Meta-Analysis Based Adverse Outcome Pathway" 3876: 2660: 1740: 1198: 903:

into the water. As they grow over the next two or three years and develop greater energy reserves, they spawn as females by releasing

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In many areas, non-native oysters have been introduced in attempts to prop up failing harvests of native varieties. For example, the

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Oysters are harvested by simply gathering them from their beds. In very shallow waters, they can be gathered by hand or with small

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Collected Oyster Shells at Galveston Bay for restoration project by the Galveston Bay Foundation's Oyster Shell Recycling Program.

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has shown to increase the population of oyster beds within the oceans while also conserving the biolife within the oyster reefs.

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Inexperienced shuckers can apply too much force, which can result in injury if the blade slips. Heavy gloves, sometimes sold as

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in 1957, and is now found all up and down the East Coast of the United States. Evidence suggests it was brought to the US when

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using waste oyster shells to elevate the reef floor 25–45 cm (9.8–17.7 in) to keep the spat free of bottom sediments

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Opening oysters, referred to as "oyster-shucking", requires skill. The preferred method is to use a special knife (called an

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Lindahl O, Hart R, Hernroth B, Kollberg S, Loo LO, Olrog L, Rehnstam-Holm AS, Svensson J, Svensson S, Syversen U (2005).

3149:"Oyster Restoration Projected to Provide Significant Boost to Bay Grasses While Removing Nitrogen Pollution from the Bay" 2556: 1664:, or used in a variety of drinks. Eating can be as simple as opening the shell and eating the contents, including juice. 6277: 5383: 4510: 2121:. Oysters are filter feeders, so will naturally concentrate anything present in the surrounding water. Oysters from the 154: 1775:

from New Jersey. Variations in water salinity, alkalinity, and mineral and nutritional content influence their flavor.

1519:. Oyster reefs occupy a small fraction of their distribution prior to mass harvesting during the last three centuries. 678:

is a favorite seafood source in the southern part of the country. Because of its good flavor, it commands high prices.

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of the United States, for example, contain high bacterial loads of human pathogens in the warm months, most notably

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can be lowered on a line to reach beds that are too deep to reach directly. In all cases, the task is the same: the

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Arkema KK, Guannel G, Verutes G, Wood SA, Guerry A, Ruckelshaus M, Kareiva P, Lacayo M, Silver JM (14 July 2013).

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found worldwide. Oysters were an important food source in all coastal areas where they could be found, and oyster

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generally eaten raw and in many countries, the requirement to process is government-regulated or mandatory. The

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by humans has the potential to negatively impact native oyster populations. For example, non-native species in

1214: 2233: 2161: 3589: 2917: 7429: 7332: 7007: 6918: 6730: 6672: 6583: 5727: 5615: 5151: 4624: 4600: 4576: 2467: 2293:. While it is most serious in warmer waters, it has gradually spread up the east coast of the United States. 2191: 2133: 2074: 2067: 1612: 1496: 1438: 1156: 33: 4395: 919: 7422: 7068: 7035: 6635: 6485: 6418: 6369: 5672: 4801: 4148: 3912: 2298: 1962: 1261: 1036: 4072:"Fishing down the coast: Historical expansion and collapse of oyster fisheries along continental margins" 7382: 7358: 7342: 6913: 6901: 6788: 6503: 6480: 6443: 5939: 5929: 5608: 4953: 2451: 1472: 1203: 978: 772:

of a gill, and from there are transported to the mouth, where they are eaten, digested, and expelled as

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A website devoted to the online study of molluscan bivalve behavior around the world, including oysters

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surround the digestive organs, and are made up of sex cells, branching tubules, and connective tissue.

4311: 3077:"Feeding by Oyster Larvae: The Functional Response, Energy Budget and a Comparison with Mussel Larvae" 2181:(FAO) formally recognizes depuration and has published detailed documents on the process, whereas the 2015:

Insert the blade, with moderate force and vibration if necessary, at the hinge between the two valves.

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is considered the first major merchant and cultivator of oysters. Using his considerable knowledge of

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are not closely related to true oysters, being members of a distinct family, the feathered oysters (

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oyster cannot propagate, which prevents introduced oysters from spreading into unwanted habitats.

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by 8,600 t (9,500 short tons) per year by 2010. Several studies have shown that oysters and

869: 495: 149: 4491: 908: 793: 6355: 4435: 1554:, and explosions conducted underwater produce low frequencies that may be detected by oysters. 7491: 7415: 7392: 7309: 7195: 7152: 7146: 7117: 7106: 6842: 6837: 6773: 6768: 6625: 5836: 5660: 5629: 5461: 5454: 5429: 5270: 5230: 4995: 4990: 4888:

molluSCAN-eye - Online biomonitoring project hosted by the University of Bordeaux and the CNRS

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had implemented a plan to use oysters to reduce the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the

837: 825: 633: 364: 340:, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. Many, but not all oysters, are in the superfamily 3450:"Improving Marine Water Quality by Mussel Farming: A Profitable Solution for Swedish Society" 1687:

Care should be taken when consuming oysters. They may be eaten raw, with no dressing or with

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are grown in ponds, it takes typically 10 kg (22 lb) of feed to produce 1 kg (

1155:) are consumed. The United Kingdom hosts several other annual oyster festivals; for example, 969:, although these beds have decreased in number due to overfishing and pollution. Other large 7506: 7304: 7256: 7206: 7200: 7141: 7078: 6971: 6907: 6707: 6614: 5635: 5559: 5509: 5447: 5440: 5363: 5215: 5040: 5015: 4946: 4924: 4813: 4722: 4706: 4183: 4109: 4091: 3972: 3857: 3614: 3551: 3516: 3469: 3411: 3376: 3319: 3221: 3184: 3096: 3032: 3001: 2955: 2877: 2830: 2757: 2624: 2587: 2197: 1704: 1535: 1523: 1191:, he built a sophisticated cultivation system, including channels and locks, to control the 1081: 1077: 982: 833: 744:

for two to three weeks before settling on a bed and reaching sexual maturity within a year.

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Some oysters also harbor bacterial species which can cause human disease; of importance is

7088: 7073: 7058: 7053: 6657: 6646: 6475: 6448: 6428: 6336: 6133: 5710: 5600: 5330: 5250: 5225: 5146: 5126: 4917: 4905: 4834: 2503: 2430: 2392: 2353: 1854: 1752: 1680:, preparation can be very elaborate. They are sometimes served on edible seaweed, such as 1603: 1543: 1527: 1467: 1313: 1227: 1218: 1126: 947: 849: 817: 722: 573:, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. Not all individual oysters produce pearls. 502: 736:

Once her millions of eggs are fertilized, the female discharges them into the water. The

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Special knives for opening live oysters, such as this one, have short and stout blades.

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contains the shells from oysters harvested for food dating from 2200 to 1000 years ago

388:, and first appeared in English during the 14th century. The French derived from the 7485: 7451: 7352: 7245: 7238: 7158: 7030: 7025: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6783: 6735: 6715: 6453: 6331: 6321: 6103: 6098: 6026: 5999: 5944: 5796: 5771: 5546: 5488: 5173: 5110: 5020: 5010: 5000: 3341: 2496: 2462: 2435: 2423: 2332: 1558: 1309: 1223: 1210: 1180: 1151: 1138: 962: 904: 753: 695: 617: 601: 559: 408: 337: 206: 82: 4910: 4671: 3563: 3489: 3108: 3052: 2850: 2777: 1583: 7098: 6620: 6401: 6391: 6295: 6118: 6044: 5886: 5806: 5781: 5704: 5516: 5502: 5335: 5255: 5210: 4817: 3213: 2646: 2506:, Recipe for Oysters in Bread Sauce (Oysters in Cynee) from the 1390 English text, 2440: 2402: 2313: 2026: 2001: 1840: 1712: 1531: 1366: 1321: 1161: 1146: 1085: 1047:

have the capacity to dramatically alter nitrogen levels in estuaries. In the U.S.,

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can be extracted from pearl oysters, though other molluscs, such as the freshwater

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In nature, pearl oysters produce pearls by covering a minute invasive object with

4343: 2818: 2761: 7264: 6991: 6871: 6847: 6778: 6758: 6740: 6677: 6652: 6458: 6411: 6396: 6378: 6081: 6049: 5961: 5924: 5737: 5265: 5178: 5030: 3250: 2661:"Native oyster species in Surigao del Sur draws attention for R&D | eVolved" 2377: 2338: 2243: 2056: 1977: 1973: 1958: 1951: 1764: 1728: 1681: 1669: 1551: 1512: 1381: 1273: 1245: 1116: 1097: 1005: 913: 873: 806: 777: 671: 462: 447: 315: 288: 250: 57: 4458: 4289: 3473: 2021:

Slide the blade upward to cut the adductor muscle which holds the shell closed.

1125:

testify to the prehistoric importance of oysters as food, with some middens in

1076:, along with provisioning, regulating and cultural services. Oysters influence 7456: 7296: 7222: 6939: 6608: 6406: 6300: 6287: 6194: 5811: 5755: 5416: 5318: 5220: 5056: 4188: 4171: 3415: 3100: 2367: 2357: 2304: 2236: 2173: 2166: 2122: 2043:, Ireland until 2010. Since 2011, "Guinness" has been dropped from the title. 1905: 1716: 1547: 1410: 1326:

is believed to be the last-built Connecticut oyster sloop, completed in 1948.

1142: 1130: 896: 881: 474: 380: 341: 293: 283: 273: 260: 238: 102: 67: 4718: 4197: 4105: 3786: 3449: 3388: 2454:(classic recipe made from Tasmanian Gold Oysters and Tasmanian Black Truffle) 1288:

scrapes oysters into a pile, and then scoops them up with the rake or tongs.

454:. This family includes the edible oysters, which mainly belong to the genera 7269: 7212: 7187: 6793: 6682: 6603: 6179: 6166: 6123: 5909: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 4617:"World Oyster Opening Championship – Craobhchomórtas Domhanda Oscailt Oisrí" 4096: 3699: 3504: 3403: 3357:"Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea-level rise and storms" 3324: 3299: 3188: 2745: 2592: 1947: 1858: 1837: 1188: 1028: 951: 876:. Many of these animals are prey to larger animals, including fish, such as 865: 675: 621: 551: 515: 468: 451: 244: 232: 220: 166: 107: 51: 4736: 4123: 3528: 3481: 3333: 3021:"The Trophic Consequences of Oyster Stock Rehabilitation in Chesapeake Bay" 2960: 2891: 2769: 2638: 1424: 812: 526: 141: 17: 5472: 4911:

Oyster farming in the Rivers Crouch, Roach and Blackwater of Eastern Essex

4750: 3763:

The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat

3356: 303: 7461: 6566: 6146: 6113: 6066: 6061: 5989: 5919: 5894: 5816: 5522: 5407: 5061: 4710: 4515: 3555: 3380: 2882: 2865: 2457: 2412: 2282: 2272: 2269: 2150: 2118: 1943: 1862: 1772: 1724: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1641: 1534:

conditions. Oysters rely on hearing waves and currents to regulate their

1492: 1418: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1285: 1176: 1089: 1048: 1032: 1016: 997: 955: 885: 857: 765: 627: 510: 348: 319: 278: 226: 196: 186: 97: 92: 77: 72: 62: 7319: 7287: 6996: 6948: 6883: 6696: 6593: 6267: 6257: 6247: 6239: 6212: 6151: 6108: 6093: 6071: 6034: 5994: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5868: 5745: 5640: 5541: 5533: 5424: 4511:"Competitive Oyster Shucking Is Real, Decadent, And China's Best Party" 4396:"Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Mollusks, oyster, eastern, wild, raw" 3044: 3020: 3005: 2842: 2629: 2608: 2576:"Geologically oldest oysters were epizoans on Early Triassic ammonoids" 2081: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1939: 1732: 1708: 1696: 1692: 1649: 1629: 1599: 1414: 1409:

To prevent spawning, sterile oysters are now cultured by crossbreeding

1172: 1044: 1024: 1020: 993: 741: 715: 711: 611: 581: 325: 322: 112: 87: 5375: 4366:"Let's Cook Japanese – Kaki Furai (Oysters Deep-Fried in Breadcrumbs)" 3216:. In Cuddington, K., Byers, J. E., Wilson, W.G., Hastings, A. (eds.). 2819:"Life-History and Biology of the Oyster Crab, Pinnotheres ostreum Say" 2744:

Tran D, Nadau A, Durrieu G, Ciret P, Parisot JP, Massabuau JC (2011).

2371: 2141:

individuals, who are unable to fight off infection and can succumb to

1209:

In the early 19th century, oysters were cheap and mainly eaten by the

973:

areas in the US include the bays and estuaries along the coast of the

740:

develop in about six hours and exist suspended in the water column as

690:. In addition to their gills, oysters can exchange gases across their 7406: 7045: 6750: 6667: 6433: 6252: 6217: 6086: 6076: 5899: 5699: 5666: 5121: 2620: 2290: 2251: 2240: 2142: 2040: 1889: 1870: 1672:

are often added. Poached oysters can be served on toast with a cream

1665: 1637: 1633: 1595: 1353: 1168: 1122: 932: 821: 737: 730: 563: 456: 429: 417: 176: 3404:"Trophic Interactions Between Phytoplankton and Bivalve Aquaculture" 3036: 2834: 2718:. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 931:

Oysters filter large amounts of water to feed and breathe (exchange

4923: 4650:"Raw Oysters Are Alive Until You Eat Them, In Case You Didn't Know" 4045:"Invasive Species Threaten Critical Habitats, Oyster Among Victims" 2195:, a temperature-sensitive bacterium found in seawater animals, and 1483:

building larger reefs, ranging up to 8.1 ha (20 acres) in size

347:

Some species of oyster are commonly consumed and are regarded as a

7369: 7178: 7128: 7017: 6688: 6529: 6272: 6222: 6207: 6156: 6009: 5984: 5904: 5801: 5750: 5434: 5136: 3181:

The Comparative Roles of Suspension Feeders in Ecosystems, Vol. 47

3081:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

2229: 2160: 2008:), with a short and thick blade about 5 cm (2 in) long. 1991: 1756: 1688: 1582: 1526:

can affect oysters as they close their shells when exposed to low

1423: 1385: 1343: 1277: 1265: 1255: 1197: 1192: 1107: 1001: 918: 900: 811: 792: 773: 769: 761: 707: 699: 577: 531: 525: 506: 389: 356: 302: 927:

equipped with activity electrodes to follow their daily behaviour

588:

cultured pearl market has far outgrown the natural pearl market.

6575: 6386: 6202: 6141: 6004: 5914: 5590: 4894:

World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Fal Oyster Boat, Sunny South

2216:

Food and drink prohibitions § Crustaceans and other seafood

1981: 1935: 1931: 1673: 1645: 1539: 1149:

each October, at which "Colchester Natives" (the native oyster,

989: 757: 687: 6533: 5840: 5379: 4942: 4887: 3916: 383: 6174: 6039: 4373: 2050: 958:

roots. Low tide can expose them, making them easy to collect.

781:

mature oysters filter 11–45 L (3–12 U.S. gal).

3637: 3635: 3300:"Unprecedented Restoration of a Native Oyster Metapopulation" 423: 411: 2289:

in the 1950s, and until 1978 was believed to be caused by a

1179:

is noted for its oysters, which also date from Roman times.

899:; during their first year, they spawn as males by releasing 2977:"Benthic Filter Feeding – a Natural Eutrophication Control" 2688:"Pumped-up performance: Oysters' filtering feat overstated" 307:

Mixed seafood in Dubai; oysters are at the edge of the tray

4938: 4216:"The 'Save the Oceans' Tax Break: Recycling Oyster Shells" 4139:"Yes, Oysters Can 'Hear.' They Probably Wish We'd Clam Up" 3521:

10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2378:diocra]2.0.co;2

1365:

Oysters have been cultured since at least the days of the

2322:, Pacific oyster variety, was introduced to Delaware Bay. 2296:

Multinucleated sphere X (MSX) is caused by the protozoan

2249:

prohibit consuming bivalves, including oysters, as it is

1276:. In somewhat deeper water, long-handled rakes or oyster 943:

much longer closing periods than during the spring tide.

2563:. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via perseus.tufts.edu. 2544:. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via perseus.tufts.edu. 3726: 3724: 3722: 3269:"'Aquaculture' shellfish harvesting bill moves forward" 3123:"A dozen ocean-cleaners and a pint of Guinness, please" 1092:

dynamics. Oyster reef habitats have been recognized as

4668:"Safely Cooking Oysters and Other Molluscan Shellfish" 4539:"Clodagh gets a real taste of the festival atmosphere" 4432:"Nutrients for 2 oyster, NFS, raw (28 g) Oysters, raw" 3214:"Restoring oyster reefs to recover ecosystem services" 1575:

encourage shell recycling by offering tax incentives.

584:

of the nacre, and the shape of the original irritant.

4751:

Bivalve Depuration: fundamental and practical aspects

2448:(classic recipe and minor English literary character) 2308:. It is infectious and causes heavy mortality in the 895:

Oysters usually reach maturity in one year. They are

4854: 4852: 2792:"China harvests almost 4 m tonnes of oyster in 2005" 2224:

As shellfish, consumption of oyster is forbidden by

2185:, encourages the application of seafood depuration. 1380:

The Pacific oyster has been grown in the outflow of

7439: 7405: 7368: 7318: 7295: 7286: 7255: 7221: 7186: 7177: 7127: 7097: 7044: 7016: 6947: 6938: 6882: 6803: 6749: 6706: 6574: 6565: 6377: 6314: 6286: 6238: 6193: 6165: 6132: 6025: 5960: 5885: 5876: 5764: 5736: 5720: 5687: 5583: 5531: 5480: 5414: 5311: 5279: 5198: 5191: 5161: 5103: 5096: 5049: 4983: 4976: 3787:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Aquatic species" 2559:. In Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie (eds.). 2540:. In Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie (eds.). 259: 212: 148: 43: 3940:"Oysters Are on the Rebound in the Chesapeake Bay" 3698: 1515:have resulted in the loss of half of California's 961:The largest oyster-producing body of water in the 797:Oyster reef at about mid-tide off fishing pier at 718:. There is no evidence that oysters have a brain. 3249:Rose JM, Tedesco M, Wikfors GH, Yarish C (2010). 336:habitats. In some species, the valves are highly 7497:Dishes involving the consumption of live animals 2331:). The disease was first described in 1960 near 2179:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 820:covered by oysters, at Bangchuidao Scenic Area, 710:to all parts of the body. At the same time, two 614:, in reference to the scallop shell of St. James 4670:. SafeOysters.org. 9 March 2009. Archived from 4076:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3840:Nell J. A. (2002). "Farming triploid oysters". 2427:(Australian southern mud or native flat oyster) 1972:Traditionally, oysters are considered to be an 805:A group of oysters is commonly called a bed or 694:, which are lined with many small, thin-walled 569:The largest pearl-bearing oyster is the marine 4288:. Nefsc.noaa.gov. 16 June 2011. Archived from 3995:"NY/NJ Baykeeper | Protect, Preserve, Restore" 3673:"10 pearls of wisdom about the opulent oyster" 6545: 5852: 5391: 4954: 4695:"Vibrio vulnificus: Disease and Pathogenesis" 1984:content aids the production of testosterone. 1624:Oysters can be eaten on the half shell, raw, 1133:is noted for oyster farming from beds on the 8: 4569:"Guinness World Oyster Opening Championship" 4232:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3886:Department of Animal Science. Archived from 2018:Twist the blade until there is a slight pop. 1707:, which consists primarily of fresh chopped 1703:. Upscale restaurants pair raw oysters with 4492:"Pearly wisdom: oysters are an aphrodisiac" 2817:Christensen AM, McDermott JJ (April 1958). 2555:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott (1940). 2536:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott (1940). 1538:, and perception of weather events—such as 398: 392: 7292: 7183: 6944: 6571: 6552: 6538: 6530: 5882: 5859: 5845: 5837: 5398: 5384: 5376: 5195: 5100: 4980: 4961: 4947: 4939: 4564:Comparison of archived title of the game: 4236:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3212:Grabowski, J. H., Petersen, C. H. (2007). 2609:"A History of the Cultured Pearl Industry" 768:and non-food particles are trapped in the 124: 40: 5295:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell 4829: 4827: 4726: 4434:. nutritioncalculator.net. Archived from 4187: 4113: 4095: 3737:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell 3454:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment 3408:Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment 3323: 3298:Schulte DM, Burke RP, Lipcius RN (2009). 2959: 2881: 2628: 2591: 2137:. In these cases, the main danger is for 2097:Learn how and when to remove this message 1811:Steamed Eastern oysters on the half shell 674:, a local thorny oyster species known as 566:, also yield pearls of commercial value. 263:included but traditionally excluded taxa 4862:. Chesapeake Bay Program. Archived from 3262: 3260: 3218:Ecosystem Engineers – Plants to Protists 3153:Maryland Department of Natural Resources 1470:now harbor more than 180 million native 4837:. Connecticut Department of Agriculture 4209: 4207: 2489: 1920:Chinese oysters with garlic and peppers 1777: 1557:Environmental stressors as a result of 1004:. Some oysters contain crabs, known as 638: 4225: 3615:"Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine" 2356:, which is usually self-limiting, and 1522:In October 2017, it was reported that 318:for a number of different families of 2713:"Oyster Reefs: Ecological importance" 2574:Hautmann M, Ware D, Bucher H (2017). 2302:, generally seen as a multinucleated 1248:species which are farmed year-round. 7: 4899:Oysters grown on trestles in Ireland 4772:. Fisheries Technical paper No. 511. 4420:. Recipeofhealth.com. 28 March 2015. 3647:NSW Department of Primary Industries 3075:Crisp DJ, Yule AB, White KN (1985). 2975:Officer C, Smayda T, Mann R (1982). 2522:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, 2079:adding citations to reliable sources 2037:Galway International Oyster Festival 1587:Freshly shucked European flat oyster 1113:Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine 4463:. The University of Chicago Press. 2870:Integrative and Comparative Biology 1930:Oysters are an excellent source of 946:Some tropical oysters, such as the 721:While some oysters have two sexes ( 610:Pilgrim oyster, another term for a 4693:Jones MK, Oliver JD (1 May 2009). 4313:Creamed Oysters and Leeks On Toast 4262:. 24 November 2004. Archived from 3971:. 24 February 2011. Archived from 624:family also known as jingle shells 367:, are harvested for their shells. 363:. Others, such as the translucent 351:in some localities. Some types of 25: 5828:List of fishing topics by subject 3913:"Shellfish Tenures Locations Map" 2149:is the most deadly seafood-borne 1329:Oysters can also be collected by 6368: 6361: 6354: 5471: 5359: 5358: 4170:Ducker J, Falkenberg LJ (2020). 3649:. NSW Government. Archived from 3019:Ulanowicz RE, Tuttle JH (1992). 2370: 2055: 1913: 1896: 1884:Raw "Fine de Claire" oysters at 1877: 1847: 1830: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1780: 1454:The Pacific oyster prospered in 1234:In Britain, the native species ( 988:Common oyster predators include 655: 641: 630:, members of the family Dimyidae 153: 3884:University of California, Davis 3503:Kimbro DL, Grosholz ED (2006). 2066:needs additional citations for 1213:. Throughout the 19th century, 1056:for an extended explanation of 5481:Land and freshwater gastropods 4931:New International Encyclopedia 4818:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.025 4509:Mateer N (11 September 2019). 3740:. New York: Ballantine Books. 2985:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1507:The accidental or intentional 756:, drawing water in over their 686:Oysters breathe primarily via 27:Variety of families of Mollusc 1: 4537:Melia P (27 September 2010). 4137:Quenqua D (25 October 2017). 3862:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00861-4 3805:"Oyster Farming in Louisiana" 3544:Journal of Shellfish Research 3226:10.1016/S1875-306X(07)80017-7 2220:List of halal and kosher fish 1072:, oysters provide supporting 514:grew on the shells of living 4418:"Calories in pacific Oyster" 3938:Fountain H (3 August 2009). 2762:10.3109/07420528.2011.565897 2580:Journal of Molluscan Studies 2117:Oysters can contain harmful 1751:from Long Island, New York, 1486:disease-resistant broodstock 1280:are used to reach the beds. 430: 418: 4800:Phuvasate S, Su YC (2013). 4176:Frontiers in Marine Science 4070:Kirby MX (23 August 2004). 3877:"California Oyster Culture" 2750:Chronobiology International 1202:Still-Life with Oysters by 698:. A small, three-chambered 498:. Ostreidae evolved in the 7538: 3965:"Oyster-Tecture in Action" 3812:Louisiana State University 3474:10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.131 2686:Wheeler TB (20 May 2020). 2213: 1606:in many cities and towns. 1524:underwater noise pollution 1436: 1358: 1137:that have been used since 537: 450:are members of the family 424: 412: 31: 7470: 7054:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian 6494: 6352: 5825: 5469: 5353: 4648:Thomson J (25 May 2017). 4496:The Sydney Morning Herald 4340:Best Malaysian Food Guide 4189:10.3389/fmars.2020.597441 3416:10.1002/9780470960967.ch5 3101:10.1017/S0025315400052589 840:for many marine species. 799:Hunting Island State Park 267: 217: 150:Scientific classification 132: 123: 6925:Placopecten magellanicus 6769:New Zealand green-lipped 5574:Placopecten magellanicus 4020:"Oyster-tecture – SCAPE" 3643:"Oyster industry in NSW" 3577:Jud Z, Layman C (2011). 3267:Brown A (10 June 2013). 2905:Jud Z, Layman C (2011). 1433:Restoration and recovery 7430:Acanthopleura granulata 6999:(group of four species) 5728:Freshwater pearl mussel 5616:Austrovenus stutchburyi 5152:Chesapeake Bay deadrise 4097:10.1073/pnas.0405150101 3765:. London: Ebury Press. 3619:National Gallery of Art 3325:10.1126/science.1176516 3189:10.1007/1-4020-3030-4_6 2561:A Greek-English Lexicon 2542:A Greek-English Lexicon 2468:San Leandro Oyster Beds 2268:"Dermo" is caused by a 2192:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 2134:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 2047:Food safety and storage 1613:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1509:introduction of species 1497:Oyster reef restoration 1439:Oyster reef restoration 1417:oysters. The resulting 760:through the beating of 478:. Examples include the 397:, the feminine form of 384: 34:Oyster (disambiguation) 7502:Symbols of Mississippi 7423:Acanthopleura echinata 7333:Atlantic white-spotted 6784:Asian/Philippine green 5673:Ruditapes largillierti 4762:(Report). Rome. 2008. 4699:Infection and Immunity 4621:Galway Oyster Festival 4597:Galway Oyster Festival 4573:Galway Oyster Festival 4253:, 1738, cited e.g. in 3586:Martin County, Florida 2914:Martin County, Florida 2510:, from Celtnet Recipes 2299:Haplosporidium nelsoni 2170: 1997: 1963:Reference Daily Intake 1588: 1429: 1402: lb) of product ( 1356: 1269: 1262:Whaleback Shell Midden 1206: 1157:Woburn Oyster Festival 1141:times. The borough of 1119: 1115:, a 1620s painting by 1037:Chesapeake Bay Program 928: 829: 802: 535: 399: 393: 355:are harvested for the 308: 269:All other members of: 7359:Amphioctopus fangsiao 7003:South African abalone 6875:("true oyster" genus) 6641:California butterclam 6504:World fish production 5867:Principal commercial 5609:Mercenaria mercenaria 5532:Free-swimming marine 3999:www.nynjbaykeeper.org 3697:Holland, Tom (2003). 3361:Nature Climate Change 2593:10.1093/mollus/eyx018 2281:). It is a prevalent 2255:(highly prohibited). 2247:dietary jurisprudence 2164: 1995: 1965:of zinc and vitamin B 1957:. Oysters are low in 1886:Mercado de San Miguel 1586: 1473:Crassostrea virginica 1449:Crassostrea virginica 1427: 1347: 1259: 1252:Fishing from the wild 1204:Alexander Adriaenssen 1201: 1111: 1084:, habitat structure, 979:Apalachicola, Florida 922: 815: 796: 789:Habitat and behaviour 529: 306: 7517:Mollusc common names 7084:Ribbed Mediterranean 6599:Grooved carpet shell 5679:Grooved carpet shell 5567:Argopecten irradians 5261:Steak and oyster pie 5236:Oysters en brochette 4711:10.1128/IAI.01046-08 4579:on 23 September 2010 4266:on 28 September 2007 4251:Polite Conversations 3556:10.2983/035.028.0104 3410:. pp. 125–133. 3381:10.1038/nclimate1944 2961:10.1093/icb/37.6.612 2418:List of smoked foods 2398:European flat oyster 2145:, leading to death. 2075:improve this article 1745:Prince Edward Island 1739:from Massachusetts, 1460:Great Wicomico River 1384:ponds. When fish or 1300:limited dredging to 1237:European flat oyster 1231:expensive delicacy. 1094:green infrastructure 1058:nutrient remediation 480:European flat oyster 422:) 'oyster'. Compare 359:produced within the 241:– windowpane oysters 32:For other uses, see 7079:Rayed Mediterranean 6673:Japanese littleneck 5721:Freshwater bivalves 5647:Spisula solidissima 5324:List of oyster bars 5288:Consider the Oyster 5246:Oysters Rockefeller 5241:Oysters Kirkpatrick 5206:Angels on horseback 5116:Oystering machinery 4916:3 July 2009 at the 4904:17 May 2008 at the 4627:on 21 December 2013 4398:. Nutritiondata.com 4260:Wilmington Magazine 4088:2004PNAS..10113096K 4082:(35): 13096–13099. 3919:on 19 November 2007 3854:2002Aquac.210...69N 3653:on 22 December 2015 3466:2005Ambio..34..131L 3402:Wikfors GH (2011). 3373:2013NatCC...3..913A 3316:2009Sci...325.1124S 3310:(5944): 1124–1128. 3273:Delaware State News 3159:on 3 September 2006 3093:1985JMBUK..65..759C 2998:1982MEPS....9..203O 2864:Padilla DK (2010). 2823:Biological Bulletin 2725:on 8 September 2014 2502:10 May 2013 at the 2446:Oysters Kirkpatrick 2387:Angels on horseback 1824:Oysters Rockefeller 1799:Chargrilled oysters 1719:and lemon juice or 1678:Oysters Rockefeller 1164:was first started. 848:live mainly in the 534:from a pearl oyster 229:– dimyarian oysters 7452:Land snail farming 6866:Gillardeau oysters 6584:Atlantic jackknife 6519:Fisheries glossary 6509:Commercial species 6499:Commercial fishing 5887:Large pelagic fish 5654:Paphies ventricosa 5623:Saxidomus nuttalli 5596:Atlantic surf clam 5302:The Oyster Dredger 4603:on 17 October 2011 4376:. 28 February 2020 4151:on 25 October 2017 4144:The New York Times 3944:The New York Times 3893:on 1 December 2007 3821:on 1 December 2007 3279:on 22 October 2013 3129:. 18 December 2008 3006:10.3354/meps009203 2948:American Zoologist 2883:10.1093/icb/icq080 2798:on 26 January 2012 2630:10.2108/zsj.30.783 2613:Zoological Science 2524:A Latin Dictionary 2473:Sydney rock oyster 2452:Oysters Queensland 2413:List of delicacies 2339:Mikrocytos mackini 2226:Jewish dietary law 2183:Codex Alimentarius 2171: 1998: 1771:from Maryland and 1761:Rappahannock River 1610:pathogens such as 1589: 1430: 1357: 1348:Oyster culture in 1270: 1207: 1171:seaside resort of 1120: 1074:ecosystem services 1070:ecosystem engineer 1064:Ecosystem services 1054:nutrient pollution 929: 836:, oysters provide 830: 803: 706:, pumps colorless 702:, lying under the 634:Windowpane oysters 628:Dimydarian oysters 536: 496:Sydney rock oyster 365:Windowpane oysters 309: 7522:Aphrodisiac foods 7479: 7478: 7457:Gastropod anatomy 7416:Chiton magnificus 7401: 7400: 7378:New Zealand arrow 7282: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7153:Kelletia lischkei 7118:Littorina sitkana 7064:Yellow-foot opihi 6934: 6933: 6828:Colchester native 6527: 6526: 6424:Freshwater prawns 6350: 6349: 5834: 5833: 5777:Gathering by hand 5661:Paphies australis 5630:Arctica islandica 5584:Infaunal bivalves 5462:Kelletia lischkei 5455:Kelletia kelletii 5373: 5372: 5349: 5348: 5231:Oysters Bienville 5187: 5186: 5092: 5091: 4835:"Oyster Diseases" 4788:978-92-5-105914-2 4769:978-92-5-106006-3 4544:Irish Independent 4470:978-1-86189-221-8 4292:on 4 October 2011 3772:978-0-09-189780-2 3761:Clover C (2004). 3747:978-0-345-47638-8 3712:978-0-385-50313-6 3425:978-0-8138-1413-1 3235:978-0-12-373857-8 3198:978-1-4020-3030-7 2942:Jonas RB (1997). 2667:. 2 December 2011 2508:The Forme of Cury 2349:Vibrio vulnificus 2328:Crassostrea gigas 2319:Crassostrea gigas 2278:Perkinsus marinus 2147:Vibrio vulnificus 2139:immunocompromised 2128:Vibrio vulnificus 2107: 2106: 2099: 2004:, a variant of a 1861:. Also common in 1676:. In the case of 1536:circadian rhythms 1291:In some areas, a 981:, in the east to 925:Crassostrea gigas 826:Liaoning Province 620:, members of the 301: 300: 247:– feather oysters 118: 16:(Redirected from 7529: 7293: 7207:Chorus giganteus 7184: 6945: 6908:Pecten jacobaeus 6615:Mactra stultorum 6572: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6531: 6372: 6365: 6358: 5940:southern bluefin 5930:Atlantic bluefin 5883: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5838: 5688:Sessile bivalves 5560:Pecten jacobaeus 5510:Cepaea nemoralis 5475: 5448:Bullacta exarata 5441:Buccinum undatum 5400: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5362: 5361: 5196: 5101: 4981: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4940: 4935: 4927: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4797: 4791: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4705:(5): 1723–1733. 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4623:. Archived from 4612: 4610: 4608: 4599:. Archived from 4588: 4586: 4584: 4575:. Archived from 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4498:. 24 March 2005. 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4457:Stott R (2004). 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4438:on 22 March 2020 4428: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4342:. Archived from 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4286:"Nefsc Fish Faq" 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4223: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4147:. Archived from 4134: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4099: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4051:. 10 August 2009 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3975:on 14 April 2013 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3915:. Archived from 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3820: 3814:. Archived from 3809: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3728: 3717: 3716: 3704: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3595:on 8 August 2022 3594: 3588:. Archived from 3583: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3515:(9): 2378–2388. 3500: 3494: 3493: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3327: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3275:. Archived from 3264: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3155:. Archived from 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2981: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2923:on 8 August 2022 2922: 2916:. Archived from 2911: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2885: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2794:. Archived from 2788: 2782: 2781: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2632: 2607:Nagai K (2013). 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2533: 2527: 2517: 2511: 2497:Oysters in Cynee 2494: 2389:(classic recipe) 2380: 2375: 2374: 2228:. Similarly, in 2205:Cultural aspects 2198:Escherichia coli 2102: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2059: 2051: 1988:Shucking oysters 1917: 1900: 1881: 1851: 1834: 1820: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1705:mignonette sauce 1604:oyster festivals 1564:Magallana gigas. 1468:artificial reefs 1466:, five-year-old 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1316:) for dredging. 1145:holds an annual 1082:water filtration 1078:nutrient cycling 1012:Nutrient cycling 983:Galveston, Texas 834:keystone species 801:, South Carolina 659: 645: 433: 427: 426: 421: 415: 414: 402: 396: 387: 223:– saddle oysters 213:Groups included 158: 157: 144:basin in France 128: 117: 54: 47:Temporal range: 46: 41: 21: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7466: 7462:Bivalve anatomy 7435: 7397: 7383:Japanese flying 7364: 7314: 7274: 7251: 7217: 7173: 7123: 7093: 7074:Common European 7040: 7012: 6930: 6914:Peruvian calico 6878: 6799: 6796:(mussel family) 6745: 6702: 6647:Senilia senilis 6561: 6560:Edible mollusks 6558: 6528: 6523: 6490: 6429:Gilt-head bream 6373: 6367: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6346: 6337:Lobster fishing 6310: 6282: 6234: 6189: 6167:Other wild fish 6161: 6134:Freshwater fish 6128: 6021: 5956: 5935:Pacific bluefin 5872: 5865: 5835: 5830: 5821: 5760: 5732: 5716: 5711:Pinctada maxima 5683: 5601:Soft-shell clam 5579: 5527: 5476: 5467: 5410: 5404: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5345: 5331:Oyster festival 5307: 5275: 5183: 5157: 5088: 5045: 4972: 4967: 4922: 4918:Wayback Machine 4906:Wayback Machine 4884: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4866:on 1 March 2009 4858: 4857: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4674:on 15 June 2015 4666: 4665: 4661: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4628: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4591: 4582: 4580: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4370:NHK World-Japan 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4346:on 25 July 2015 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4316:. Food and Wine 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4256:"Oyster Heaven" 4254: 4249: 4245: 4224: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3879: 3875:Conte, Fred S. 3874: 3873: 3869: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3730: 3729: 3720: 3713: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3367:(10): 913–918. 3354: 3353: 3349: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3037:10.2307/1352778 3018: 3017: 3013: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2835:10.2307/1538845 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2520:ostrea, ostreum 2518: 2514: 2504:Wayback Machine 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2431:Oyster omelette 2393:Auckland oyster 2376: 2369: 2366: 2354:gastroenteritis 2352:, which causes 2261: 2222: 2212: 2207: 2159: 2103: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2072: 2060: 2049: 1990: 1968: 1955: 1928: 1921: 1918: 1909: 1901: 1892: 1882: 1873: 1865:and throughout 1855:Oyster omelette 1852: 1843: 1835: 1826: 1821: 1812: 1809: 1800: 1797: 1788: 1785: 1767:from Virginia, 1695:(most commonly 1622: 1581: 1572: 1570:Shell recycling 1517:Olympia oysters 1505: 1441: 1435: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1375:Magallana gigas 1363: 1342: 1254: 1219:New York Harbor 1127:New South Wales 1106: 1066: 1014: 954:, grow best on 948:mangrove oyster 941: 936: 923:Pacific oyster 850:intertidal zone 818:intertidal zone 791: 750: 723:European oyster 704:adductor muscle 684: 666: 660: 651: 646: 594: 571:Pinctada maxima 556:cultured pearls 542: 524: 445: 440: 403:, which is the 373: 253:– spiny oysters 152: 119: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 49: 48: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7535: 7533: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7484: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7447:Oyster farming 7443: 7441: 7440:Related topics 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7232:Cornu aspersum 7227: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7022: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6868: 6863: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6741:Giant Atlantic 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6663:Triangle shell 6660: 6655: 6650: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6514:Fishing topics 6511: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6383: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6342:Shrimp fishery 6339: 6334: 6329: 6327:Crab fisheries 6324: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6119:Smelt-whitings 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6055:Alaska pollock 6052: 6047: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871:species groups 5866: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5792:Oyster farming 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5553:Pecten maximus 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5496:Cornu aspersum 5492: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5412: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5341:Oyster cracker 5338: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5169:Oyster farming 5165: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4925:"Oyster" 4920: 4908: 4896: 4891: 4883: 4882:External links 4880: 4878: 4877: 4848: 4823: 4812:(2): 569–573. 4792: 4775: 4768: 4742: 4685: 4659: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4613: 4589: 4557: 4529: 4501: 4483: 4469: 4449: 4423: 4409: 4387: 4357: 4336:"Fried Oyster" 4327: 4303: 4277: 4243: 4203: 4162: 4129: 4062: 4036: 4011: 3986: 3956: 3930: 3904: 3867: 3848:(1–4): 69–88. 3832: 3796: 3778: 3771: 3753: 3746: 3718: 3711: 3689: 3664: 3631: 3606: 3569: 3534: 3495: 3460:(2): 131–138. 3440: 3431: 3424: 3394: 3347: 3290: 3256: 3241: 3234: 3204: 3197: 3170: 3140: 3114: 3087:(3): 759–783. 3067: 3058: 3031:(3): 298–306. 3011: 2967: 2954:(6): 612–620. 2934: 2897: 2876:(2): 213–225. 2856: 2829:(2): 146–179. 2809: 2783: 2756:(4): 307–317. 2736: 2704: 2678: 2652: 2599: 2586:(3): 253–260. 2566: 2547: 2528: 2512: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2478:Tabby concrete 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2408:Eastern oyster 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2365: 2362: 2344: 2343: 2323: 2310:eastern oyster 2294: 2287:Gulf of Mexico 2260: 2257: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2158: 2155: 2105: 2104: 2063: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2006:shucking knife 1989: 1986: 1966: 1953: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1912: 1910: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1867:Southeast Asia 1853: 1846: 1844: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1787:Smoked oysters 1786: 1779: 1721:sherry vinegar 1701:cocktail sauce 1621: 1618: 1596:oyster middens 1592:Jonathan Swift 1580: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1504: 1501: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1464:Chesapeake Bay 1456:Pendrell Sound 1445:eastern oyster 1437:Main article: 1434: 1431: 1371:Pacific oyster 1361:Oyster farming 1359:Main article: 1350:Riec-sur-Belon 1341: 1338: 1312:and later the 1293:scallop dredge 1253: 1250: 1242:Pacific oyster 1185:Roman Republic 1105: 1102: 1065: 1062: 1041:Chesapeake Bay 1013: 1010: 975:Gulf of Mexico 971:oyster farming 967:Chesapeake Bay 950:in the family 939: 934: 870:hooked mussels 790: 787: 783:Chesapeake Bay 754:filter feeders 749: 746: 742:veliger larvae 727:Olympia oyster 683: 680: 668: 667: 663:Pacific oyster 661: 654: 652: 649:Pacific oyster 647: 640: 637: 636: 631: 625: 618:Saddle oysters 615: 608: 602:Thorny oysters 593: 590: 560:natural pearls 538:Main article: 523: 520: 500:Early Triassic 492:Pacific oyster 488:Olympia oyster 484:eastern oyster 444: 441: 439: 436: 372: 369: 299: 298: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 265: 264: 257: 256: 255: 254: 248: 242: 236: 235:– true oysters 230: 224: 215: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 146: 145: 134:Pacific oyster 130: 129: 121: 120: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 55: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7534: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7474: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7343:Pacific giant 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7246:Helix pomatia 7243: 7241: 7240: 7239:Helix lucorum 7236: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6859:Ostra chilena 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764:Mediterranean 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6692:(razor genus) 6691: 6690: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631:Pacific razor 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6589:Atlantic surf 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6555: 6550: 6548: 6543: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:Krill fishery 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6322:Cod fisheries 6320: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296:Sea cucumbers 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Orange roughy 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6027:Demersal fish 6024: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5802:Pearl farming 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:Heliciculture 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5547:Queen scallop 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5489:Helix pomatia 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5365: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5174:Oyster pirate 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011:European flat 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4686: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4641: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4453: 4450: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3705:. Doubleday. 3703: 3702: 3693: 3690: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3128: 3127:The Economist 3124: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2737: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2463:Rolled oyster 2461: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2436:Oyster pirate 2434: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424:Ostrea angasi 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2340: 2334: 2333:Denman Island 2330: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2165:Oysters in a 2163: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2098: 2090: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2064:This section 2062: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2027:oyster gloves 2020: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1980:. Their high 1979: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1946:, as well as 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731:from Oregon, 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1699:vinegar), or 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1559:global change 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530:of sounds in 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224:New York City 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:working class 1205: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Sergius Orata 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1152:Ostrea edulis 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:Kentish Flats 1132: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1104:Human history 1103: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:United States 959: 957: 953: 949: 944: 937: 926: 921: 917: 915: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 808: 800: 795: 788: 786: 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 747: 745: 743: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696:blood vessels 693: 689: 681: 679: 677: 673: 664: 658: 653: 650: 644: 639: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 616: 613: 609: 607: 604:in the genus 603: 600: 599: 598: 591: 589: 585: 583: 579: 574: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:Pearl oysters 545: 541: 533: 528: 522:Pearl oysters 521: 519: 517: 513: 512: 508: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 476: 471: 470: 465: 464: 459: 458: 453: 449: 442: 437: 435: 432: 420: 410: 409:Ancient Greek 406: 401: 395: 391: 386: 382: 378: 370: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:pearl oysters 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 328:that live in 327: 324: 321: 317: 313: 305: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 266: 262: 261:Cladistically 258: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 216: 211: 208: 207:Pteriomorphia 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 53: 42: 39: 35: 30: 19: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7357: 7348:Southern red 7244: 7237: 7230: 7205: 7179:Other snails 7151: 7116: 6923: 6906: 6892:Atlantic bay 6870: 6858: 6823:Southern mud 6804: 6695: 6687: 6645: 6626:Ocean quahog 6613: 6454:salmon trout 6262: 5807:Pearl diving 5797:Oyster boats 5782:Clam digging 5709: 5705:Pearl oyster 5694: 5671: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5517:Otala lactea 5515: 5508: 5503:Helix aperta 5501: 5494: 5487: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5336:Oyster Feast 5300: 5293: 5286: 5211:Hangtown fry 5111:Oyster knife 4969: 4929: 4868:. 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