267:. He and his wife were influential in the trade and relations among the Ojibwe, Canadians, Europeans and Americans in the area. They received as hosts many explorers, politicians of both Canada and the U.S., scholars, Native chiefs, and military officers. They were considered among the ruling class in both the Native and European communities. Johnston owed much of his success to Ozhaguscodaywayquay's talents, influence, and connections as the member of an important Ojibwe family. Ozhaguscodaywayquay taught him and their children the language and ways of the Ojibwe. While she learned to understand English, she only spoke Ojibwe. John taught them to speak, read, and write English, and had a large library from which some of the children particularly drew.
200:"She dreamed continually of a white man, who approached her with a cup in his hand, saying "Poor thing! Why are you punishing yourself? Why do you fast? Here is food for you!" He was always accompanied by a dog, who looked up at her like he knew her. Also, she dreamed of being on a high hill, which was surrounded by water, and from which she beheld many canoes full of Indians, coming to her and paying her homage; after this, she felt as if she was being carried up into the heavens, and as she looked down on the earth, she perceived it was on fire and said to herself, "All my relations will be burned!", but a voice answered and said, "No, they will not be destroyed, they will be saved!", and she
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violence enforcing it appear typical of Ojibwe marriages or Ojibwe fur-trade marriages. Ojibwe marriages could be dissolved at will by either partner by simply walking out, and
Ozhaguscodaywayquay seemed to have been troubled by the implication of a marriage "till death", which was the norm with Europeans at the time (British divorce laws were not liberalized until 1967-until then, divorce was very difficult to obtain in Britain and throughout the British Empire).
181:. Alternative spellings of her name include: Oshawguscodaywayqua, Oshawuscodawaqua , Oshauguscodawaqua , Oshahgushkodanaqua , and Oshawguscodywayquay. Alternative translations include “Daughter of the Green Mountain,” “Woman of the Green Valley,” “Woman of the Green Prairie,” and “Green Meadow Woman.” Her father was the war chief
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in 1793. However, it appears she was not consulted, as after the marriage she ran off to her grandfather, however her father found her, beat her with a stick, threatened to cut off her ear, and returned her to
Johnston. Waubojeeg's motives for his actions are unclear as neither compelled marriage nor
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and then to
Chequamegon by canoe, where he asked Waubjoeeg for permission to marry his youngest daughter, Ozhaguscodaywayquay. Waubojeeg was cautious, as he had seen other white traders later abandon their native wives, and told Johnston to return to Montreal, and if he returned to Chequamegon in the
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in 1823. Assigned to the community as the U.S. Indian agent in 1822, he became noted for his work on the Ojibwe, aided by Jane's access and her knowledge of the Ojibwe language and culture. Jane
Johnston has been recognized as the first Native American literary writer and poet in the United States.
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After the marriage, she was baptized as Susan. Despite this rough start to their marriage, by many accounts their marriage grew into a happy one. Ozhaguscodaywayquay ultimately decided that
Johnston was the kindly white man she had seen in her "vision quest" when she was 13, and it was her destiny
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From 1793 to 1816, Ozhaguscodaywayquay had eight children with John: Louis (or Lewis) Johnston (1793-1825), George
Johnston (1796-1861), Jane Johnston (1800-1842), Eliza Johnston (1802-1884), Charlotte Johnston (1806-1878), William Johnston (1811-1863), Anna Marie Johnston (1814-unknown), and John
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which ended the War of 1812, the U.S. no longer allowed
British traders and trappers to move freely across the border between the U.S. and the British colony of Upper Canada. John Johnston's fur trade business never recovered. Lewis, the oldest son, had served with the Royal Navy against the U.S.
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Ozhaguscodaywayquay was widowed in 1828. After her husband's death, she managed the family fur trading business. She also established a sugaring and fishing business, which she operated with the help of her children for several years. She was known as a physically active woman who caught and
204:, because the voice was not human. She fasted for ten days, during which time her grandmother brought her at intervals some water. When satisfied that she had obtained a guardian spirit in the white stranger who haunted her dreams, she returned to her father's lodge".
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in present-day
Michigan where they built a log-home that was the largest in the region. The settlement of Sault Ste. Marie extended on both sides of the river and was then considered part of Canada. The community was made up mostly of
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Ozhaguscodaywayquay's political influence grew after the War of 1812, as demonstrated by the story of she and her son, George, dissuaded Ojibwe leaders from attacking the treaty delegation led by
Michigan Territory Governor
196:, Ozhaguscodaywayquay told her when she was 13, she embarked on her vision quest to find her guardian spirit by fasting alone in a lodge painted black on a high hill. During Ozhaguscodaywayquay's fasting:
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Two other
Johnston daughters also married prominent white men of the region; Anna Maria married Henry R. Schoolcraft's younger brother, James. George Johnston assisted Schoolcraft as a U.S.
260:, whose headquarter was in Montreal. A mixture of European immigrants also worked there. It became a center of European, United States, and Native American politics and trade in the area.
326:, and annually spent time in the woods making large quantities of maple sugar, sometimes returning with as much as two tons. She also began to take an active role in the
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in 1836 the story of her vision quest that she had when she was a teenager, in which she fasted in order to find a guardian spirit. According to Jameson's 1838 book
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297:. William Johnston took over the position when George left. The youngest son, John McDougall Johnston, served as the last official Indian Agent in the area.
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Taken prisoner during the war, he suffered poor treatment by US forces and rejected living under U.S. rule. After his release, he moved to Upper Canada.
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Jameson also noted that in her youth Ozhaguscodaywayquay "hunted and was accounted the surest eye and fleetest foot among the women of her tribe."
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spring, Waubojeeg would consider his proposal. Johnston returned and Waubojeeg agreed to the marriage. Ozhaguscodaywayquay married
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and the territory before 1830, and entertained notable visitors from a variety of disciplines. Their daughter
330:. Throughout her life, she played integral roles in her family and community as a business woman and leader.
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White, Bruce. "'The Woman Who Married a Beaver': Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur Trade".
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The Sound the Stars Making Rushing Through the Sky: The Writings of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft
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The Sound the Stars Make Rushing Through the Sky: The Writings of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft,
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has become recognized as the first Native American literary writer in the United States.
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Sault Ste. Marie and the War of 1812: A World Turned Upside Down in the Old Northwest
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Woman of the Green Glade: The Story of an Ojibway Woman on the Great Lakes Frontier
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McDowall Johnston (1816-1895). All of their children lived into adulthood.
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preserved local whitefish, regularly paddled her canoe across the broad
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Indian Agent and Wilderness Scholar: The Life of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
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An Infinity of Nations: How the Native New World Shape Early America
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572:. Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, 1987.
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Harps Upon the Willows: The Johnston Family of the Old Northwest
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Harps Upon the Willows: The Johnston Family of the Old Northwest
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453:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 7–17.
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Robert Dale Parker, "Introduction to Jane Johnston Schoolcraft"
394:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, p. 11.
628:, including material about her mother Ozhaguscodaywayquay (
557:. Ann Arbor, MI: The Historical Society of Michigan, 1993.
540:, Bayliss Public Library, 2000. Accessed December 13, 2008.
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Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
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Chapman, C. H. "The Historic Johnston Family of the Soo".
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to marry him. Later in 1793 they moved east, settling at
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Red Sky Morning (Red Dawn Woman, Misquobonoquay) (mother)
531:"British Period - Sault Ste. Marie Timeline and History"
149:. They had prominent roles in the crossroads society of
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Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada (Vol 3)
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615:. Blacksburg, Va.: McDonald & Woodward, 2000.
601:, Lancaster, Pa.: The Jaques Cattell Press, 1942.
506:. Ann Arbor: The Historical Society of Michigan.
468:. London: Saunders and Otley. pp. 213–15.
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592:Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada
585:Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections
252:peoples, centered on a trading post of the
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126:) woman and was an important figure in the
55:Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, United States
597:Osborn, Chase S. & Stellanova Osborn.
594:, 3 Vol. London: Saunders and Otley, 1838.
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286:In 2008, she was inducted into the
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263:Johnston was a fur trader for the
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599:Schoolcraft, Longfellow, Hiawatha
449:Parker, Robert Dale, ed. (2007).
76:John Johnston (married 1792–1840)
651:People from La Pointe, Wisconsin
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350:E. J. Sundstrom (May 19, 1966).
464:Jameson, Anna Brownell (1838).
502:Brazer, Marjorie Cahn (1993).
169:(Green Prairie Woman) into an
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288:Michigan Women's Hall of Fame
118:(c. 1775 – c. 1840), was an
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66:"Woman of the Green Glade"
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151:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
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630:Jane Johnston Schoolcraft
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328:Presbyterian Church (USA)
155:Jane Johnston Schoolcraft
590:Jameson, Anna Brownell.
587:vol. 32 (1903): 305–353.
553:Brazer, Marjorie Cahn.
646:American Ojibwe people
283:Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
274:Their eldest daughter
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611:Soetebier, Virginia.
604:Parker, Robert Dale.
278:married the American
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190:Anna Brownell Jameson
202:knew it was a spirit
175:La Pointe, Wisconsin
481:Robert E. Bieder. "
167:Ozhaguscodaywayquay
108:Ozhaguscodaywayquay
30:Ozhaguscodaywayquay
20:Ozhaguscodaywayquay
536:2009-10-17 at the
265:North West Company
258:North West Company
147:North West Company
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68:"Neengay" (Mother)
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358:. p. 5
213:Scots-Irish
141:fur trader
135:War of 1812
133:before the
128:Great Lakes
640:Categories
548:References
316:Lewis Cass
305:Under the
301:Later life
216:fur trader
334:Citations
318:in 1820.
256:-founded
211:In 1790,
183:Waubojeeg
131:fur trade
41:Wisconsin
534:Archived
81:Children
37:Bayfield
254:British
139:British
89:Parents
52:c. 1840
33:c. 1775
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246:Ottawa
242:Ojibwa
171:Ojibwe
124:Ojibwa
120:Ojibwe
73:Spouse
250:MĂ©tis
574:ISBN
559:ISBN
508:ISBN
364:2015
248:and
177:and
161:Life
49:Died
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